生物膜-人工湿地组合工艺处理城镇生活污水的研究

采用以天然植物中空纤维作为填料的生物质一生物膜反应器（BBFR）串联复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCW）的组合工艺处理系统,研究了5种不同的运行工况,即不同的停留时间、水力及污染负荷条件下对城镇生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,5种工况下组合系统的出水均能达到一级排放标准,COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到89．86％、93．5％和74．78％。各工况条件下因为装置控制参数和稳定程度的不同,各运行阶段下的净化效果也有一定的差异。通过探讨BBFR和IVCW的最佳耦合模式,即系统处理效果达到最佳时的运行参数,实现了BBFR和IVCW二者间的优势互补。     

Simultaneous Biodegradation and Detoxification of the Herbicides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid in a Continuous Biofilm Reactor

The herbicides 2,4-diclorophenoxiacetic and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acids (2,4-D and MCPA) are widely used in agricultural practices worldwide. Not only are these practices responsible of surface waters contamination, but also agrochemical industries through the discharge of their liquid effluents. In this investigation, the ability of a 2,4-D degrading Delftia sp. strain to degrade the related compound MCPA and a mixture of both herbicides was assessed in batch reactors. The strain was also employed to remove and detoxify both herbicides from a synthetic effluent in a continuous reactor. Batch experiments were conducted in a 2-L aerobic microfermentor, at 28 °C. Continuous experiments were carried out in an aerobic downflow fixed-bed reactor. Bacterial growth was evaluated by the plate count method. Degradation of the compounds was evaluated by UV spectrophotometry, gas chromatography (GC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Toxicity was assessed before and after the continuous process by using Lactuca sativa seeds as test organisms. Delftia sp. was able to degrade 100 mg L^?1 of MCPA in 52 h. When the biodegradation assay was carried out with a mixture of 100 mg L^?1 of each herbicide, the process was accomplished in 56 h. In the continuous reactor, the strain showed high efficiency in the simultaneous removal of 100 mg L^?1 of each herbicide. Removals of 99.7, 99.5, and 95.0% were achieved for 2,4-D, MCPA, and COD, respectively. Samples from the influent of the continuous reactor showed high toxicity levels for Lactuca sativa seeds, while toxicity was not detected after the continuous process.     

Combined Removal of SO2, H2S AND NOx from Gas Streams by Chemical Absorption with Aqueous Solution of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid and its Reduced Species

Selective removal of SO₂, H₂S and NO_x from gas streams (air or towngas) was investigated using aqueous solutions of 12-molybdophosphoric acid and its reduced molybdenum blue species. The experimental results showed that H₂S and SO₂ in the gas streams can be removed quantitatively by yellow solution of 12-molybdophosphoric acid. The H₂S was oxidized into recoverable elemental sulfur and SO₂ into H₂SO₄, while the yellow solution was reduced into blue species (reduced molybdenum blue). The obtained reduced molybdenum blue solution was then used for the quantitative removal of NO_x, which was reduced into N₂ and the blue solution was then oxidized back into yellow species. It is possible that the regenration of scrubbing solution is not required and no chemical is consumed during absorption, when NO_x, SO₂ and/or H₂S coexisted in wastegases and the molar ratios of NO₂/(SO₂ + H₂S) is just equal to 1/2, although, in most cases, the ratio in real practical wastegases is not always equal to the value. The absorption mechanism was studied in detail. It was found that only one molybdenum atom in 12-molybdophosphoric acid was reduced from Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by H₂S or H₂SO₃ and the Mo(V) was oxidized back into Mo(VI) in the case of No_x absorption. 12-molybdophsophoric acid used in this work is inexpensive, commercially available, easily regeneratable, relatively nontoxic, and gives no secondary pollutant in the process.     

Removal of Iron and Manganese from Water with a High Organic Carbon Loading. Part II: The Effect of Various Adsorbents and Nanofiltration Membranes

This paper describes the second part of an investigation into the removal of iron and manganese from water with a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loading. This investigation focused on the use of ferrichloride as coagulant in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and different physical treatment processes, such as adsorption and nanofiltration, to reduce dissolved iron and manganese in water with a high DOC loading. It was found that nanofiltration employing H₂O₂ is the only treatment capable of producing drinking water within the set requirements of the treatment facility. Both fly ash and powdered activated carbon (PAC) used as adsorbents yielded a low percentage removal of DOC, while all the treatment methods evaluated accomplished high removals of the metallic ions Fe(II) and Mn(II). From the results a staggered treatment approach is recommended to obtain the best results at the lowest cost.     

Simultaneous Absorption of SO2 and NO in a Stirred Tank Reactor with NACLO2/NAOH Solutions

The wet scrubbing combined SO_x/NO removal system is one ofthe advanced air pollution control devices. This study tries tounderstand the kinetics of the absorption in the system. The absorption of SO₂ and simultaneous absorption of SO₂ and NO, whose concentrations are typical for flue gases emittedfrom coal-fired power plants, in a stirred tank reactor with NaClO₂/NaOH solutions were carried out at 50 °C.The liquid-side and gas-side mass transfer coefficients of the system were determined. The results indicate that the absorptionof SO₂ is completely gas-film controlled if the NaOH concentration is greater than 0.1 M or the NaClO₂ concentration is greater than 0.2 M. Adding SO₂ would decrease the absorption rate of NO; however, the addition of NO has no effect on the absorption rate of SO₂. The existence of O₂ has no significant effect on the absorption rate of SO₂ and NO in the combined SO_x/NO removal tests.     

Simultaneous Removal of H2S, NH3, and Ethyl Mercaptan in Biotrickling Filters Packed with Poplar Wood and Polyurethane Foam: Impact of pH During Startup and Crossed Effects Evaluation

The present work discusses the startup and operation of different biotrickling filters during the simultaneous removal of NH₃, H₂S, and ethyl mercaptan (EM) for odor control, focusing on (a) the impact of pH control in the stability of the nitrification processes during reactor startup and (b) the crossed effects among selected pollutants and their by-products. Two biotrickling filters were packed with poplar wood chips (R1 and R2A), while a third reactor was packed with polyurethane foam (R2B). R2A and R2B presented a pH control system, whereas R1 did not. Loads of 2?C10?g N?CNH₃ m^?3?h^?1, 5?C16?g S?CH₂S m^?3?h^?1, and 1?C6?g EM m^?3?h^?1 were supplied to the bioreactors. The presence of a pH control loop in R2A and R2B proved to be crucial to avoid long startup periods and bioreactors malfunctioning due to biological activity inhibition. In addition, the impact of the presence of different concentrations of a series of N species (NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₂ ^? , and NO ₃ ^? ) and S species (SO ₄ ^2? and S^2?) on the performance of the two biotrickling filters was studied by increasing their load to the reactors. Sulfide oxidation proved to be the most resilient process, since it was not affected in any of the experiments, while nitrification and EM removal were severely affected. In particular, the latter was affected by SO ₄ ^2? and NO ₂ ^? , while nitrification was significantly affected by NH ₄ ⁺ . The biotrickling filter packed with polyurethane foam was more sensitive to crossed effects than the biotrickling filter packed with poplar wood chips.     

Removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solution by Bentonite Clay Modified with Binary Mixture of Goethite and Humic Acid

Pre-modification of bentonite clay with goethite, humic acid, and a binary mixture of goethite and humic acid reagents increased its cation exchange capacity from 95 to 105.32, 120.4, and 125.8 meq/100 g of bentonite clay, respectively. The effective pre-modification of bentonite clay with goethite, humic acid, and goethite–humic acid reagents was confirmed from their Fourier transform infrared spectra which suggested that modification was effective on the AlAlOH and Si–O sites for goethite and humic acid modification and AlAlOH for goethite–humic acid modification. The presence of 0.001 M NaNO₃ electrolyte increased the adsorption capacity of bentonite clay. Temperature was observed to favor the adsorption of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ onto both the raw and modified bentonite clay samples. The goethite–humic acid-modified bentonite gave the best adsorption capacity of ≈10 and 16 mg/g at 30 and 50°C, respectively, for both metal ions. The inner sphere complexation mechanism was suggested for the adsorption of both metal ions onto the modified adsorbents. Modifying bentonite clay with a binary mixture of goethite and humic acid reduced the selectivity of bentonite clay for either Cu²⁺ or Cd²⁺. Preadsorbed goethite and humic acid on bentonite clay will further reduce the mobility of heavy metal ions in soils and in aquatic environments.     

Mobilization of seed reserves pretreated with H2O2 during germination and establishment of sunflower seedlings under salinity

Abstract

Several studies have shown hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a metabolic messenger that increases plant tolerance to various stress conditions. However, little is known about its effect on the mobilization of seed reserves in the establishment of seedlings. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with H₂O₂ in salt-tolerance and mobilization of reserves during the germination of seeds and establishment of sunflower seedlings. Seeds were pre-imbibed for 24?hr in solutions containing: deionized water (control); H₂O₂ (1?mM); NaCl (100?mM). Subsequently, seeds were distributed on germitest paper, moistened with deionized water or saline solution (100?mM NaCl). In seedlings not pretreated with H₂O₂, the salinity increased Na⁺ and Cl^? ions contents and reduced the growth of sunflower seedlings. However, pretreatment of seeds with H₂O₂ reduced the negative effect of salinity, promoted an increase in salt-tolerance by the reduction of Na⁺ and Cl^? uptake, lower energy cost for osmoprotection by compatible solutes accumulation, and by the higher equilibrium in the mobilization of the cotyledon reserves for the development of the embryonic axis.     

Removal of trace and major metals by soil washing with Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>EDTA and oxalate

Background, aim, and scope  

Various metals such as cationic metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) and anionic metals (As, Cr) often coexist in real soils, and normal soil washing techniques for the removal of cationic metals with a single-washing reagent make it rather difficult to simultaneously remove all of them. Oxalate could effectively remove anionic As and EDTA could effectively remove the cationic metals, so it was possible to remove all coexisting cationic and anionic metals by washing with the combination of Na₂EDTA and oxalate. The objective of this study was to (1) discuss the possibility of removing five metals, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, effectively from the soil by washing with Na₂EDTA-combined oxalate; (2) optimized through the consecutive washing.     

2004 Mack MD11柴油机燃料加氢后NOx与微粒排放特性

为了降低柴油机的排放,氢作为柴油机燃料的研究正在引起研究者的关注。该文进行了在2004 Mack MD11柴油机中添加不同比例氢气(最高氢气比例达7%)与柴油形成混合燃料的NOx、微粒(PM,particulate matter)排放特性研究。研究表明:负荷工况不同,添加氢气对NOx排放特性的影响不同;随着添加氢的增加,有NO转化为NO2现象;NOx排放很大程度还与发动机可变截面涡轮增压系统(VGT,variable-geometry gas turbine)和废气再循环系统(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)工作状况有关;添加氢气后即使在大、全负荷下,NOx排放量也没有明显增加。这主要归因于2004 Mack MD11采取了EGR,并且随着负荷增加,EGR率也在增加。在各种负荷工况下,添加氢气对降低PM排放量的作用明显,PM排放量减小率一般达50%以上,最高达75%。     

Field Evaluation of Colilert 3000 for Ground, Raw and Treated Surface Water and Comparison with Standard Membrane Filtration Method

In the present study, during a period of 16 months Colilert 3000 was validated in laboratory and field tests and compared to standard laboratory methods for monitoring of coliforms and E. coli. No false positive/negative results for coliforms/E. coli were found in 80 potable well water samples monitored with the Colilert 3000 and compared to standard methods. Although usage of Colilert 3000 to monitor raw water is not recommended by the manufacturer, the E. coli results of 100 samples were 100% positive by membrane filtration, Colilert 18 and MPN and only 80% positive by the Colilert 3000. In addition, in all positive samples, Colilert 3000 and Colilert 18 showed higher results of two to three orders of magnitude compared to MF and MPN. This significant difference was probably due to the presence of Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. (natural inhabitants of the raw surface water) known to interfere with the Colilert test. Treated surface water was monitored by Colilert 3000 for the presence of coliforms and E. coli. Among the 100 samples tested in parallel by membrane filtration all were negative, while with Colilert 3000 only 76% were negative. Post-test identification of the positive samples did not reveal the presence of E. coli but interfering microorganisms. The last application was to evaluate Colilert 3000 to monitor accidental or deliberate pollution of drinking water with sewage sources. Among 20 samples spiked with raw sewage (0.1 and 1%) all results were positive for both coliforms and E. coli. The time span required for Colilert 3000 to detect positive samples was 6–10 h compared to 24 h with the standard membrane filtration.     

Identification of oxidation products of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin with H(2)O(2)

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) are two important antioxidants in tea. They also display some antitumor activities, and these activities are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study are isolated and identified two novel reaction products of EGCG and one product of EGC when they were reacted separately with H(2)O(2). These products are formed by the oxidation and decarboxylation of the A ring in the catechin molecule. This study provides unequivocal proof that the A ring of EGCG and EGC may also be an antioxidant site. This study also indicates an additional reaction pathway for the oxidation chemistry of tea catechins.     

Effectiveness of Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4) for Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Natural Organic Matters from River Water

This study has investigated how to simultaneously remove both heavy metals (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and natural organic matters (NOM; humic acid and fulvic acid) from river water using potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄), a multipurpose chemical acting as oxidant, disinfectant, and coagulant. In water sample including each 0.1 mM heavy metal, its removal efficiency ranged 28–99% for Cu, 22–73% for Mn, and 18–100% for Zn at the ferrate(VI) doses of 0.03–0.7 mM (as Fe). The removal efficiency of each heavy metal increased with increasing pH, whereas an overall temperature did not make any special effect on the reaction between the heavy metal and ferrate(VI). A high efficiency was achieved on the simultaneous treatment of heavy metals (0.1 mM) and NOM (10 mg/l) at the ferrate(VI) doses of 0.03–0.7 mM (as Fe): 87–100% (Cu), 31–81% (Mn), 11–100% (Zn), and 33–86% (NOM). In the single heavy metal solution, the optimum ferrate dose for treating 0.1 mM Cu or Mn was 0.1 mM (as Fe), while that for treating 0.1 mM Zn was 0.3 mM (as Fe). In the mixture of three heavy metals and NOM, on the other hand, 0.5 mM (as Fe) ferrate(VI) was determined as an optimum dose for removing both 0.1 mM heavy metals (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and 10 mg/l NOM. Prior to the addition of ferrate(VI) into the solution of heavy metals and NOM (HA or FA), complexes were formed by the reaction between divalent cations of heavy metals and negatively charged functional groups of NOM, enhancing the removal of both heavy metals and NOM by ferrate(VI).     

Pseudoperoxidase activity of myoglobin: kinetics and mechanism of the peroxidase cycle of myoglobin with H2O2 and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) as substrates

Using 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) as substrate, it has been shown that the increased peroxidase activity for decreasing pH of myoglobin activated by hydrogen peroxide is due to a protonization of ferrylmyoglobin, MbFe(IV)=O, facilitating electron transfer from the substrate and corresponding to pK(a) approximately 5.2 at 25.0 degrees C and ionic strength 0.16, rather than due to specific acid catalysis. On the basis of stopped flow absorption spectroscopy with detection of the radical cation ABTS(.+), the second-order rate constant and activation parameters for the reaction between MbFe(IV)=O and ABTS were found to have the values k = 698 +/- 32 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH# = 66 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS# = 30 +/- 15 J mol(-1) K(-1) at 25.0 degrees C and physiological pH (7.4) and ionic strength (= 0.16 M NaCl). At a lower pH (5.8) corresponding to the conditions in meat, values were found as follows: k = 3.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH# = 31 +/- 6 kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS# = -53 +/- 19 J mol(-1) K(-1), indicative of a shift from outersphere electron transfer to an innersphere mechanism. For steady state assay conditions, this shift is paralleled by a shift from saturation kinetics at pH 7.4 to first-order kinetics for H2O2 as substrate at pH 5.8. In contrast, the activation reaction between myoglobin and hydrogen peroxide was found at 25.0 degrees C to be slow and independent of pH with values of 171 +/- 7 and 196 +/- 19 M(-1) s(-1) found at physiological and meat pH, respectively, as determined by sequential stopped flow spectroscopy, from which a lower limit of k = 6 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the reaction between perferrylmyoglobin, .MbFe(IV)=O, and ABTS could be estimated. As compared to the traditional peroxidase assay, a better characterization of pseudoperoxidase activity of heme pigments and their denatured or proteolyzed forms is thus becoming possible, and specific kinetic effects on activation, substrate oxidation, or shift in rate determining steps may be detected.     

Treatment of Young Spruce Shoots with SO2 and H2S: Effects on Fine Root Chromosomes in Relation to Changes in the Thiol Content and Redox State

Three year old spruce trees (Picea omorika) were exposed to 100 and 225 nl l^-1 SO₂ and H₂S for three weeks. The number of chromosomal aberrations and the mitotic index in the root tip meristems, and glutathione and cysteine contents in fine roots were determined twice weekly. An increase in glutathione content in fine roots of H₂S exposed plants was only detectable after 13 days of fumigation. The number of chromosomal aberrations increased significantly after 9 days of exposure to 225 nl l^-1 H₂S and after 13 days of exposure to 225 nl l^-1 SO₂ or 100 nl l^-1 H₂S. This increase in chromosomal damage persisted up to the end of the 3 week treatment. Neither SO₂ nor H₂S exposure affected the cysteine content or the redox state of glutathione in fine roots. These results suggest that the development of chromosomal aberrations during SO₂ and H₂S exposures does not directly reflect changes in thiol/glutathione content or redox state in the fine roots.     

Method for estimation of CO2(aq) plus H2CO3°, HCO3− and pH in soil solutions collected under field conditions

A method for the collection of soil solution and the determination of pH, H₂CO₃* (= CO₂(aq) plus H₂CO₃°), HCO₃^? and CO₃^2?, was developed which excluded atmospheric gases during the entire procedure. The soil solution was collected by tension lysimeters without exposure to the atmosphere. Using a closed system, the sample was transferred to a titration beaker for the analysis of pH, H₂CO₃* and HCO₃^?. The analysis of CO₂-acidity was done by titration with 0.0454 N Na₂CO₃ to the end point pH of 8.3. It was immediately followed by an acidimetric titration for the determination of alkalinity using 0.005 N H₂SO₄ under gentle N₂ flow; the equivalence point was determined graphically from the titration curve. In standard solutions, this method gave nearly 100% recovery of H₂CO₃* and HCO₃^?. In soil solutions, the pH markedly increased and H₂CO₃* decreased upon exposure to the atmosphere. The values of the sum of CO₂-acidity and alkalinity in soil solutions at a depth > 5 cm agreed well with the values of total inorganic carbon obtained by CO₂ infrared detection following CO₂ degassing. For solutions obtained from 100 cm and 300 cm depth (limestone) the measured distribution of H₂CO₃* and HCO₃^? was in agreement with the calculated values based on pH-measurement and total inorganic carbon. This comparison was unsatisfactory for the concentration of H₂CO₃* in solutions of the surface (0–15 cm) soil, possibly because the mathematical model as well as the interpretation of the titration curves did not consider any organic compounds in the solution.     

响应曲面法建立超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯工艺模型

以穿心莲内酯含量为30%的穿心莲浸膏为试验原料,采用响应曲面分析法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)建立了超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯结晶率的二次多项数学模型,验证了数学模型的有效性,并探讨了萃取结晶压力、温度、时间对结晶率的作用规律.根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选,以结晶率为指标,试验所得穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取结晶优化工艺条件为:压力20.88 MPa,温度50.27℃,时间97.02 min,该条件下结晶率高达74.77%.     

Comparison of dry deposition velocities for SO2, HNO3 and SO4 2− estimated with two inferential models

Dry deposition velocity estimates of SO, HNO₃ and SO₄ ^2? were computed for six locations in eastern North America using two different inferential models; a Big-Leaf model utilized by the U. S. National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) and, a land-use based model (LUM) that has been used in the past to estimate the relative importance of dry versus wet deposition over selected Canadian regions. There were consistent differences between models that were related to the surface type, chemical species and time of year. Mean monthly dry deposition velocities based upon the 1990–91 time period were compared at two locations. The seasonal cycles in deposition velocity were similar between models, but there were considerable differences in the amplitude of the cycles. The LUM predicted about a 400% increase in S042- deposition velocity from the winter to the summer months, while there was a 50 to 100% increase in the NDDN model estimates, depending upon location. According to the LUM, HN03 deposition to crop land increased by about a factor of 6 from winter to summer, while the big leaf model predicted a 50% increase. Overall, there was better agreement for SO₂. Averaged over 12 months, the differences in deposition velocity between models were smaller and generally within the range of uncertainty associated with inferential models. For all six sites, the mean percent difference between models in deposition velocity for SO₂, HNO₃ and SO₄ ^2? were 13, 35 and 79, respectively. These differences highlight the effect of using different methods for estimating dry deposition and the importance of applying the same model when examining regional patterns in dry/total deposition rates.