牦牛

牦牛有野生和家养之分；无论野生，还是家养，按照现代动物学分类。均隶属于哺乳动物纲；单子宫亚纲，偶蹄口，反刍亚目，牛科牛属。牦牛（Bosgrunniens）别名牛，己被我国列入一级重点保护野生动物。其外形具有令人醒目的特征，可供动物园观赏。牦牛外形粗大，成年牡兽肩高1．70m以上，体重500kg左右，故诨号“千斤牛”。其肩部中央有凸起的隆肉。鼻唇面及耳均小。肢甚粗短肢之末端近蹄处则尤为粗大。头及躯体背面的毛短而光滑但在胁。腹之下，包括颔、喉、颈部、胸部及尾部均技下垂的长毛尾上亦有长毛，下垂至踵部；这是牦牛在外形上最为…     

牦牛

牦牛是青藏高原草原牧区的特产家畜,不仅生产营养丰富的乳、肉和皮毛等畜产品,而且供驮乘等役用,是高山草原牧民的主要生产资料和生活资料。天祝白牦牛是稀有而珍贵的牦牛地方类型,它生产的纯白的毛、绒和尾毛,具有很高的工艺价值和经济价值。     

牦牛及牦牛血液SOD的研究

牦牛是中国特有的品种,是青藏高原藏族同胞赖以繁育生存的主要生活依托,又是难得的生化药物资源宝库。超氧化物歧化酶(Superonide Dismutase简称SOD)是一种以自由基为底物的金属酶,亦是一种具有很好疗效和保健作用的药用酶,其早已成为生化、医药、轻工、教学界极为关注的研究热点,但以牦牛血液为原料加工、提取、研究SOD的实属罕见。笔者涉足该领域的开发与研究,取得可喜成果,为我国西部牦牛产业的深加工,延伸产业链,提高科技水平,兴办民族制药工业,拓宽新路,做出典范。     

新鲜牦牛骨头汤治疗牦牛缺钙病

近年来 ,玉树县结古地区出现一种原因不明的牦牛跛行 ,笔者调查牦牛 30 0头 ,其中有病的牦牛 83头 ,发病率为 0 2 8% ,用牦牛骨头汤治疗 83例全部治愈。1　症状与诊断每年的 1～ 5月是发病的高峰季节 ,病牛多为基础产奶母牦牛 ,特别多发于产后的泌乳母牦牛。患牛早期出现消化障碍异嗜现象 ,舔食泥土、塑料、破布、纸箱、废铁等异物 ,粪中有未消化的食物。随之出现不愿行走、喜卧、跛行、强直腰背、站立不稳、步态强拘、体弱。一肢或四肢同时发病 ,跛行时轻时重 ,并与天气运动量有直接关系。患牛因缺钙程度不同 ,如脊椎塌陷、隆起、关节 (特…     

中甸牦牛

全面介绍了中甸牦牛的产地自然生态环境,品种形成,外貌特征,适应性和生产性能。     

大通牦牛提纯复壮当地牦牛效果的研究

为改良青海当地地方牦牛的生产性能和品种退化,利用大通牦牛冻精与当地母牛进行二元杂交,进行提纯复壮当地牦牛。结果表明:改良F1代母牦牛的受胎率、产犊率、犊牛成活率、繁殖成活率依次分别为75.2%、95.1%、90.15%、46.5%(n=562),比当地牦牛的上述繁殖指标依次分别提高0.04%、0.06%、0.02%、0.086%。因此,引入大通牦牛改良当地牦牛,其繁殖性能略有提高,如果再加强牦牛饲养管理,改善饲养条件,可提高当地牦牛的繁殖性能。     

新疆牦牛

<正>新疆维吾尔自治区地方标准DB 65/T 2256-2005前言本标准根据GB/T 1.1—2000《标准化工作导则第1部分:标准的结构和编写规则》编写。本标准附录A为规范性附录。本标准由巴州质量技术监督局提出。本标准由新疆维吾尔自治区畜牧厅归口。本标准起草单位:巴州畜牧科学研究所,巴州质量技术监督局。本标准起草人:卓娅,吐尔逊·司马义,马静,管永平,曾泽民。     

白色牦牛

<正> 白牦牛是天祝藏族自治县所繁育的我国稀有而珍贵的牦牛地方类型,也是甘肃省的特产畜种之一。目前有3万2千头。生活在海拔3000—4000米高原上,气候寒冷,温度变化剧烈,最低气温达-30℃。白牦牛身高体大,吃苦耐劳。自古以来是藏族生产、生活资料,牦牛由于本身的体质结构特点,具有相当强的抗寒能力,其被毛有季节性变化,被毛是由不同类型毛纤维组成的混型被毛,具有保温良好的空气层。牦牛胸部发育良好(胸推比黄牛多2个、肋骨     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.