温郁金RAPD-PCR反应体系建立及条件优化

在提取纯化温郁金DNA的基础上,利用PCR扩增技术,对Mg2 、dNTP、模板DTA、引物、Taq聚合酶等反应条件进行优化,建立温郁金基因组DNA的RAPD-PCR最佳反应体系.结果表明:最佳条件是总体积为25μL,其中Mg2 (25mM)2μL,Taq 聚合酶(5 U/μL)0.3μL,引物浓度(20μM)1.0μL,模板DNA(5 ng/μL)1.0μL,dNTP(2.5 mM)2.0μL,10×PCRbuffer 2.5μL;PCR扩增程序为94℃预变性5min;94℃变性35 s,36℃退火1min,72℃复性1.5 min,共42个循环;最后72℃延伸10 min,该研究得出的体系是温郁金RAPD-PCR的最适宜反应体系,具有省时、经济、简便以及扩增条带较清晰、稳定等特点,为今后温郁金的遗传多样性研究奠定了基础.     

枇杷iPBS分子标记的PCR体系优化与引物筛选

以枇杷的DNA为模板进行iPBS-PCR扩增,采用预备试验中效果较好的iPBS分子标记引物2241,对枇杷iPBS-PCR反应体系中的dNTP、Mg2+、引物、模板用量进行优化。根据检测结果确定枇杷iPBS-PCR使用10×Taq buffer 2μL,25mM Mg2+1.6μL,2.5mM dNTP 1.6μL,10μmol/L Primer 1μL,5U/μL Taq酶0.2μL,模板DNA 5ng的20μL反应体系。反应程序中的退火温度可以参考iPBS引物理论Tm值。对33条iPBS引物扩增测试的结果显示在该反应体系下可以筛选到谱带清晰、多态性好的引物22条,可用于枇杷的分子标记分析。     

云南三台核桃ISSR体系优化

试验以云南三台核桃幼叶为试材提取基因组DNA,并用正交设计方法,比较了Taq酶、Mg2+、引物d、NTPs和DNA模板等5因素5水平共25个反应体系的ISSR-PCR扩增结果。确定三台核桃ISSR-PCR的反应体系为:20μL反应体系中Taq酶0.25 U、Mg2+为2.0 mM/L、引物0.8μM/Ld、NTPs 0.4 mM/L1、0×PCR Buffer 2μL和10 ng模板DNA。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR技术进行三台核桃遗传图谱的构建、基因定位、种质资源鉴定与分类和遗传多样性分析奠定了技术基础。     

柑桔溃疡病菌的PCR检测方法研究

通过优化PCR反应条件,拟建立快速、特异、准确的检测柑桔溃疡病的方法。试验结果表明,25μL优化反应体系:10×PCR缓冲液2.5μL,10 mM/L dNTPs 0.5μL(终浓度为0.2 mM/L),2 U/μLTaq DNA聚合酶0.5μL(终浓度为0.04 U/μL),5 mM/L引物各0.5μL(终浓度为0.1 mM/L),DNA模板1μL(终浓度为6.0×10~6cfu/mL/mL),灭菌ddH_20 19.5μL;PCR扩增退火温度为59℃;柑桔溃疡病菌病茵浓度检测下限为6.0×10~3cfu/mL,可以获得柑桔溃疡病菌的特异性片段,能够满足生产中对柑桔溃疡病检测的要求。     

苹果愈伤组织SSR-PCR反应体系优化

以"嘎啦"苹果组培苗叶片诱导的愈伤组织作为DNA模板提取材料,采用正交设计,摸索了SSR反应体系中Mg~(2+)、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA、dNTP的最适浓度,可为苹果愈伤组织的遗传变异研究奠定基础。结果表明:各因素不同水平变化对反应体系的影响为Taq DNA聚合酶dNTP用量Mg~(2+)用量引物用量=模板DNA浓度。确立了苹果愈伤组织SSR-PCR最佳反应体系总体积25μL,其中4μL 25mmol·L~(-1) Mg~(2+),0.25μL 5U·μL~(-1) Taq DNA聚合酶,3μL 0.01mmol·L~(-1) SSR引物,1μL 30ng·μL~(-1)模板DNA,4μL 2.5mmol·L~(-1)dNTP,2.5μL 10×PCR Buffer,10.25μL超纯水。     

应用正交设计优化江南牡丹RAPD-PCR反应体系

以牡丹品种"云芳"基因组DNA为模板,采用正交实验设计L25(55)对影响牡丹RAPD-PCR反应的5因素(模板DNA、引物、Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq酶)在5个水平上进行优化试验。结果表明:最佳的RAPD-PCR的反应体系为:20μL体系中含有25 ng的模板DNA,0.2μmol/L的引物,Mg2+1.0 mmol/L,1×buffer反应缓冲液,DNTPs各为0.2 mmol/L,1.0 U的TaqDNA聚合酶。     

野生茄子cDNA-AFLP分析体系的优化和建立

以高抗黄萎病的野生茄子托鲁巴姆的根为试材,对影响cDNA-AFLP分析体系的6个关键因素进行分析,以期建立适宜茄子的cDNA-AFLP分析体系,并得到清晰可辨的cDNA-AFLP图谱。结果表明:采用改良的Trizol法提取的RNA较完整,纯度较高;置换合成法合成双链cDNA成本低且效率高;连接产物取原液作为预扩增反应的模板,预扩增产物稀释50倍作为选择性扩增的模板,在25μL反应体系中加入2μL的MgCl2(25mM)和0.2μL的dNTPs(10mM),可以获得带型丰富且重复性好的结果。     

均匀设计优化澳洲坚果SRAP反应体系

以澳洲坚果部分种质为试材,采用U25(55)均匀设计表,对SRAP-PCR反应体系中Taq DNA聚合酶、模板DNA、dNTPs、Mg2+、引物5个组分的浓度进行优化。结果表明澳洲坚果25μL的SRAP反应体系的最佳组分包括2.5μL10×PCR buffer、1 UTaq DNA聚合酶、40 ng模板DNA、0.2 mmol/LdNTPs、0.2μmol/L引物和3.0 mmol/LMg2+。利用所确立的体系对部分澳洲坚果种质进行扩增的结果清晰可靠,多态性好。     

番茄SRAP-PCR反应体系建立与优化

利用正交实验设计L16(45)对番茄SRAP-PCR反应体系的5个因素(Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶和模板DNA)在4个水平上进行优化试验研究。结果表明:各因素水平变化对反应体系影响的大小依次为:Mg2+dNTPs引物Taq DNA聚合酶模板DNA;建立的番茄SRAP-PCR最佳体系(25μL)为:Mg2+2.5mmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U、dNTPs0.25mmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L、模板DNA 80ng。     

均匀设计法优化彩色马蹄莲品种的RAPD-PCR反应体系

以7个彩色马蹄莲品种为研究对象,以品种Prafait DNA为模板,采用均匀设计法对影响彩色马蹄莲RAPD-PCR反应的4因素(模板DNA浓度、引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度)在3个水平上进行U12(34)优化试验。结果表明:最佳的彩色马蹄莲RAPD-PCR的反应体系为:20μL体系中含有25ng的模板DNA,0.125mmol/L dNTPs,1.5mmol/L Mg2+,1×buffer反应缓冲液,0.55mmol/L引物,1.0U的Taq DNA聚合酶。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role of cyclic nucleotides in the acute hypoxic responses of hypoxic subcultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells

AIM: To detect the role of cyclic nucleotides in the alleviation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in chronic hypoxic animals. METHODS: The intracellular cAMP and cGMP of the cultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assayed by RIA. The length of single PASMC during acute hypoxia was measured by imaging analysis system. RESULTS: The basal levels of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC and cGMP in PAEC of Chronic hypoxic groups decreased remarkably compared with normoxic groups (P＜0.01). Under acute hypoxia, the contents of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC of chronic hypoxic groups increased significantly (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of PASMC with weak constrictive response in chronic hypoxic group was higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION:It's suggested that the changes of cAMP and cGMP in chronic hypoxic PASMC and PAEC might contribute to the increase in the basic tension of pulmonary artery and the alleviation of HPV in chronic hypoxic animals.