黄牛木果实挥发油的化学成分研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术GC-MS对黄牛木[Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume]果实挥发油的化学成分进行分析,共鉴定出46种化合物,占其总量的95.361%。在已鉴定的46种化学成分中,含量较高的成分依次为β-石竹烯(24.060%)、油酸(14.629%)、反式-β-罗勒烯(11.572%)、石竹烯氧化物(11.447%)、α-蒎烯(7.540%)。     

固相微萃取分析海南地区黑胡椒粉风味成分

采用固相微萃取采集海南地区黑胡椒粉的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定,并用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积进行归一化定量分析其风味成分,共鉴定出α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯和石竹烯等15种化合物。     

长叶榧叶部油挥发性成分的色谱/质谱分析研究

采用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用法测定了长叶榧叶部精油的挥发性成分,初步发现其主要成分是柠檬烯、反式α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、顺式α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-环庚烷、β-月桂烯,其含量分别为32.2%、12.5%、7.1%、6.6%、6.6%、5.5%、4.4%.     

野生柳叶蜡梅茎挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用常压水蒸气蒸馏法提取柳叶蜡梅茎的挥发油,经GC-MS分析,从挥发油中鉴定出89种化合物,占总油量的84.98％.其中含量较高的成分为亚油酸(11.96％)、棕榈酸(11.38％)、(-)-β-杜松烯(5.10％)、按叶油醇(4.89％)、大根香叶烯D(4.84％)、β-石竹烯(4.16％)、(1α,4aα,8aα)-1,2,4a,5,6,8a-六氢-4,7-二甲基-1-异丙基-萘(2.91％)、樟脑(2.43％)、石竹烯氧化物(2.23％).     

“吉禄”芒果果实采后香气成分的组成及其变化

为了解芒果果实香气成分采后不同时期的变化特点,采用静态顶空固相微萃取技术提取“吉禄”芒果果实采后第3、6 、9 d的香气成分,运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行测定分析。结果表明：“吉禄”芒果果实在采后3个时期共检测到36种香气成分,主要成分为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类。果实采后第3、6、9 d,单萜烯类化合物含量分别为89.47％、88.48％和92.71％,倍半萜烯类化合物含量分别为3.44％、5.86％和4.63％。1R-α-蒎烯是“吉禄”芒果成熟果实的特征香气成分,采后第9天的相对含量达到79.74％。     

巴西橡胶树胶乳化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对巴西橡胶树胶乳氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取物中的化学成分进行分析测定,结合计算机检索技术对其成分进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果表明,氯仿萃取物中共鉴定出33个化学成分,占总量的78.90%。乙酸乙酯萃取物中共鉴定出46个化学成分,占总量的90.15%。其中,τ-杜松醇、(Z)-金合欢醇、角鲨烯、环阿屯醇、24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇等萜类化合物及γ-谷甾醇、β-豆甾醇、菜油甾醇、异岩藻甾醇等植物甾醇在橡胶生物合成途径甲羟戊酸途径中作为中间体或终产物。除24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇以外,几种萜类和甾醇都具有一定药用作用,尤其是角鲨烯,具有抗癌、抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等生理活性,目前已成为天然药物研究的热点。     

杧果‘汤米·阿京斯’香气特征分析

以杧果品种‘汤米·阿京斯’的叶片和果肉为材料，通过固相微萃取结合气相色谱/质谱法，分析和鉴定挥发性物质的组成。分别检测出叶片和果肉中挥发性物质64和51种。果肉中的主要挥发性成分为萜烯类化合物和苯甲醛；果肉中所特有的且含量较高的香料物质为3-蒈烯和苯甲醛，二者含量占56.68%。对果肉中挥发性物质的香味进行分析，结果发现其包含14种香型，其中果香、松香和木香是最主要的香韵类型，对松香味有贡献的化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和α-水芹烯，其中3-蒈烯贡献最大。     

菠萝蜜果实成熟过程中香气成分组成及变化规律研究

以不同成熟阶段的菠萝蜜果实为材料,采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对菠萝蜜果实成熟过程中的香气成分及变化规律进行研究,以期为菠萝蜜果实采收、贮运与保鲜技术提供参考依据。结果表明：菠萝蜜果实成熟过程的4个阶段共鉴定出51种化合物,包括酯类26种、烃类17种,其中,异戊酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、异戊酸异戊酯和3-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯是构成成熟菠萝蜜香气的主要成分,异戊酸乙酯是鉴定III阶段（9成熟）菠萝蜜的标志性化合物。在菠萝蜜不同成熟阶段,香气物质种类及含量存在明显差异。α-香柠檬烯、β-倍半水芹烯、3-蒈烯、左旋-β-蒎烯等烃类仅出现在Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段（7成熟、8成熟）,而异戊酸丙酯、异戊酸异戊酯、3-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯等酯类仅出现在Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段（9成熟、完全成熟）。且异戊酸乙酯的相对含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,乙酸异戊酯、β-石竹烯、异戊酸异戊酯、3-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯相对含量呈现持续升高的趋势,而异戊酸甲酯呈现逐渐下降趋势。     

漳州柠檬香茅精油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从福建漳州产柠檬香茅草中提取精油,利用气相色谱——质谱(GC-MS)技术对挥发油的化学成分进行分析鉴定,鉴定出84个成分,占挥发油色谱总馏出峰面积的99.94%以上,其中含量最高的2个成分是(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(21.49%)和(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(20.88%)。     

北苍术挥发油成分GC-MS分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取北苍术中的挥发油,通过GC-MS对其化学成分进行分析。挥发油中含有51个化合物,鉴定出49个。挥发油中呋喃二烯含量最多,其次是马兜铃酮和α-蒎烯。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).