农药污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

人们认为利用活的生物体对农药污染土壤环境进行修复是一种被安全可靠的方法。本文综述分析微生物、植物对农药污染土壤的修复机制以及影响因素，对农药污染土壤的生物修复进行预测和展望，指出需要进一步研究的领域。     

苎麻生物脱胶产品质量控制

苎麻生物脱胶主要是利用微生物产酶来分解苎麻胶质,生产精干麻.其工艺流程是原麻扎把→装笼→粗酶液脱胶→水洗→精炼→拷麻→漂酸洗、给油→脱油→抖麻→烘干→成品入库.精干麻的质量除原麻内在品质外,还取决于发酵的多级控制以及工艺流程的正确操作如扎把大小、松紧要适当、装笼要均匀、酶液配制、浴比要适度;此外还要控制好酶脱胶浸泡时间,搞好水洗、精炼等工作.只有这样,才能达到提高苎麻精干麻质量的目的.     

Pathogens for biological control of nematodes

This review briefly examines some of the earlier research that lists the natural soil enemies of plant-parasitic nematodes. The major emphasis is on research developments of the past decade that consider biological control of nematodes. The importance of biocontrol has arisen as a consequence of the loss of the two effective but hazardous nematicidal soil fumigants, namely dibromo-chloropropane and ethylene dibromide, and because of the urgent need for new control strategies that their passing has created. Reports of successful biocontrol of plant nematodes by the fungal agents Nematophthora gynophila, Dactylella oviparasitica and Paecilomyes lilacinus and by the bacterial agent Pasteuria penetrans are examined. These recent developments are analysed and their implications on future research of nematode biocontrol discussed.     

生物源农药防治马铃薯晚疫病研究进展

生物源农药为马铃薯晚疫病的无公害防治提供了一条充满希望的途径,大量的研究表明,紫茎泽兰、漏芦、板蓝根、紫苏、苦参、诃子、五倍子、知母、大蒜等几十种植物的有机溶剂提取物或水提取物中含有抑制晚疫病菌生长、延缓病害发展进程的活性成分;YX拟青霉菌、P.fluorescens、假单孢菌、嗜线虫致病杆菌及生防菌B9601等菌株或其代谢物具有杀菌活性,可进行更深入的研究或在生产中加以利用。同时,对生物源农药研究和利用过程中存在的问题及其克服途径进行了探讨,并就其发展方向提出建议。     

麻纤维厌氧生物脱胶系统的脱胶特性研究

基于具有自主知识产权的麻纤维厌氧生物脱胶系统,对苎麻、剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻进行厌氧脱胶处理。结果表明:该系统运行过程中pH值稳定在7.2左右,化学需氧量(COD)在327 mg/L以下,氨氮质量浓度在5.2 mg/L以下,能实现近零排放;试验参数条件下苎麻脱胶效果优于剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻:苎麻纤维残胶率可达1.32%(低于化学脱胶),剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻残胶率分别为16.03%、20.13%、35.49%;各纤维强力指标能够达到传统化学脱胶法水平,其中苎麻的各项指标满足《苎麻精干麻》(GB/T 20793-2015)的一等水平。     

Motivations for adopting biological control among Iranian rice farmers

While research on biological control of crop pests is quite popular, it seldom targets motivations of farmers for adopting this practice. A survey of 283 rice farmers was conducted in Mazandaran province of northern Iran to study farmers' motivations for biological control adoption as an alternative control method of Asiatic rice borer [Chilo suppressalis (Walker)] and explain potential differences in motivations among different groups of farmers. Face to face interviews were used to address farmers' motivations based on a list of motivation statements found in previous studies and modified by extension officers and farmers who had adopted biological control in the study area. Factor analysis of a motivation list with 15 items revealed four main groups of factors explaining the adoption of biological control by rice farmers; these were ‘health maintenance’, ‘economic benefit’, ‘social acceptance’, and ‘environmental protection’. Men gave high scores to motivations related to ‘economic benefit’ and ‘social acceptance’, whereas women preferred mostly motivations related to ‘health maintenance’. Well-educated farmers (e.g., some college education) preferred motivations for ‘health maintenance’ more than farmers with lower education or no education at all. Participation in extension programs was associated with preference of non-economic motivations of biological control adoption, while membership in local associations (such as rural cooperatives or producers' groups) encouraged motivations related to ‘social acceptance’. Farmers who used family labor force in their fields or farmers who perceived pesticides as harmful substances showed strong motivations primarily for ‘health maintenance’ along with ‘environmental protection’. Small area of land under cultivation and low annual farm income were strongly linked with motivations for ‘economic benefit’. Besides economic motivations, policies for the promotion of biological control adoption should embrace a wide set of farmers' motivations when developing new and properly tailored extension programs.     

糖厂压榨过程自动控制及信息管理系统

本文介绍的糖厂压榨车间生产过程自动控制及信息管理系统,由输送带控制、榨机转速控制、蔗渣带自动计量、渗透水·混合汁流量控制、榨面操作台、压榨自控系统中心站、网络通讯等系统组成,可对压榨车间生产过程的各个环节进行自动控制和监视,并通过计算机网络对生产进行指挥调度.     

长沙市农业生物灾害防控战略探讨

调查了长沙市农业生物灾害发生和造成损失的情况,分析了全市的植保体系现状和能力,提出了存在的问题,探讨了应采取的对策,即巩固病虫测报基础,建立健全重大病虫监测预警体系;建立有害生物应急防治体系;强化植物检疫,确保农业生产和生态安全;加速技术创新,提高现代植保科技水平。     

“土壤生物活化剂”对人参连作土壤生物学性状的影响

目的研究施用土壤生物活化剂对人参连作土壤生物学性状的影响。方法采用田间试验法,研究老参地施用土壤生物活化剂后,土壤生物学性状的变化。结果施用土壤生物活化剂后,细菌数量和放线菌数量显著增加,真菌数量相对减少;土壤微生物量C占有机C的比例亦有显著增加,老参地土壤环境得到显著改善。结论施用土壤生物活化剂能够改善连作土壤的生物学性状。     

细菌对植物病害生物防治研究进展

细菌作为重要的生防因子在植物病害防治上具有重要作用,文章介绍了生防细菌研究进展,包括细菌作为生防因子的优势、细菌对植物病害的作用机制、生防细菌定殖、生防细菌鉴定、影响生防细菌效果的环境因素、重要的生防细菌假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌应用研究及生防细菌菌剂开发,并对未来生防细菌的遗传改造等生物工程进行了展望。     

大豆食心虫生物防治研究进展

大豆食心虫是我国大豆的主要害虫之一,随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高,人们对绿色食品的要求也与日俱增。充分发挥生物防治作用,减少或替代化学农药的使用,是提高大豆品质的主要途径之一。生物防治具有对人畜无毒,环境兼容性好,作物不易产生抗性等优点。本文主要介绍了利用抗性育种、转基因、性信息素、寄生性天敌等方法防治大豆食心虫的研究进展、存在问题及展望。     

玉米瘤黑粉病菌生物学特性研究

对影响玉蜀黍黑粉菌冬孢子萌发和双核菌丝生长的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,冬孢子萌发最适温度为30℃,pH为3,碳源为蔗糖、麦芽糖和葡萄糖,氮源为半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸和甘氨酸;双核菌丝生长的最适温度为30℃,pH为8,碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,氮源为天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸。光照条件对冬孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响不显著。     

生物农药对茶白星病的防治效果与农残安全评价

为筛选安全有效地防治茶白星病的生物药剂,开展了生物药剂氨基寡糖素、嘧啶核苷类抗菌素及其与赤·吲乙·芸苔混配对湄潭茶园茶白星病的防效研究.结果表明:生物药剂氨基寡糖素、嘧啶核苷类抗菌素对茶白星病的防效分别为69.36±1.63%和73.92±1.62%;将氨基寡糖素、嘧啶核苷类抗菌素分别与赤·吲乙·芸苔等比例混配后,防效分别为74.24±3.17%和81.39±2.29%,表明氨基寡糖素、嘧啶核苷类抗菌素结合赤·吲乙·芸苔联合使用对防治茶白星病具有很显著的效果,且施药2d后农残检测均可达欧盟标准,可以在我省茶园大面积推广应用.