HACCP系统及其在食品安全上的应用

文章介绍了危害分析与关键控制点系统的主要原理，讨论了食品加工中物理、化学和生物性危害的分析方法，描述控制危害发生的工艺过程关键控制点的确定，旨在确保食品安全，提高产品质量。     

DNA条形码技术在食品溯源中的应用

现在食品安全越来越关注食品的可追溯性.近年来,DNA条形码作为食品溯源中一个潜在有效的工具得到迅速发展.本综述介绍了DNA条形码在食品安全尤其是在食品溯源中的应用,回顾了DNA条形码从概念的提出,到食品检测、食品溯源及防止食品商业欺诈中的应用.DNA条形码能够保障食品安全、防止商业欺诈,但距离真正的大规模应用,还有较长的路要走.     

HACCP系统及其在食品安全上的应用

文章介绍了危害分析与关键控制点系统的主要原理,讨论了食品加工中物理、化学和生物性危害的分析方法,描述控制危害发生的工艺过程关键控制点的确定,旨在确保食品安全,提高产品质量.     

食品中主要致癌物质概述

笔者对日常生活中食品中的常见致癌物质进行了综述和评价,以期为饮食保健和食品开发提供参考。     

食品中主要致癌物质概述

笔者对日常生活中食品中的常见致癌物质进行了综述和评价,以期为饮食保健和食品开发提供参考.     

Evaluation of serum allergen-specific IgE for the diagnosis of food adverse reactions in the dog

A new monoclonal enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA; CMG IMMUNODOT, Fribourg, Switzerland) measuring food antigen-specific serum IgE was used in an attempt to investigate food allergen-specific IgE in dogs. The serum of eight dogs with clinically proven adverse reactions to specific proteins was tested for beef, cow's milk, pork, lamb, hen's egg, soybean, fish mix (cod/sole), peanut, maize and wheat flour. The control group consisted of three healthy dogs, three dogs with nonallergic skin disease, two dogs with atopy, a cat and a horse. Only three mild positive reactions to beef, lamb and peanut, respectively, were found in this study; the sera were from two control dogs with the clinical diagnosis of dermatophytosis and atopy. None of the animals with confirmed food adverse reactions showed positive reactions. This study indicates that the diagnosis of food adverse reactions in the dog by measuring allergen-specific IgE with the used mononuclear ELISA is unreliable.     

Occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in the pig-production chain in Ibadan,Nigeria

Staphylococcus species colonises humans and animals and is a major food contaminant with public health significance. Here, we assessed the occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in the pig-production chain in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nares of 120 pigs and 10 farmers were sampled with sterile swabs whilst 54 pork samples were collected from a retail slaughterhouse. Staphylococcus species were isolated using enrichment, cefoxitin–aztreonam selective broth and Mannitol salt agar. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to cefoxitin (30 μg), oxacillin (1 μg) and vancomycin (30 μg). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates were characterised using conventional biochemical tests. From 184 samples, 364 staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Amongst the 54 pork samples, 44.0% were contaminated with Staphylococcus species. Overall, 9 (2.5%) MRS were obtained and presumptively identified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 3), Staphylococcus sciuri (n = 3), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 2) and Staphylococcus cohnii (n = 1). There was no relationship between the prevalence of MRS between pigs and pig handlers in the farms, but Farm 2 had the highest frequency of 66.7% (p < 0.05). Piglets had the highest prevalence of 66.7% (p < 0.05) whilst MRS was absent in workers and pork samples. This study raises concerns about the cross-contamination of staphylococci in the food chain. Constant surveillance is imperative to ensure food safety.     

农区种草是改进农业系统、保证粮食安全的重大步骤

从耕地、粮食与人口关系分析,我国粮食安全面临巨大挑战,其中人的口粮中长期预测不过2 亿t,我国自给无虑,而饲料等非口粮用粮达5 亿t,现有耕地农业系统难以承担。而国际粮食市场容量不足,价格波动过大,不可依赖。数量巨大的饲料用粮需求是对我国的粮食安全真正严重的威胁。中国未来粮食安全必须向动植物产品并重型食物结构转变,进行新的食物生产与消费结构的调整是面对国际粮荒的长期战略。农区草业是将牧草引入传统耕地农业,在保证谷物生产水平的基础上,充分利用光、热、水、土等资源,在大幅度提高第一性生产的生产效率的同时,又为第二性生产提供优质、充足、廉价的饲料资源,以先进养殖业,提高饲料报酬率,提高草食型畜禽等节粮产品的比重,以保证动物性食品的充分发展而不加重谷物生产负担。所提供的生态服务功能无可替代。我国农区尚有4 968.5万hm²的土地资源发展农区草业,发展空间巨大。发展农区草业将酝酿一次对耕地农业的革命,不仅为改进农业系统提供最初的动力,而且可发掘农区草地资源,解放巨大食物资源潜力,实现人-畜分粮,是保证粮食安全的重大步骤。     

Food allergens inducing a lymphocyte-mediated immunological reaction in canine atopic-like dermatitis

Canine atopic-like dermatitis (ALD) is suspected to be associated with food allergies, particularly those mediated by lymphocytes. In this study, 54 cases were included as ALD dogs, based on the negative IgE test results. In the dogs, the percentage of activated cells in helper-T lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometry using cultured peripheral lymphocytes under food allergen stimulation. We observed that 49 of the 54 ALD dogs (90.7%) had positive lymphocyte reactions against one or more food allergens. The most common food allergen was soybean, showing positive results in 21 dogs (42.9%), while the allergen to cause the lowest number of reactions was catfish (only 5 dogs, 10.2%). These results may be useful in considering elimination diets for ALD dogs.     

蛋白质组学在食品生物技术中的应用

人类食品是一种非常复杂的生物混合物,食品加工和安全是非常重要且必不可少的环节。蛋白组学技术使用了不同的高性能分离技术,如一维、二维凝胶电泳和多维色谱法,结合高分辨率质谱可以监控食品的蛋白质组成及其在生产过程中改变。本文介绍了蛋白质组学在食品技术中的应用,特别是在原料成分分析、工艺开发、批量检测和成品质量控制等方面的应用。同时进一步从生物和微生物安全以及转基因食品的使用方面阐述了食品安全的重要性。     

以食物系统保证食物(含粮食)安全--实行草地农业,全面发展食物系统生产潜力

食物、食物链、食物网以及由此构成的营养级组成"食物系统".在农业生态系统中,食物系统既是能的载体也是能的流程,它将能异化为社会产品--食物.食物的生产和消费过程决定性地作用于农业生态系统的结构和功能.我国对食物＝粮食＝谷物的传统概念,形成畸形的食物结构.畸形的食物结构又导致畸形的农业结构,两者互为因果,酿成我国农业所面临的艰难处境.其性质属悖离生态系统基本规律的"系统相悖",非枝节措施所能解决.解决粮食安全问题,不能离开食物系统的全面开发和农业生态系统的全面改造.草地农业系统是食物生产与生态建设兼顾的生态农业系统.它的4个生产层,即前植物生产层、植物生产层、动物生产层和后生物生产层的全面开发建设,适应我国人民食物成分中动物性食物的成倍增长,谷物需求大幅度下降的趋势,并从多方面节约农业资源,提高农业综合生产能力.实行草地农业,预期可以新增土地资源0.79亿hm2农田当量,可满足我国食物中长期规划7亿t食物当量的目标,其中2亿t口粮和5亿t非口粮.农民增收为目前的1.15倍.     

食品安全谣言精准治理的突出问题与实现路径

食品安全谣言的有效治理需要运用精准思维,实现精准治理。食品安全谣言基于互联网环境产生和传播,具有标签化、视觉化和社交化等特征,传播主体以中老年群体为主。当前,食品安全谣言治理制度与体系建设还存在薄弱环节,食品安全风险短时间难以化解,食品企业主体责任和互联网企业对谣言监管等领域仍存在突出问题。立足食品安全谣言治理体系和制度建设,围绕产生源头、传播媒介、传播主体等领域,统筹协调,精准施策,有助于实现食品安全谣言的精准治理和有效治理。     

甘肃省食物消费结构的变化对虚拟水消耗的影响

本研究对甘肃省2000-2014年居民人均食物虚拟水消耗进行计算。结果表明,甘肃省人均食物虚拟水消耗量从2000-2014年呈上升趋势,很大程度上是因为动物产品的消费量在总的食物消费结构中比重增加。2014年甘肃人均食物虚拟水消耗量是481.83 m3,低于同期的全国人均水平。未来随着经济的发展和居民收入的提高,动物产品消费增加,导致虚拟水消耗增加。若达到《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》要求的膳食平衡标准,未来甘肃省居民年人均食物虚拟水消耗量将增加133.42~423.85 m3,这给原本水资源短缺的甘肃地区带来了重大挑战。基于研究结果,本研究提出通过加强水资源的管理、倡导健康消费和运用虚拟水战略等方式缓解地区水资源压力。     

食品中低聚果糖的检测方法研究进展

低聚果糖是一种新颖的食品添加剂,生理功效良多,随着低聚果糖在食品工业中的应用范围不断扩大,利用现代检测技术对食品中低聚果糖的添加情况进行监测具有必要性.本文系统地综述了近年来国内外检测食品中低聚果糖的方法,包括高效液相色谱法、离子色谱法等较常用方法,以及基质辅助激光解吸离子化质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法等技术;并总结了各方法的性能及优缺点.以便为食品中低聚果糖的有效、快速检测提供参考.     

Eurasian blackbird predated by wild Rhinopithecus roxellana in the Qinling Mountains,China

Although there are some reports that have described primates eating animals, it is unknown whether predation on vertebrates exists in herbivorous leaf‐eating primates. We have witnessed firsthand wild Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) preying on and consuming Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus meruld) in the Qinling Mountains of China. This event suggests that R. roxellana, which has previously been described as a herbivorous leaf‐eating primate, may be partially carnivorous and the correct classification of this species would be omnivorous. Furthermore, food‐share behavior among higher‐ranked members occurs in a one‐male unit when vertebrate prey is hunted by this species.     

动物性食品中抗菌药物残留检测方法研究进展

抗菌类药物在预防、治疗动物疾病中发挥了重要的作用,但不规范用药、超剂量用药甚至滥用,使动物性食品中抗菌类药物残留问题日益突出,引起人们的广泛关注。对动物性食品中抗菌类药物残留的检测是判定其安全性的重要内容,根据检测的目的和需要,可将检测方法分为现场检测和实验室检测。胶体金免疫层析法是目前使用最广的现场检测方法;实验室检测方法众多,又可分为抗菌类药物残留的定性检测法和定量检测法,前者主要包括2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑法（TTC法）、纸片法（PD法）、活性检测法等,后者主要包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法、毛细管电泳法、生物传感器法和免疫分析法等,可满足不同检测目的和实验条件的需要。作者对肉、蛋、奶中抗菌类药物残留的现场检测和实验室检测技术进行了总结,为更进一步研究快速、敏感、高通量、成本低廉的食品中抗菌类药物残留检测方法奠定理论基础。     

改变传统粮食观,试行食物当量

我国传统观念 ,把粮食局限于谷物 ,并因此把农业系统局限于单纯的种植业。其结果既加重了耕地负担 ,又因扩大耕地而“垦荒”,引起严重的生态问题 :造成畸形的国民食物结构 ,国民营养不平衡 ,并导致资源浪费。为克服这些弊端 ,提出食物当量的设想 ,用以衡量一切可以作为食物的物质的食用价值。为使食物当量切合目前生产管理部门使用 ,尝试建立动、植物性食物当量的计算和转换公式 ,并计算出部分动植物食物当量     

ELISA testing for common food antigens in four dry dog foods used in dietary elimination trials

This study evaluated four over the counter venison dry dog foods available from one on-line retail vendor for potential contamination with common known food allergens: soy, poultry or beef. An amplified, double sandwich type enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test of soy, poultry and beef proteins were performed by an independent accredited food laboratory. The ELISA test for poultry protein was found to be unreliable when testing in dry dog foods because false negatives occurred. ELISA testing of control diets for both soy and beef proteins performed as expected and could be useful in antigen testing in dry dog foods. Three of the four over the counter (OTC) venison canine dry foods with no soy products named in the ingredient list were ELISA positive for soy; additionally one OTC diet tested positive for beef protein with no beef products listed as an ingredient list. One OTC venison diet was not found to be positive for soy, poultry or beef proteins. However, none of the four OTC venison diets could be considered suitable for a diagnostic elimination trial as they all contained common pet food proteins, some of which were readily identifiable on the label and some that were only detected by ELISA. Therefore, if the four OTC venison products selected in this study are representative of OTC products in general, then the use of OTC venison dry dog foods should not be used during elimination trials in suspected food allergy patients.     

庆阳市食物消费结构与土地资源需求

随着经济的快速发展,我国居民的食物消费模式由以植物源食物为主向动物源食物为主转变。而且人口的增长和城市化、工业化进程的不断加快,耕地越来越少,对中国的食物安全造成了潜在的严重风险。本研究采用Gerbens-Leenes等和Kastner等的计算方法,分析了庆阳市食物消费模式与土地需求之间的关系。结果表明,庆阳市的食物消费模式比较单一,以植物源食物为主,肉类消费水平(2.08%)远远低于国家平均水平(9.03%)。随着未来生活水平的提高,食物消费结构将发生变化,动物源食品的消费量将增加,将需要更多的草地资源满足需求。因此,应加强草地的保护和建设,大面积恢复草地植被,大幅度提高草地生产力,提高牧草的产量和质量。这将有利于合理调整食物消费结构,更全面准确地评价食物消费结构变化对土地资源的需求,对维护国家生态安全和食物安全具有重要意义。