Assessment of the allergenicity of soluble fractions from GM and commercial genotypes of wheats

Breeding has enabled the development of wheat genotypes with different quality characteristics and end uses. Despite its numerous positive properties that make it one of the most cultivated crops, wheat is known to induce allergic reactions in predisposed consumers. Genetic modification (GM) technology for crop improvement has recently emerged and its impact on allergenicity must be evaluated, as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius.     

广东大豆地方种质磷效率特性研究：不同大豆基因型冠部、根部磷效率特性差

采用低磷红壤盆栽试验方法,对原产广东省大豆基因型的冠部、根部磷效率特性及其与植株磷效果特性的关系进行研究。结果表明,与常磷水平相比,在低磷胁迫下,大豆基因型根部干重占植株干重的百分率相对,即具有较大的根／冠比;大多数大豆基因型冠部的磷素积累相对较多;ＲＶＰＰＥＲ（植株磷效率比值相对值）越大的基因型,其冠部磷素吸收率就越大,反之亦然。另外,大豆基因型根部磷素积累特性与冠部磷素积累特性有所不同。在低磷胁迫下,随着ＲＶＰＰＥＲ增大,除了ＨＮＤ３９外,其他大豆基因型的冠部磷效率比值（ＳＰＥＲ）和根部磷效率比值（ＲＰＥＲ）均呈现逐渐增大的趋势;除了ＨＮＤ０８、３３、３９、５７、９３、９４大豆基因型外,其他大豆基因型的根部磷效率比值大于冠部磷效率比值。相关分析表明：低磷水平下的冠部磷素吸收量可以简便有效地衡量大豆基因型植株     

Lack of acute toxicity of an anthraquinone bird repellent to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations

Aeroz™ (9,10-anthraquinone (AQ)), a chemical rice seed treatment that effectively deters birds from depredating newly planted fields, could be an important management tool that enables rice producers to plant earlier in the season and increase yields. This bird repellent, while non-lethal to birds, has unknown toxicity to crayfish that often are closely integrated with rice production in southern regions of the USA. This study was conducted to assess if AQ, the active ingredient in Aeroz™, could be acutely toxic to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard), the crayfish species most often associated with rice cultivation, via seed ingestion and/or through their contact with chemical in pond water. Mortality data from a 96 h feeding study indicate that AQ-treated (1.76% by wt) rice seed was not acutely toxic to juvenile (∼3 mo.) crayfish through the ingestion exposure route. In addition, a 96 h aquatic acute toxicity test showed that the LC₅₀ of AQ in juvenile crayfish is >85 μg L⁻¹ and above the water solubility limit of AQ. These results indicate that very minimal, if any, acute toxicity would be observed in juvenile crayfish if exposed to AQ via ingestion or dissolved or suspended in the water column.     

Synthesis,characterization and aggregation and fluorescence properties of novel highly soluble zinc phthalocyanines bearing tetrakis-4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)phenoxy) with tetra and dodecachloro substituents

The synthesis of two new phthalocyanine precursors 4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)phenoxy) with mono (2) and trichloro (3) substituents were carried out in this work. Cyclotetramerization of these precursors with zinc acetate gave novel tetrakis-4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)phenoxy) with tetra (4) and dodecachloro (5) substituted zinc phthalocyanines. The synthesized new compounds were characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, electronic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The aggregation behavior of zinc phthalocyanines 4 and 5 was investigated in different concentrations of dichloromethane (DCM). Zinc phthalocyanines 4 and 5 showed good solubility in different organic solvents such as DCM, CHCl₃, THF, benzene and toluene. Further, the aggregation behavior of zinc phthalocyanines 4 and 5 was studied before and after the addition of Triton X100. Further, the fluorescence quantum yields of zinc phthalocyanines 4 and 5 were calculated in the presence and absence of Triton X100.     

Oil content and fatty acid composition of promising IndianBrassica campestris L. (Toria) genotypes

Seeds of sixty four genotypes ofBrassica campestris L. (Toria) were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content varied from 38.9% to 44.6%. Major fatty acids viz. oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids exhibited ranges from 10.1% to 17.3%, 5.9% to 14.5%, 5.2% to 15.0%, 7.7% to 13.7% and 39.6% to 59.9%, respectively. Compared to the standard cultivar ITSA, four genotypes contained 5 to 8% lower content of erucic acid; and six genotypes contained significantly higher content of linoleic acid. Oil was positively correlated with erucic acid. The observed inverse relationship between linoleic and erucic acid contents might be utilized in breeding nutritionally better Toria cultivars with both high linoleic and low erucic acid contents.     

Lack of association between genetic and geographic origin characteristics for the wild potatoSolarium sucrense Hawkes

Collecting germplasm to broaden breeding resources is an essential activity of genebanks. Research to understand how genetic diversity is partitioned in nature might help to identify collections rich in diversity. Previous studies among wild populations ofSolanum fendleri (a disomic polyploid selfer) andS. jamesii (a diploid outcrosser) revealed no significant associations between genetic and ecogeographic variation. Even physical separation did not predict genetic differences. In this study, 28 populations ofS. sucrense Hawkes (2n=4x=48), a Bolivian species with another breeding system (polysomic polyploid oucrosser), were evaluated. The objective was to assess whether genetic differences between populations are predicted by differences in geographic parameters at the natural site of origin. Genetic differentiation was estimated by using 216 RAPD markers. The average genetic distance (GD) found between pairs of populations was 31% (ranging from 8% to 44%). Correlations of GD with latitude, longitude, altitude and distance were not significant. Multiple regression analysis also confirmed that GD was not explained by the geographic parameters used. We conclude that geographic origin data is not very useful in gauging interpopulation genetic diversity in the genebank.     

Hydraulic Resistance of Sorghum (C4) and Sunflower (C3)

Summary

It is well known that C4 crops have a lower water requirement than C3 crops. Reasons for the difference are not well understood. Therefore, hydraulic resistance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (C4) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (C3) was determined to see if it might be one explanation for the lower water use of crops with the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with soil, which was well watered (soil matric potential of ～0 MPa) or allowed to dry (soil matric potential of ?0.038 MPa and ?0.065 MPa for sorghum and sunflower, respectively). Hydraulic resistance was calculated in two ways: (1) using the classic Ohm's law analogue, which assumes that the relation between flux (transpiration) and difference in water potentials of the soil and plant is linear and (2) using an equation that considers diurnal changes in leaf water content along with transpiration and difference in water potentials. Because change in leaf-water content during a day was small, hydraulic resistances calculated by the two methods resulted in similar values. Sorghum had a linear relationship between flux and difference in potentials (constant hydraulic resistance), but sunflower had a nonlinear one (variable hydraulic resistance). The hydraulic resistance of watered sunflower increased only slightly during a day and averaged about 40 MPa m² s mol^?1, which was 3.5 times less than that of watered or water-stressed sorghum (-140 MPa m² s mol^?1). The hydraulic resistance of water-stressed sunflower increased steeply during a day and by the end of the day it had a hydraulic resistance that approached that of sorghum.     

不同基因型大豆品种对豆卷叶螟实验种群的影响

研究了6个不同基因型大豆品种对豆卷叶螟(Lamprosema indicata Fabricius)实验种群的影响.结果表明:赶泰-2-2和丰平黑豆饲养的豆卷叶螟化蛹率分别为45.42%和59.25%,世代存活率分别为30.42%和39.17%,卵孵化率分别为32.50%和36.50%,均显著低于其他品种;Bethel饲养的豆卷叶螟化蛹率、世代存活率和卵孵化率均最高,吴江青豆3、皖82-178和山东大豆饲养的豆卷叶螟各指标差异不显著.在山东大豆、皖82-178、丰平黑豆和Bethel上豆卷叶螟的产卵量大,而在吴江青豆3和赶泰-2-2上的产卵量较少,山东大豆和皖82-178上的初孵幼虫数最多,分别为311.83和308.83头/株,Bethel上的幼虫数较多,为208.00头/株,而赶泰-2-2、丰平黑豆和吴江青豆3上的初孵幼虫数最少,三个品种间差异不显著.     

浙江茶情(4)

全国茶叶会议代表参观新昌、嵊州茶叶示范基地 8月29日,参加由农业部种植业管理司主办的"全国无公害茶叶生产现场座谈会议"的各省(市,区)代表共140余人,参观考察了新昌浙东名茶市场、新昌茶树良种场的高效良种茶园、新昌长诏水库茶场的无公害茶叶示范基地及嵊州市崇仁镇应桂岩村茶叶基地,与会代表对这二个县在抓无公害茶叶发展、抓降低农药残留、抓管理方面的经验、作法与取得的成绩给予了较高的评价.     

Segregation of leptines and other glycoalkaloids inSolanum tuberosum (4x) ×S. chacoense (4x) crosses

A clone, 8380-1, selected fromSolanum chacoense (PI 458310) for its high foliage content of the leptine glycoalkaloids, a factor in resistance to Colorado potato beetle, was doubled in chromosome number from 2n=2x=24 to 2n=4x=48. Three 4x clones were crossed with sixS. tuberosum (4x) clones. Foliage glycoalkaloid contents were measured for 452 F1 hybrids from 15 crosses. The 4xchacoense parental clones were not different in respect to glycoalkaloid contents and were similar to the original 2x clone. All F1 hybrids synthesized foliage leptines ranging from 9 to 369 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) with a mean content of 113 mg/100 g fw. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content ranged from 1% to 62% with a mean of 25%. The 4xchacoense parent mean leptine content was 1482 mg/ 100 g fw which was 90% of the total glycoalkaloid content. Tubers from 136 hybrids and the threechacoense parental clones were tested for glycoalkaloid contents. The tuber solanine + chaconine contents of the 136 hybrids ranged from 30 to 180 mg/100 g fw with a mean of 79. The mean tuber content of the threechacoense parental clones was 157 mg/100 g fw. Leptines were not found in any of the tubers.     

In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in a silvopastoral system associated with levels of protein supplementation

The addition of protein supplementation in a silvopastoral system can contribute to improved forage intake and digestibility. Our objective was to evaluate in vitro ruminal parameters, digestibility and gas production of Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] in a silvopastoral system and compare this to parameters obtained from diets with protein supplementation. Forage was sampled during the growing season (November to April) in 2016/17 and 2017/18. In vitro incubation treatments consisted of four levels of protein supplement (20% of crude protein; CP) in the diet (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg of body weight). The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and indigestible neutral detergent fibre concentrations were highest in the first year. In the second year, CP concentration was 21% greater than in the first year. There was a linear increase for digestion rate, a quadratic effect for lag time and a linear decrease for average digestion time as supplementation levels were increased. The least lag time and digestion time occurred in the second year. There was no supplementation effect on ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentrations. Second-year in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was greater than in the first year. Increases in supplementation levels linearly enhanced IVDMD and reduced methane (CH₄) production. The inclusion of a protein supplement contributed to reduced CH₄ and increased volatile fatty acids production; therefore, we recommended the supplement inclusion of >0.28 g/kg of BW for animals grazing in well-managed palisadegrass pastures.     

Daily rhythm of circulating fat soluble vitamin concentration (A,D, E and K) in the horse

Background  

Many physiological processes of mammalian species exhibit daily rhythmicity. An intrinsic relationship exists between fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and several body functions. Few investigations on the rhythmic pattern of vitamins in domestic animals have been carried out. The present study evaluated the circadian rhythmicity of fat soluble vitamins in the horse.     

野生大豆和抗草甘膦转基因大豆杂交后代的适合度分析

野生大豆是大豆遗传改良的重要资源.转基因大豆可能对野生大豆资源存在潜在的农业和生态风险.外源基因从抗草甘膦转基因大豆向野生大豆材料的逃逸不仅需要成功的杂交,还要依赖于杂交后代的适合度.因此野生大豆和抗草甘膦转基因大豆杂交后代的适合度分析,对评价抗草甘膦转基因逃逸引起的生态风险非常必要.在网室条件下,4个野生大豆材料和抗草甘膦转基因大豆RR能够杂交结实,获得有抗草甘膦基因杂交后代群体F1和F2(江浦野生豆-5×RR).对杂交后代及其母本野生大豆材料的7个农艺性状进行调查,计算适合度并进行t测验分析.结果表明:在没有草甘膦的选择压力下,杂交后代在一些性状上的相对适合度高于母本野生大豆材料;江浦野生豆-5和RR杂交F2代敏感株与抗性株在7个农艺性状有相对适合度上均差异不显著.     

棉花种子健籽率与种子活力的相关性分析

以8份棉花种子样品为材料．分别测定其健籽率和活力．并用相关分析法探讨键籽率与活力的相关性。试验蛄果表明键籽率与活力呈极显著正相关关系。用健籽率可简单、快速估测棉花种子活力或田间出苗情况，同时也表明了在棉花种子生产和使用中健籽率测定的重要意义。     

Cytotoxicity of the ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei against tumor cells and study of the involvement of associated microbiota in the production of cytotoxic compounds

Many cytotoxic compounds of therapeutic interest have been isolated from marine invertebrates, and some of them have been reported to be of microbial origin. Pyridoacridine alkaloids are the main compounds extracted from the ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei. Here we describe the in vitro antiproliferative activity against different tumor cell lines of the ascidian extracts and provide some insights on the role of the microbial community associated with the tunicate in the production of these compounds. C. dellechiajei extracts showed remarkably high antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ ≤5 μg/mL) in human lung carcinoma A-549, colon adenocarcinoma H-116, pancreatic adenocarcinoma PSN-1 and breast carcinoma SKBR3 cell lines. Moreover, we found that the maximum activity was located in the tunic tissue of the colony, which harbours a microbial community. In order to ascertain the involvement of this community in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds different approachs that included culture and culture independent methods were carried out. We undertook a screening for antiproliferative activities of the bacterial isolates from the ascidian, as well as a comprative analysis of the cytotoxic activities and the microbial communities from two color morphs of the ascidian, green and blue. In addition, the changes of the antiproliferative activities and the composition of the microbial communities were studied from ascidians kept in aquaria and treated with antibiotics for one month. Our data obtained from the different experiments did not point out to bacteria as the source of the cytotoxic compounds, suggesting thus an ascidian origin.     

川藏茶路万里行(续)

四、近代藏销边茶的生产与流通 南路边茶主产地雅安地区，是我国历史上人工栽培茶树最早的地区之一。明代的蒙顶甘露寺古碑记载：“西汉有吴氏法名理真，俗奉甘露大师者，自岭表来，挂锡兹土，随携灵茗之种而植于五峰。”《唐国史补》记有：“剑南有蒙顶石花，或小方，或散芽。号为第一。”证明雅安地区早在西汉时期就已有了人工种茶的记录，至今已有2000多年的历史。     

Physicochemical and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber from different colored quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

As it is well documented that the phytochemical composition and bioactive profile of quinoa are influenced by different phenotypes, we analyzed the physicochemical and functional characteristics of different quinoa soluble dietary fiber (SDF). SDF was prepared through ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction from three colored quinoa brans. After purification, the yield of SDF from white (W-SDF), red (R-SDF) and black quinoa bran (B-SDF) was 2.2%, 5.7% and 5.9%, respectively. Compared with R-SDF and B-SDF, W-SDF had a higher molecular weight (1.72 × 10⁶ Da) and lower zeta-potential (- 32.16 mV), although their monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed no obvious differences. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image suggested that R-SDF exhibited a more complex and loose structure than W-SDF and B-SDF. Moreover, R-SDF exhibited higher thermal stability, gel forming capacity, bile acid binding capacity, water-holding capacity and glucose adsorption capacity than those of B-SDF and W-SDF. Taken together, SDF extracted from quinoa especially from red quinoa might be a promising candidate for the development of novel functional food ingredients.     

利用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)防治小豆蚜虫效果研究

[目的]探讨小豆蚜虫防治新技术,比较研究种衣剂拌种的防治效果。[方法]选用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)进行播前拌种试验,采用50 mL水分别加入高巧2、4、6、8 mL拌种1.0kg的处理方法,播种后比较其出苗率及幼苗的发育情况、蚜虫防治效果、小豆百粒重、产量及增产率。[结果]高巧拌种不会影响小豆出苗,可有效防治小豆蚜虫,但防效随时间延长而降低。防效保持在85%以上,可显著提高小豆百粒重和产量。[结论]该技术可在小豆生产中进行推广应用。