磷和温度对小麦与高秆羊茅草叶片中镁钙钾的效应

高钾肥常减少叶片Mg和Ca的浓度，且容易造成叶片和植株萎蔫，但增加P肥可以增强冬小麦对Mg和Ca的吸收，从而提高冬小麦叶片的Mg和Ca的浓度。土壤温度过低会降低P的有效性和吸收量，对此，本试验在两种根际温度条件下测定了P和K对小麦矿质元素组分的影响。400μMP处理比起50μMP处理，小麦地上部Mg的含量提高20％；而25℃根际温度处理比15℃根际温度处理的小麦地上部Mg含量高出9％。类似地，高P处理的植株总Mg吸收量和Ca吸收量提高36％。把K浓度由400μM提高到800μM，可以把小麦地上都Mg的浓度提高13％，Ca浓度提高7％。在田间，当土壤温度低于15℃时，20或28kg／ha的P处理可以提高高秆羊茅草（FestucaarundnaceaSchreb）叶片的Mg和Ca的含量。当对照区叶片的Mg和Ca含量分别低于2．0和4．0mg／g（引起杂草萎蔫的临界值）时，施用P肥可以把Mg和Ca的含量提高到临界值之上。施P的同时再施Mg，可以提高叶片Mg的含量，但是在不施用P肥的情况下施Mg会降低叶片Ca的含量。P营养远比根际温度更能影响植株叶片Mg和Ca的含量和对Mg和Ca的吸收量。     

小麦杂种优势群研究：Ⅳ．普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦的种间杂种优势

本研究利用6个普通小麦品系与14个从国外引进的斯卑尔脱小麦杂交，研究了种间杂种优势表现，并探讨了扩大杂交小麦育种亲本的遗传基础和构建种间杂种优势群的途径。连续两年的试验结果表明，普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦种间杂种存在较强的杂种优势。就平均优势而言，单株产量，单穗产量和千粒重优势最大，分别为111.39%,62.77%,45.72%，单株穗数，株高和主穗粒数优势次之，分别为24．13％，20．18％和12．76％，主穗小穗数和主穗长优势较小，分别为4．08％和0．67％。研究还发现，种间杂种抽穗斯比母本普通小麦晚0－6d，但较父本斯卑尔脱小麦提前20d左右，表明早熟性呈部分显性遗传；蛋白质含量，沉淀值和湿面筋含量的杂种优势比普通小麦分别提高了8．55％，12．13％和9．91％，一些组合沉淀表现超亲优势，说明利用普通小麦与斯卑尔脱尔脱小麦种田杂交既可以扩大小麦亲本间的遗传差异，又可以显著提高小麦的杂种优势潜力。     

黑麦和小麦高Mr亚基的比较研究──Ⅰ.两类亚基的分离、生化特性鉴定及其对面筋延伸性的影响

对小麦高Mr谷蛋白亚基与来自黑麦的类似蛋白质的结构特性进行了比较研究。用2个黑麦品种（Danko和Halo）和1个小麦品种（Rektor）的脱脂面粉分离高Mr亚基，分离方法是，先在60℃还原条件下用50％（v／v）的丙醇溶液提取，然后用60％（v／v）的丙醇溶液使之沉淀。层析出来并冻干的亚基的含量，Danko、Halo和Rekter分别为0．33％、0．32％和0．91％（占脱脂面粉的重量百分数）。SDS-PAGE分析表明，2个黑麦品种均至少含有5个亚基，它们的迁移率相当于小麦的x型亚基。RP-HPLC分离结果表明，2个黑麦品种在亚基的定性组成上无差异，但亚基的数量比例不同。黑麦亚基的表面疏水性明显地比小麦亚基的低。黑麦各亚基和小麦各亚基的氨基酸组份密切相关，二者中的Glx、甘氨酸（Gly）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量均很高，但与小麦亚基相比，黑麦亚基中的Glx含量要低一些，百胱氨酸（Cys）含量较高。黑麦和小麦工基对面筋强度的贡献差异很大，将用溴化钾再氧化后的小麦亚基加入标准小麦面粉，面筋强度明显提高，而将再氧化后的黑麦亚基加入同样的小麦面粉，效果则正好相反。     

小麦叶片蜡质含量与水分利用效率和产量的关系

为了进一步了解植物叶片蜡质含量与植物抗旱节水性的关系，本试验对6个小麦品种在灌浆后期的旗叶蜡质含量与抗早生理指标进行了相关分析，结果表明，干早条件下小麦灌浆后期叶片蜡质含量与光合速率、叶温、叶片水分利用效率和产量呈显著正相关．蜡质含量高的品种叶片温度高、蒸腾速率大，这与传统现点不同．分析认为蜡质含量高的品种在干早胁迫条件下可能叶片细胞膜稳定性强，气孔不容易发生关闭，因此其叶片水分利用效率和产量较高．蜡质含量除了受遗传因素决定外，还受环境因素影响．     

小麦蚕豆间作系统中小麦的氮同化物动态变化特征

为了解小麦蚕豆间作系统中小麦氮同化物的变化特征，探讨小麦蚕豆间作提高作物抗病性的可能机制，通过盆栽试验的方法，研究了小麦植株全氮含量、叶片游离氨基酸、叶片C／N比和叶绿素含量的动态变化及供氮水平对其的影响。结果表明，在不同供氮水平下，间作小麦分蘖期和抽穗期叶片全氮含量均显著高于单作小麦；灌浆期高氮水平（N150）下，间作小麦叶片全氮含量比单作小麦低12．7％；在灌浆期，在较低氮供应水平（N0、N75）下，间作小麦叶片游离氨基酸含量较单作小麦高85．7％和96．6％，单作小麦C／N较高；而在较高的氮水平（N150）下，间作小麦叶片游离氨基酸含量比单作小麦低32．4％，间作小麦C／N较高。整个生育期单作小麦叶绿素含量下降的速率均高于间作，间作对延缓灌浆期小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降的效果显著。高氮供应（N150）显著增加单作小麦叶片全氮含量和游离氨基酸含量，而对间作小麦影响不显著甚至降低游离氨基酸含量。     

不同土壤质地小麦叶片叶绿素的高光谱响应及估测模型

为给小麦生长过程中叶绿素的实时监测和氮肥调控提供参考,设置3种不同土壤质地(沙土、壤土和粘土)、5种不同施氮水平(0、120、225、330和435kg·hm-2)和3个河南省主栽小麦品种(矮抗58、周麦22和郑麦366),同步测定小麦主要生育时期冠层光谱反射率和叶绿素(Chla+b)含量,系统分析了3种土壤质地条件下小麦Chla+b含量与350~1 050nm波段范围内冠层光谱参数的相关关系。结果表明,3种土壤质地下小麦叶绿素的冠层光谱响应趋势基本一致。光谱指数REPIG和mND705对叶片Chla+b含量的监测效果较好,建模决定系数分别为0.76和0.75。利用独立样本数据对用于建模的此二光谱参数进行检验,其预测效果表现较为稳定,预测决定系数分别为0.87和0.85,均方根偏差分别为0.46和0.48。说明利用光谱指数REPIG和mND705为自变量建立的估测模型可以较好地预测当地生产条件下小麦叶片叶绿素,同时为氮肥施用及调控提供技术依据。     

反射光谱法估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的初步研究

为了探讨利用冠层反射光谱技术估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的可行性,以小麦高叶片表皮蜡质含量材料2912与低叶片表皮蜡质含量品种普冰201和晋麦47及其杂交构建的F2:3株系为材料,通过氯仿提取称重法测定了小麦抽穗期的旗叶表皮蜡质含量,并采用FieldSpec 3测定了冠层反射光谱,分析小麦冠层反射光谱与叶片表皮蜡质含量之间的关系。结果表明,三个亲本以及株系间蜡质含量差异显著。高蜡质材料的可见光波段反射率整体高于低蜡质材料,短波长波段光谱反射率与叶片表皮蜡质含量相关性较高。以550和675nm波长的反射光谱为基础的单波/差值指数[R550/(R550-R675)]能较好地反映小麦叶片蜡质含量,两F2:3群体拟合模型的r2值分别为0.761和0.679,回归方程分别为y=0.07x-0.575和y=0.088x-1.481。     

KH2PO4和Penicillin对小麦老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

适宜浓度的KH2PO4和Penicillin能明显提高小麦老化种子发芽率，发芽指数，活力指数，幼苗根系活力，叶片叶绿素含量及幼苗长率，且能适当降当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度。其中以0．025％KH2PO4 100mg/L Penicillin效果最好。     

南阳特殊粒色小麦部分品质指标的初步分析

为了解南阳特殊粒色系列小麦品种的品质状况,以南阳灰麦、蓝麦、普通紫麦和硬质紫麦为材料,对水分、灰分、面筋、粗蛋白含量、粗纤维、粗脂肪、沉淀值、降落数值等指标进行了测定,结果表明,南阳特殊粒色小麦水分含量为8．84％～10．84％,灰分含量为1．86％～2．56％,湿面筋含量为32．6％～38．9％,粗蛋白含量为16．4％～17．8％,粗纤维含量为2．5％～3．2％,粗脂肪含量为2．0％～2．3％,沉淀值为24．40～38．67mL,而降落数值除灰麦为249s外,其余为412～490s,均达到了国家规定的优质强筋小麦相关指标,这表明南阳特殊粒色系列小麦品种在我国传统食品和功能食品上有较大的开发前景。     

黄淮南部小麦品种品质现状分析

为了了解黄淮南部小麦的品质现状，以1999—2001年度参加国家黄淮南片区试品种(系)为材料，对其品质性状、品质性状的年际变化、品质性状之间的相关性及品种品质分类进行了分析。结果表明，黄淮南片的区试品种(系)的平均蛋白质、湿面筋含量中等，分别为14．1％和30．2％，品种间变异大于年际间变异，总体面筋强度居中，中筋小麦品种(系)占95．7％；蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关(r分别为0．8802和0．7032))，与面团稳定时间相关性不显著。     

The study on foliar micromorphology of Hippobromus pauciflorus using scanning electron microscope

Foliar micromorphology of Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk (Sapindaceae) was investigated by scanning electron microscope examination. The leaves were characterized by anisocytic stomata which were found only on the abaxial surface. The leaves have long unicellular non-glandular trichomes which were distributed over the mid rib and densely populated at the edges of the upper and lower surfaces. Crystal deposits were also observed on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy SEM of the crystals showed predominant mineral components of Na, Al, Si, K and Ca ions. These micro (Si, Na and Al) and macro (K and Ca) elements are very essential to plant growth. Their presence in the trichomes could contribute to the mechanical stability of the leaf appendages.     

不同木薯种质资源主要矿物质元素差异性分析

为了解不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量,优选含量丰富的品种,为木薯的综合利用提供数据支撑,本文采用马弗炉法、原子吸收和原子荧光法分别对113份木薯种质资源灰分与矿物质元素含量进行测定,结果表明：矿物质元素Cr、Cu、Se含量均低于1 mg/kg（干重）,Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn含量分别为66.39~1609.81 mg/kg、4.35~ 38.93 mg/kg、1954.56~8762.78 mg/kg、149.04~1143.73 mg/kg、4.48~37.40 mg/kg、36.80~530.40 mg/kg、6.35~24.83 mg/kg。利用概率分级法将113份木薯种质资源灰分及矿物质元素含量分为5级,即极高、高、中、低和极低,并推荐极高品系作为基础亲本材料。在相关性分析中,灰分与Fe、Mg、Na、Zn含量具有较为显著的相关性,Ca含量与K、Mn含量呈极显著正相关,Ca含量与Mg、Na含量呈极显著负相关,Fe含量与Mg、Na、Zn含量成极显著正相关,K含量与Mn含量呈极显著正相关,与Na含量呈极显著负相关,Mg含量与Na、Zn含量呈极显著正相关,Zn含量与Mn、Na含量呈极显著正相关。Zn与各矿物质元素的吸收有较强的相互促进作用,Fe含量与Mg、Na含量有较强的相互促进作用,Ca含量与K、Mn的吸收有较强的促进作用,而Ca、K、Mn与Fe、Mg、Na的吸收可能存在一定的拮抗作用。结合主成分分析、聚类分析对不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量进行综合评价,得到特征值大于1的主成分2个,累计方差贡献率达61.707%。聚类分析可将113个木薯种质资源分为3类,根据矿物质元素含量差异可将不同木薯品种分为Na、Mg、Zn、Fe含量较高和Mn、Ca、K、Zn含量较高两大类,主成分综合评价中‘274'‘50'‘571'‘521'‘417'等木薯种质资源得分较高。     

尿素和茶树落叶对荒地土壤元素迁移的影响

用亚热带茶区的3 种未垦荒地土壤进行土柱模拟, 研究重施尿素和表覆茶树落叶对土壤中Si、Al、K、Na、Ca、Mg 等6 种元素迁移的影响。结果表明, Si 的淋出量和Al+ K+ Na + Ca +Mg 的淋出总量均以黄棕壤> 红壤> 赤红壤。尿素和茶树落叶处理对硅淋出量的影响较小, 但可使各土壤主要的淋失元素, 包括赤红壤中的Ca 和Na, 红壤中的Ca 和Al 及黄棕壤中的Na、Ca和Mg 的淋失量明显增大, 从而使Al+ K+ Na+ Ca+ Mg 的淋出总量在3 种土壤中分别比对照柱增加163 % 和58% 、64 % 和57 % 、140 % 和84 % , 尿素的促进盐基和Al 淋失作用比茶树落叶更强,两者都可加速土壤的酸化。     

Effectiveness of carbofuran applied to the soil and as a seed treatment for the control of aphids on wheat in Northwestern Mexico

The effectiveness of carbofuran 300 ST and 350 L applied to the soil and as a seed treatment was evaluated with two wheat cultivars ‘Genaro’ and ‘Sonoyta’ in the Valle del Yaqui, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora in Northwestern Mexico. Both the soil and seed treatment significantly (P < 0·05) reduced greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) populations. Infestations of greenbugs and corn leaf aphids were 97·8% and 98·3% less, respectively, with the soil application of carbofuran 350 L in the Genaro wheat plots and 91% less for both aphids in the Sonoyta wheat plots than on the untreated controls. Greenbug and corn leaf aphid infestations in the seed treatment with carbofuran 300 ST on the Genaro wheat plots were 93·4% and 52·5% less, respectively, and in the Sonoyta wheat plots, infestations of greenbugs and corn leaf aphids were 92% and 78·9% less, respectively, than on the untreated controls. The wheat plots where carbofuran 350 L was applied to the soil had yields 18% and 16% greater for the Genaro and Sonoyta cultivars, respectively, than the untreated controls, while those plots where carbofuran 300 ST was applied as a seed treatment had yields 15% and 12% greater for the Genaro and Sonoyta cultivars, respectively, than the untreated controls.     

Chemical characterization of various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)

The current study was initiated to characterize various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) to establish whole utilization of this biomass as potential raw material for fuels and chemicals. Nipa consisting of frond, shell, husk and leaf was chemically characterized for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, protein, extractives and inorganic constituents for its each part. The total chemical composition showed that the cellulose and hemicellulose contents were in the range of 28.9-45.6 wt% and 21.8-26.4 wt%, respectively. The hemicellulose was rich with glucuronoxylan. The lignin content was 19.4-33.8 wt% with the highest lignin content found in leaf. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that nipa palm lignin mainly consists of guaiacyl and syringyl propane units with a small amount of p-hydroxyphenylpropane unit. Besides the main chemical components, starch, protein and extractives were also present in significant amounts from 2 to 8 wt%. Additionally, the ash content was high from 5.1 to 11.7 wt%, consisting of the major inorganic elements being Na, K and Cl with minor inorganic elements of Mg, Ca, Si, P, S and Al. Overall, each part of the nipa palm has its individual superior characteristics and could be exploited as lignocellulosic resources for fuels and chemicals.     

Phytate and mineral elements concentration in a collection of Italian durum wheat cultivars

Mineral deficiencies are prevalent in human populations and the improvement of the mineral content in cereal products represents a possible strategy to increase the human mineral intake. Nevertheless, most of the inorganic phosphorus (P_i) present in mature cereal seeds (40–80%) is stored as phytate, an anti-nutritional factor that forms complexes with minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe reducing their bioavailability. The present study was undertaken: (i) to determine the variation in phytate and mineral concentrations in the whole grains of 84 Italian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars representative of old and modern germplasm; (ii) to estimate the magnitude of genotype × environment interaction effects; and (iii) to examine the interrelationships among mineral concentrations in durum wheat with the final aim to identify superior durum wheat cultivars that possess low phytate content and high concentration of mineral elements in their whole-wheat flour. The cultivars were grown in field trials during 2004–2005 at Foggia, Italy and during 2005–2006 at Foggia and Fiorenzuola d’Arda—Southern and Northern Italy. The phytate content was estimated indirectly by using a microtitre plate assay evaluating the P_i absorbance at 820 nm, while the Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Zn mineral contents were determined by ICP/OES. The contents of Zn and Fe across years and locations ranged from 28.5 to 46.3 mg/kg for Zn with an average of 37.4 mg/kg and from 33.6 to 65.6 mg/kg for Fe with an average of 49.6 mg/kg. P_i grain content was between 0.46 and 0.76 mg/g showing a positive correlation with all minerals except Cu and Zn. Although breeding activity for Fe and Zn would be difficult because G × E interaction is prevalent, multi-location evaluation of germplasm collection help to identify superior genotypes to achieve this objective. The results here reported open the possibility of designing a specific breeding program for improving the nutritional value of durum wheat through the identification of parental lines with low-P_i and high minerals concentration in whole grains.     

不同品种椰子凋落叶的营养成分分析

测定6个不同品种椰子凋落叶中的营养成分。结果表明,6个品种椰子凋落叶的叶柄中C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Fe和Cu含量差异不显著;小叶中,C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Cu含量差异不显著。同时,小叶中的C、N、Fe、Mn、Zn含量高于叶柄,而叶柄中的P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量高于小叶。     

油棕不同叶序五种营养元素含量的测定及变化规律研究

本文首次根据油棕叶片在树冠轮生的规律,对不同成熟度的叶片进行排序,进而对不同叶序的N、P、K、Ca、Na五种营养元素含量进行了测定,并对其变化规律作了分析与研究,结果表明：(1)不同油棕树体五种营养元素含量有所差异;（2）从整体看,第8至26叶,Ca含量上升,Na含量略微上升,而K含量则下降, N和P则没有一定的规律性;（3）成龄树K含量变化范围为0.41%～1.08%;Ca含量变化范围为0.47%～1.03%;Na含量变化范围为0.011%～0.052%;N含量变化范围为1.83%～2.30%;P含量变化范围为0.12%～0.19%。（4）本试验中第20～22叶营养元素含量变化幅度小,比较稳定,可为我国油棕营养诊断取样提供较为科学的参考,与马来西亚第17叶采样标准有所差异。     

黄木炎品种茶树不同器官中矿质元素的分布

对１９种矿质元素在黄茶树各器官中的分布情况进行了研究。结果表明,多数元素在茶树体内的分布具有相似的特点,即均以花蕾、叶和细根的含量较高;性质相近的元素,在分布上具有极显著的相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）;不同器官灰分间各元素的总含量相近;每种无素在器官中的含量表现出一种数量级的顺序;茶树对土壤中的大量元素Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｐ、Ｍｇ表现为强至极强积累,对微量元素（除对Ｍｎ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ为强积累外）为中等至弱积累,对大量元素Ａ１、Ｆｅ仅为中等积累     

Mineral characteristics of the leaves of 166 plant species with different phylogeny in the temperate region

The P-N regression coefficient was moderate in Magnoliales,Coniferopsidae, Pteridophyta, and Asterids, but very high in Caryophyllids,and very low in Rosids. The K-N regression coefficient in trees remainedconstant regardless of evolution, and that in grasses was high except forRosids compared with that in trees. The coefficient was very high inCaryophyllids and was very low in Rosids. The N-Ca and N-Mg relationshipwas not estimated at all, suggesting that the mechanism of Ca and Mgaccumulation was completely different from that of N related accumulation.The Zn and Cu concentrations were related to the N concentration.The Al concentration in leaves was negatively correlated with the N, P, K,Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe concentrations, while the N, P, K, andMn concentrations in leaves increased slightly with the increase of Alconcentration in the high Al concentration. The Na concentration in leavesrelated negatively to the P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn and Al concentration range.Thus, it was demonstrated that most of the minerals in leaves accumulatenegatively Al and Na indicating that there are antagonistic mechanisms formineral accumulation in leaves among Al or Na and other mineralelements.