Effects of Amylopectin Branch Chain Length and Amylose Content on the Gelatinization and Pasting Properties of Starch

Structures and properties of starches isolated from different botanical sources were investigated. Apparent and absolute amylose contents of starches were determined by measuring the iodine affinity of defatted whole starch and of fractionated and purified amylopectin. Branch chain-length distributions of amylopectins were analyzed quantitatively using a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography system equipped with a postcolumn enzyme reactor and a pulsed amperometric detector. Thermal and pasting properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and a rapid viscoanalyzer, respectively. Absolute amylose contents of most of the starches studied were lower than their apparent amylose contents. This difference correlated with the number of very long branch chains of amylopectin. Studies of amylopectin structures showed that each starch had a distinct branch chain-length distribution profile. Average degrees of polymerization (dp) of amylopectin branch chain length ranged from 18.8 for waxy rice to 30.7 for high-amylose maize VII. Compared with X-ray A-type starches, B-type starches had longer chains. A shoulder of dp 18–21 (chain length of 6.3–7.4 nm) was found in many starches; the chain length of 6.3–7.4 nm was in the proximity of the length of the amylopectin crystalline region. Starches with short average amylopectin branch chain lengths (e.g., waxy rice and sweet rice starch), with large proportions of short branch chains (dp 11–16) relative to the shoulder of dp 18–21 (e.g., wheat and barley starch), and with high starch phosphate monoester content (e.g., potato starch) displayed low gelatinization temperatures. Amylose contents and amylopectin branch chain-length distributions predominantly affected the pasting properties of starch.     

Fine structures and physicochemical properties of starches from chalky and translucent rice kernels

This work compared the molecular structures and physicochemical properties of starches obtained from chalky and translucent kernels of six rice cultivars. Starch samples were prepared according to a modified alkali steeping method. Crystallinity, pasting characteristics, and thermal properties were studied by X-ray diffraction, rapid viscosity analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Starch molecular size fractions (amylopectin, amylose, and intermediate material) were estimated by high-performance size exclusion chromatography, and the chain length profiles of isoamylase-debranched amylopectin were evaluated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Starches from chalky kernels contained less amylose (more amylopectin) and more short branch-chain amylopectin (less long branch-chain amylopectin) compared with the translucent kernel starches. Differences in starch structural features significantly correlated with observed variation in grain translucency, starch X-ray diffraction patterns, thermal properties, and pasting characteristics. Starch synthesis in chalky kernels may slightly favor glucan chain branching over chain elongation.     

冻结-高压湿热解冻对多种淀粉中支链淀粉断裂的影响

冻结和高压湿热解冻是含淀粉面团在食品加工过程的必要工艺,在此过程中淀粉球破裂、部分支链淀粉断裂成为直链淀粉,给面团和食品的物理性状控制带来许多不可预见的结果。该文通过研究加热时间、加热温度、冷冻时间和解冻时间对糊化后的小麦、甘薯、马铃薯和玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量的影响,间接反映支链淀粉断裂情况,结合冻结解冻前后淀粉分子量分布、链长分布、光学和电子显微镜图谱提出了冻结-解冻过程不同淀粉中支链淀粉可能断裂方式。结果表明,4种淀粉中的直链淀粉含量先升高后下降,直链淀粉含量在4种淀粉的中达到峰值的时间分别为48,48,48,72 h。光学显微照片观察表明,冻融处理会导致更多凝胶化淀粉球的破裂。对于小麦支链淀粉,冻融解冻过程支链淀粉中侧链长度为5、6、7个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+2+1、2+2+2及2+2+2+1;对于甘薯支链淀粉,支链淀粉中侧链长度为10、11和13个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:3+3+4、2+2+3+4及2+2+2+3+4;对于马铃薯支链淀粉,支链淀粉中侧链长度为5和6个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+3、2+4、3+3;而玉米支链淀粉中,支链淀粉中侧链长度为7、8、9个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+5,3+5,和3+3+3(其中1表示1个葡萄糖;2表示含2个葡萄糖的麦芽糖、3表示含3个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖、4表示含4个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖和5表示含5个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖)。该论文结果为培育具有冻融稳定性的淀粉种子提供一种全新的思路,即通过基因方法控制植物减少容易断裂淀粉侧链的合成。     

Investigation of Digestibility In Vitro and Physicochemical Properties of A‐ and B‐Type Starch from Soft and Hard Wheat Flour

In this study, the functional properties of A‐ and B‐type wheat starch granules from two commercial wheat flours were investigated for digestibility in vitro, chemical composition (e.g., amylose, protein, and ash content), gelatinization, retrogradation, and pasting properties. The branch chain length and chain length distribution of these A‐ and B‐type wheat starch granules were also determined using high‐performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Wheat starches with different granular sizes not only had different degrees of enzymatic hydrolysis and thermal and pasting properties, but also different molecular characteristics. Different amylose content, protein content, and branch chain length of amylopectin in A‐ and B‐type wheat starch granules could also be the major factors besides granular size for different digestibility and other functional properties of starch. The data indicate that different wheat cultivars with different proportion of A‐ and B‐type granular starch could result in different digestibility in wheat products.     

Effects of Heat-Moisture Treatment and Lipids on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Maize and Potato Starches

Effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and lipids on the structure and gelatinization of maize and potato starches were studied, and the retrogradation process of 20% HMT starch gels was also investigated. Maize starch was physically modified by HMT or by defatting. Potato starch was physically modified by HMT or by adding monoglycerides. The X-ray pattern of the HMT maize starch was assigned to a combination of A and V patterns, which indicated that HMT formed crystallized amylose complexes and recrystallized amylose in maize starch granules. However, the X-ray pattern of defatted maize starch did not change for HMT, so the lipids originally existing in starch granules were important to the formation of new crystallites during this treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested that weaker structures in amylopectin crystallites were more susceptible to degradation after HMT, while crystallized amylose complexes developed thermal stability after treatment. The amylose contents increased with increasing degree of HMT, which suggested that the newly created amylose arose from exterior linear chains of amylopectin degraded by the treatment. Investigation of retrogradation process showed that HMT significantly promoted retrogradation of starch gels, especially the initiation of recrystallization.     

Morphological, structural, thermal, and rheological characteristics of starches separated from apples of different cultivars

The starches were separated from unripe apples of five cultivars (Criterion, Ruspippum, Red Spur, Skyline Supreme, and Granny Smith) and evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic viscoelasticity. SEM showed the presence of round granules as well as granules that had been partially degraded, probably by amylases. The starch granules in different apple starches ranged between 4.1 and 12.0 mum. Debranching of starch with isoamylase and subsequent fractionation of debranched materials by GPC revealed the presence of an apparent amylose, an intermediate fraction (mixture of amylose and amylopectin), long side chains of amylopectin, and short side chains of amylopectin in the range of 28-35.2, 3.6-4.4, 20-21.3, and 39.9-47.1%, respectively. The swelling power of starches ranged between 14.4 and 21.3 g/g. X-ray diffraction of apple starches showed a mixture of A- and B-type patterns. All apple starches showed peak intensities lower than that observed for normal corn and potato starch, indicating the lower crystallinity. The transition temperatures (onset temperature, T(o); peak temperature, T(p); and conclusion temperature, T(c)) and enthalpy of gelatinization (deltaH(gel)) determined using DSC ranged between 54.7 and 56.2 degrees C, between 57.1 and 59.1 degrees C, between 60.2 and 63.5 degrees C, and between 3.3 and 4.2 J/g, respectively. The viscoelastic properties of starch from different cultivars measured during heating and cooling using a rheometer differed significantly. Red Spur and Criterion starches with larger granule size showed higher G' and G' ' values, whereas those containing smaller size and amylolytically degraded granules showed lower G' and G' '.     

Morphological Changes of Granules of Different Starches by Surface Gelatinization with Calcium Chloride

Native starch granules of 11 selected cultivars (potato, waxy potato, sweet potato, normal maize, high‐amylose maize, waxy maize, wheat, normal barley, high‐amylose barley, waxy barley, and rice) were treated with a calcium chloride solution (4M) for surface gelatinization. The surface‐gelatinized starch granules were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In general, those starches with larger granule sizes required longer treatment time to complete the gelatinization. The salt solution treatment of starch was monitored by light microscopy and stopped when the outer layer of the granule was gelatinized. The surface gelatinized starch granules were studied using scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of the gelatinization pattern from calcium chloride treatments, the starches could be divided into three groups: 1) starches with evenly gelatinized granule surface, such as normal potato, waxy potato, sweet potato, maize, and high‐amylose maize; 2) starches with salt gelatinization concentrated on specific sites of the granule (i.e., equatorial groove), such as wheat, barley, and high‐amylose barley; and 3) starches that, after surface gelatinization, can no longer be separated to individual granules for SEM studies, such as waxy barley, waxy maize, and normal rice. The morphology of the surface gelatinized starch resembled that of enzyme‐hydrolyzed starch granules.     

甘薯淀粉性质与其粉丝品质的关系

为了弄清不同品种甘薯淀粉所制粉丝品质差异的原因,该研究通过对各种甘薯淀粉的理化性质、热力学特性、分子结构与甘薯粉丝品质的测定,并以绿豆淀粉做对照,对三者与其粉丝品质进行了相关性分析。结果表明：淀粉理化性质对粉丝品质影响较大,按相关系数大小依次是：膨润力＞溶解度＞表观直链淀粉含量＞蛋白质含量＞颗粒大小。回生对粉丝品质的影响远远大于糊化对其的影响。快速黏度分析参数与粉丝品质有显著的相关性,可作为预测其相应的粉丝品质的重要手段之一。淀粉分子结构对粉丝品质影响更大,按显著程度依次是：直链淀粉（A _m ）含量＞支链淀粉（A _P ）短链量＞A_P长链量＞A_m分支数＞A_P短链长度＞A_m链长＞A_P长链长度。     

Soft Wheat Starch Pasting Behavior in Relation to A‐ and B‐type Granule Content and Composition

Flours of two soft wheat cultivars were fractionated into native, prime, tailing, A‐, and B‐type starch fractions. Starch fractions of each cultivar were characterized with respect to A/B‐type granule ratio, amylose content, phosphorus level (lysophospholipid), and pasting properties to investigate factors related to wheat starch pasting behavior. While both cultivars exhibited similar starch characteristics, a range of A‐type (5.7– 97.9%, db) and B‐type granule (2.1–94.3%, db) contents were observed across the five starch fractions. Though starch fractions displayed only subtle mean differences (<1%) in total amylose, they exhibited a range of mean phosphorus (446–540 μg/g), apparent amylose (18.7–23%), and lipid‐complexed amylose (2.8–7.5%) values, which were significantly correlated with their respective A‐ and B‐type granule contents. A‐type (compared with B‐type) granules exhibited lower levels of phosphorus, lipid‐complexed amylose, and apparent amylose, though variability for the latter was primarily attributed to starch lipid content. While starch phosphorus and lipid‐complexed amylose contents exhibited negative correlation with fraction pasting attributes, they did not adequately account for starch fraction pasting behavior, which was best explained by the A/B‐type granule ratio. Fraction A‐type granule content was positively correlated with starch pasting attributes, which might suggest that granule size itself could contribute to wheat starch pasting behavior.     

Structural and molecular basis of starch viscosity in hexaploid wheat

Wheat starch is considered to have a low paste viscosity relative to other starches. Consequently, wheat starch is not preferred for many applications as compared to other high paste viscosity starches. Increasing the viscosity of wheat starch is expected to increase the functionality of a range of wheat flour-based products in which the texture is an important aspect of consumer acceptance (e.g., pasta, and instant and yellow alkaline noodles). To understand the molecular basis of starch viscosity, we have undertaken a comprehensive structural and rheological analysis of starches from a genetically diverse set of wheat genotypes, which revealed significant variation in starch traits including starch granule protein content, starch-associated lipid content and composition, phosphate content, and the structures of the amylose and amylopectin fractions. Statistical analysis highlighted the association between amylopectin chains of 18-25 glucose residues and starch pasting properties. Principal component analysis also identified an association between monoesterified phosphate and starch pasting properties in wheat despite the low starch-phosphate level in wheat as compared to tuber starches. We also found a strong negative correlation between the phosphate ester content and the starch content in flour. Previously observed associations between internal starch granule fatty acids and the swelling peak time and pasting temperature have been confirmed. This study has highlighted a range of parameters associated with increased starch viscosity that could be used in prebreeding/breeding programs to modify wheat starch pasting properties.     

Bread Quality of Spelt Wheat and Its Starch

Flours from five spelt cultivars grown over three years were evaluated as to their breadbaking quality and isolated starch properties. The starch properties included amylose contents, gelatinization temperatures (differential scanning calorimetry), granule size distributions, and pasting properties. Milled flour showed highly variable protein content and was higher than hard winter wheat, with short dough‐mix times indicating weak gluten. High protein cultivars gave good crumb scores, some of which surpassed the HRW baking control. Loaf volume was correlated to protein and all spelt cultivars were at least 9–51% lower than the HRW control. Isolated starch properties revealed an increase in amylose in the spelt starches of 2–21% over the hard red winter wheat (HRW) control. Negative correlations were observed for the large A‐type granules to bread crumb score, amylose level, and final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in year 1999 and to pasting temperature in 1998 samples. Positive correlations were found for the small B‐ and C‐type granules relative to crumb score, loaf volume, amylose, and RVA final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in 1999, and to RVA pasting temperature for samples grown in 1998. The environmental impact on spelt properties seemed to have a greater effect than genetic control.     

Characteristics of taro (Colocasia esculenta) starches planted in different seasons and their relations to the molecular structure of starch

Physico-chemical properties and molecular structure of starches from three cultivars (Dog hoof, Mein, and KS01) of taro tubers planted in summer, winter, and spring were investigated. The effects of the planting season on the physico-chemical properties and the molecular structure of starch were determined, and the relations between the physico-chemical properties and the molecular structure of starch are discussed. Results indicate that taro starches from tubers planted in summer had the largest granule size, a low uniformity of gelatinization, and a high tendency to swell and collapse when heated in water. Taro starch planted in summer also showed an elasticity during gelatinization that was higher than that of starches planted in the other seasons. In addition to the planting season and the variety, rheological and pasting properties of taro starches studied are influenced not only by the amylose content but also by the chain-length distribution of amylopectin, whereas swelling power and solubility only depend on the amylose content of starch. Taro starch with relatively high amylose content, high short-to-long-chain ratio, and long average chain length of long-chain fraction of amylopectin displayed high elasticity and strong gel during heating.     

Properties of Starches from Several Low‐Amylose Rice Cultivars

The starch properties of five low‐amylose rice cultivars, Yawarakomachi, Soft 158, Hanabusa, Aya, and Snow Pearl, were compared with those of two normal amylose rice cultivars, Nipponbare and Hinohikari. There were no large differences in the distributions of the amylopectin chain length determined by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography, and the starch gelatinization properties determined by differential scanning calorimetry, between normal and low‐amylose rice cultivars. Results obtained using rapid viscosity analysis indicated that low‐amylose rice starches had lower peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback values than normal amylose rice starches. Starch granules from low‐amylose rice cultivars had a higher susceptibility to glucoamylase than those from normal amylose rice cultivars. The results of this study showed some differences between normal and low‐amylose rice starches in pasting properties and enzymatic digestibility.     

Functional Properties of Cross-Linked and Hydroxypropylated Waxy Hull-less Barley Starches

Waxy hull-less barley (HB) starches containing 0 or 5% amylose were cross-linked with phosphorus oxychloride and the cross-linked starches were hydroxypropylated with propylene oxide. For comparison, waxy corn and potato starches were similarly modified. For all starches, cross-linking inhibited granule swelling and prevented swollen granules from disintegration, resulting in dramatic improvement in pasting properties and tolerance to cooking shear and autoclaving. Cross-linked waxy HB starches were more tolerant to cold storage and cooking shear than cross-linked waxy corn starch. Hydroxypropylation of the cross-linked starches reduced granule crystallinity and gelatinization temperature, and improved granule swelling, paste clarity, and freeze-thaw stability. The double-modified waxy HB starches showed higher cold tolerance than similarly modified waxy corn and potato starches, as judged by freeze-thaw stability and clarity after cold storage. These results indicated that the cross-linked and double-modified waxy HB starches together may have a wide range of food applications. This study indicated that the behavior of granule swelling and disintegration of swollen granules played an important role in governing paste viscosity, clarity, and freeze-thaw stability of waxy HB starches.     

Structural Changes of Debranched Corn Starch by Aqueous Heating and Stirring

Aqueous dispersions (2 mg/mL) of debranched corn starches of different amylose contents (waxy, normal, and high‐amylose) were subjected to extensive autoclaving and boiling‐stirring, and then the changes in starch chain profile were examined using medium‐pressure, aqueous, size‐exclusion column chromatography. As autoclaving time increased from 15 to 60 min, weight‐average chain length (CL_w) of waxy, normal, and high‐amylose corn starches determined using pullulan standards decreased from 46 to 41.2, from 122.1 to 96.3, and from 207.3 to 151.8, respectively. Number‐average chain length (CL_n) measured by the Nelson‐Somogyi method also decreased from 23.0 to 18.4, from 26.4 to 21.8, and from 66.5 to 41.5, respectively, indicating that thermal degradation of starch chains occurred. The CL_w/CL_n ratio for normal corn starch was higher than that for waxy corn starch, indicating an increase in polydispersity of the amylose fraction. Thermal degradation was also observed when the debranched starch was subjected to the boiling‐stirring treatment (0–96 hr). During 96 hr, the CL_w and relative proportion of B≥2 chains of amylopectin released by debranching waxy corn starch increased, whereas those of B1 chains decreased. This change may indicate physical aggregation of B1 chains. But branches from normal and high‐amylose corn starches showed increases in CL_w and the proportion of both B1 and B≥2 chains, along with substantial decreases in those of amylose chains. Therefore, thermal degradation of amylose was greater than that of amylopectin.     

优质小麦子粒淀粉组成与糊化特性对氮素水平的响应

在大田条件下,选用3个不同类型优质小麦品种: 豫麦47（强筋品种）、山农8355（中筋品种）和豫麦50（弱筋品种）,设置3个氮肥水平: 施N 0、15和30 g/m2,研究了小麦子粒淀粉的粒度分布、直支链淀粉组成、糊化特性及其对氮素水平的响应。结果表明,优质小麦子粒中淀粉粒的粒径分布范围为1～45 μm,其数目分布呈单峰或双峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化,峰谷位于10 μm处; 据此可将淀粉粒分为两种类型: A型大淀粉粒（10～45 μm）和B型小淀粉粒（1～10 μm）。优质小麦子粒淀粉粒组成存在显著的基因型差异。强筋品种豫麦47子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例较高,弱筋品种豫麦50子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例较高,中筋品种山农8355居中。施氮水平对优质小麦子粒中淀粉的粒度分布存在显著影响。在本试验条件下,随氮素水平的提高,强筋品种豫麦47子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例提高,而B型淀粉粒的比例下降; 增施氮肥后弱筋品种豫麦50和中筋品种山农8355子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例增大,而A型淀粉粒的比例降低,且前者变化的幅度较大。适量增施氮肥提高优质小麦子粒中的淀粉含量,氮肥用量进一步增大后,淀粉含量降低; 增施氮肥后优质小麦子粒中直链淀粉含量降低。增施氮肥对优质小麦子粒淀粉的糊化特性存在较大影响,且此影响的趋势因基因型和施氮量而异。其中强筋品种豫麦47表现为低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、糊化温度和峰值时间提高,而高峰粘度和稀懈值降低; 当氮肥用量增大至30 g/m2时,糊化温度和峰值时间降低,而以粘度为单位的参数均提高。弱筋品种豫麦50表现为增施氮肥后,RVA参数呈下降趋势,与之相对应中筋品种山农8355的呈上升趋势。相关性分析表明,B型淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积比例与高峰粘度和稀懈值存在显著正相关; 与低谷粘度、最终粘度和反弹值存在显著负相关。子粒中直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量与高峰粘度和稀懈值呈显著负相关,与低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值和峰值时间呈一定程度正相关; 直链淀粉相对含量与RVA特征参数之间的相关趋势与子粒中直链淀粉含量的趋势一致,但均未达显著水平。由此可以认为,氮肥通过调控小麦子粒中淀粉的直、支链组成和粒度分布而影响其糊化特性。     

Resistant Starch Content Is Related to Granule Size in Barley

Physical properties of resistant starch (RS) were examined in a range of barley genotypes to determine the contribution of starch and seed physical characteristics to the RS component. Thirty‐three barley genotypes were studied, which varied significantly in their RS, amylose, and starch contents and grain yield. From 33 genotypes, 13 exhibiting high RS were selected for detailed physicochemical analysis of starch. In high‐RS varieties, granule size and number were unimodal, compared with normal starches from a reference genotype, which showed a bimodal distribution. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that a higher content of granules <15 µm was positively correlated with RS and amylose content, whereas the proportion of granules 15–45 µm was negatively correlated with the RS and amylose contents. Physical fractionation of starches by centrifugation into different population sizes demonstrated that size alone is not an accurate indicator of the population of A‐type and B‐type granules within a given genotype. PCA also showed that large 15–45 µm granules were positively correlated with seed thickness and that thousand grain weight was positively correlated with seed width. High‐RS and high‐amylose genotypes showed variation in overall yield and starch content, with some genotypes showing yield comparable to the reference genotype. Analysis of amylopectin chain length distribution showed that high amylose or RS content was not associated with a higher proportion of amylopectin long chains when compared with either waxy or reference (normal) barley genotypes. This study highlights useful markers for screening barley genotypes with favorable starch characteristics.     

Associations of Starch Gel Hardness,Granule Size,Waxy Allelic Expression,Thermal Pasting,Milling Quality,and Kernel Texture of 12 Soft Wheat Cultivars

Starches were isolated from 12 soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and were characterized for waxy (Wx) allelic expression, thermal pasting characteristics, and starch granule size. Gels were produced from the thermally degraded starches and were evaluated using large deformation rheological measurements. Data were compared with cultivar kernel texture, milling characteristics, starch chemical analyses, and flour pasting characteristics. Larger flour yields were produced from cultivars that had larger starch granules. Flour yield also was correlated with lower amylose content and greater starch content. Harder starch gels were correlated with higher levels of amylose content and softer kernel texture. The cultivar Fillmore, which had a partial waxy mutation at the B locus, produced the highest peak pasting viscosity and the lowest gel hardness. Softer textured wheats had greater lipid‐complexed amylose and starch phosphorus contents and had less total starch content. Among these wheats of the soft market class, softer textured wheats had larger starch granules and harder textured wheats had smaller starch granules. In part, this may explain why soft wheats vary in texture. The smaller granules have larger surface area available for noncovalent bonding with the endosperm protein matrix and they also may pack more efficiently, producing harder endosperm.     

Properties and Structures of Flours and Starches from Whole,Broken, and Yellowed Rice Kernels in a Model Study

The objective of this study was to compare the structure and properties of flours and starches from whole, broken, and yellowed rice kernels that were broken or discolored in the laboratory. Physicochemical properties including pasting, gelling, thermal properties, and X‐ray diffraction patterns were determined. Structure was elucidated using high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD). The yellowed rice kernels contained a slightly higher protein content and produced a significantly lower starch yield than did the whole or broken rice kernels. Flour from the yellowed rice kernels had a significantly higher pasting temperature, higher Brabender viscosities, increased damaged starch content, reduced amylose content, and increased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy compared with flours from the whole or the broken rice kernels. However, all starches showed similar pasting, gelling, thermal properties, and X‐ray diffraction patterns, and no structural differences could be detected among different starches by HPSEC and HPAEC‐PAD. α‐Amylase may be responsible for the decreased amylopectin fraction, decreased apparent amylose content, and increased amounts of low molecular weight saccharides in the yellowed rice flour. The increased amount of reducing sugars from starch hydrolysis promoted the interaction between starch and protein. The alkaline‐soluble fraction during starch isolation is presumed to contribute to the difference in pasting, gelling, and thermal properties among whole, broken, and yellowed rice flours.     

Amylose-lipid complexes as controlled lipid release agents during starch gelatinization and pasting

The effect of amylose-lipid (AM-L) complexes consisting of amylose populations with different peak degrees of polymerization (DP) and complexed with glyceryl monostearate (GMS) or docosanoic acid (C22) on the pasting properties of wheat and rice starches was evaluated with a rapid visco analyzer (RVA). AM-L complexes were formed by both (i) addition of lipids to amylose fractions with peak DP 20, 60, 400, or 950 at 60 degrees C or (ii) potato phosphorylase-catalyzed amylose synthesis in the presence of lipids. All AM-L complexes affected pasting properties in line with their dissociation characteristics. AM-L complexes therefore have potential as "controlled lipid release agents" with effects markedly different from those observable with emulsifier addition in starch pasting. More in particular, short chain AM-L complexes resulted in a starch pasting behavior comparable to that of cross-linked starch, as evidenced by reduced granule swelling, good viscosity stability in conditions of high temperature and shear, and a stable cold paste viscosity.