用边界元法分析纳米硬度实验中的位错生成

利用边界积分方法及基于Peierls-Nabarro模型的位错理论,分析了理想纳米触头下位错的生成,得到了滑移原子层上相对滑移量、位错产生的临界载荷以及激发位错所需的激发能.导出了位错产生临界载荷的近似解析式,用于验证数值分析结果的有效性.该方法在连续力学的计算中引入了包含原子信息的层间势能函数,为分析多尺度的力学问题提供了有效的方法.     

表面半位错环能量修正系数的计算

从弹性位错理论出发,介绍了表面半位错环的弹性自能,通过位错环产生的应力场,给出了表面半位错环的能量修正系数及计算结果.认为所给出的其弹性自能的精确表达式是分析位错从材料表面生成的理论基础.     

BCC铁中刃型位错与铜沉淀物相互作用的原子尺度模拟

为了从原子尺度弄清楚因辐射损伤而出现的第二相铜沉淀物对位错运动状况的影响,在Osetsky模型和Malerba势能基础上,通过共轭梯度法进行能量最小化,对BCC铁中刃型位错与铜沉淀物的相互作用进行了模拟.再现作用过程的同时,重点探讨了铜沉淀物直径、间距等因素对相互作用的影响,并将模拟结果与连续体理论模型进行了对比分析.结果表明:铜沉淀物直径越大,相互作用越强,位错越难越过沉淀物.而铜沉淀物间距越大,位错越容易越过沉淀物,Malerba势能下的模拟结果相比Ackland势能下的模拟结果与连续体理论模型结果相符得更好.     

大庆油田嫩二段底部标准层进水后的黏滑变形计算模型

大庆油田嫩二段底部(以下简称"嫩二底")标准层高压进水改变了其力学状态,使其形成滑移的条件发生变化.为研究进水压力对标准层滑移的影响,基于区域间地层压差作用下的地层位移解析解,推导了标准层断裂前、后的垂向正应力与剪切应力计算公式;考虑长期注采条件下地层存在反复多次滑移的实际情况,运用黏滑理论建立了标准层断裂后层面残余剪切应力与滑移量计算模型,计算了不同进水条件下地层的滑移临界条件与滑移量.研究表明,在区域间地层压力差的作用下形成滑移后,在标准层断裂面上会有部分剪切应力未完全释放,标准层进水后,会使标准层形成滑移的区域间压差值降低,标准层滑移后断裂面的残余剪切应力降低,形成更大的剪切应力释放,使标准层更易滑移、滑移量更大.大庆油田嫩二底标准层进水后的黏滑变形计算方法可为标准层剪切套管损坏的有效防控提供理论依据.     

压电材料圆形夹杂内位错和界面刚性线的电弹干涉

首次研究了压电复合材料中圆形夹杂内压电螺型位错和界面导电刚性线的电弹耦合干涉效应，运用复变函数解析延拓技术与奇性主部分析方法，获得了基体和夹杂区域复势函数的封闭形式解，该解答可作为格林函数求解裂纹和界面刚性线的干涉作用．应用扰动技术，导出了位错力的解析表达式．计算结果表明，界面刚性线对压电螺型位错与圆形夹杂的干涉具有强烈扰动效应．当界面刚性线达到临界值时，可以改变夹杂和压电位错的干涉机理。     

纵向剪切下螺型位错和圆形夹杂界面裂纹的干涉作用

研究了无穷远纵向剪切下圆形弹性夹杂界面裂纹与基体中任意位置螺型位错的相互干涉问题。运用复变函数的解析延拓技术与奇性主部分析方法，获得了该问题的一般解答，作为算例，求出了含一条界面裂纹时基体和夹杂区域应力函数的封闭形式解，导出了位错在基体中任意位置时位错力的计算公式，数值结果表明，界面裂纹对位错与夹杂的干涉作用具有强烈的扰动效应，当界面裂纹达到一定弧度时，可以将硬夹杂对位错的排斥作用改变为吸引。     

平行刚性圆盘间有壁面滑移时宾汉流体的挤压流动

两平行刚性圆盘间流体的挤压流动模型是一个基本的力学模型。流体与壁面存在滑移会对挤压黏性力产生影响。以Reyno1ds润滑理论为基础，研究了存在滑移时两刚性圆盘间宾汉流体的挤压流动。研究结果表明，随着滑移参数的增加，挤压黏性力减小，流体刚性层厚度增加；当滑移参数超于无穷大时，所有流体都处于刚性运动状态，此时的挤压黏性力与两刚性圆盘挤压理想刚塑性介质时的情况相同。     

均匀热流场中螺型位错与圆弧裂纹的相互作用

研究压电材料在均匀热流作用下螺型位错与圆弧裂纹的相互作用.综合运用复变函数分区全纯理论、解析函数奇性主部分析方法、解析延拓原理、Cauchy型积分以及Rie-mann边值问题求解方法,获得各复势函数之间的解析关系,进一步得到了特殊情况下所讨论问题的封闭解,并求解出像力随温度梯度和位错位置变化的表达式.数值分析结果表明,温度梯度越大,像力变化越明显.     

螺型位错与含共焦裂纹弹性椭圆夹杂的干涉效应

研究了基体与夹杂中任意位置螺型位错与含共焦裂纹弹性椭圆夹杂的干涉问题,运用复变函数的分区全纯理论、柯西型积分、应力函数奇性主部分析方法与Rieman边值理论,将问题归结为一个初等复势函数方程的求解.获得了基体与夹杂区域复势函数的级数形式精确解,导出了裂纹尖端应力强度因子解析表达式和作用于位错的像力公式.计算结果表明:夹杂中的裂纹对于位错与夹杂的干涉具有强烈的扰动效应,它增强软夹杂对位错的吸引,减弱硬夹杂对位错的排斥,甚至将排斥转变为吸引.裂纹尖端附近的应力强度因子等值线表明,螺型位错位于裂纹尖端附近特定区域时对于裂纹扩展具有屏蔽效应.     

沧临管道大浪淀跨越段下拉筋断裂原因分析

非对称载荷下斜索随塔顶滑轮动作而产生的滑移增辑跨越管道结构分析的复杂性。按变形几何条件导出了非对称承载时斜索张力与斜索滑移、伸长及管道变形关系，应用数值方法并结合有限元法通过试算迭代求得了非对称加载下沧临管道大淀跨越管道下拉筋的平衡拉力，以此为基础对该处下拉筋断裂原因作了初步分析。在进行下拉筋断裂后管道失衡变形的模拟计算基础上对结构强度和稳定问题进行了评估，结果表明，提出了分析方法是可行的。     

Controlling factors for the brittle-to-ductile transition in tungsten single crystals

Materials performance in structural applications is often restricted by a transition from ductile response to brittle fracture with decreasing temperature. This transition is currently viewed as being controlled either by dislocation mobility or by the nucleation of dislocations. Fracture experiments on tungsten single crystals reported here provide evidence for the importance of dislocation nucleation for the fracture toughness in the semibrittle regime. However, it is shown that the transition itself, in general, is controlled by dislocation mobility rather than by nucleation.     

Crack-like sources of dislocation nucleation and multiplication in thin films

With the combination of the height sensitivity of atomic force microscopy and the strain sensitivity of transmission electron microscopy, it is shown that near singular stress concentrations can develop naturally in strained epitaxial films. These crack-like instabilities are identified as the sources of dislocation nucleation and multiplication in films of high misfit. This link between morphological instability and dislocation nucleation provides a method for studying the basic micromechanisms that determine the strength and mechanical properties of materials.     

Simultaneous tomography and diffraction analysis of creep damage

Creep damage by void nucleation and growth limits the lifetime of components subjected to loading at high temperatures. We report a combined tomography and diffraction experiment using high-energy synchrotron radiation that permitted us to follow in situ void growth and microstructure development in bulk samples. The results reveal that void growth versus time follows an exponential growth law. The formation of large void volumes coincides with texture evolution and dislocation density, reaching a steady state. Creep damage during a large proportion of sample creep life is homogeneous before damage localization occurs, which leads to rapid failure. The in situ determination of void evolution in bulk samples should allow for the assessment of creep damage in metallic materials and subsequently for lifetime predictions about samples and components that are subject to high-temperature loading.     

Sample dimensions influence strength and crystal plasticity

When a crystal deforms plastically, phenomena such as dislocation storage, multiplication, motion, pinning, and nucleation occur over the submicron-to-nanometer scale. Here we report measurements of plastic yielding for single crystals of micrometer-sized dimensions for three different types of metals. We find that within the tests, the overall sample dimensions artificially limit the length scales available for plastic processes. The results show dramatic size effects at surprisingly large sample dimensions. These results emphasize that at the micrometer scale, one must define both the external geometry and internal structure to characterize the strength of a material.     

Liquids at large negative pressures: water at the homogeneous nucleation limit

An isochoric cooling method for obtaining unprecedented tensions on liquids was used to determine the homogeneous nucleation limit for stretching of water at a variety of water densities. At densities in the range 0.55 to 0.68 gram per milliliter (g/ml), the data agree with the homogeneous nucleation temperatures measured by Skripov for superheated water at positive pressures. At densities between 0.68 and 0.93 g/ml, cavitation occurred only at negative pressures (that is, under tension). The cavitation tensions measured were in excellent agreement with those predicted by Fisher's 1948 vapor nucleation theory. A maximum tension of 140 megapascals (=1400 bars) was reached at 42 degrees C, which lies on an extrapolation of the line of isobaric density maxima. At higher densities, cavitation of droplets that survived heterogeneous nucleation failed to occur at all unless provoked, at much lower temperatures, by freezing. This observation confirms the existence of a density maximum at 42 degrees C and -140 megapascals and hence greatly strengthens the basis for Speedy's conjecture of a reentrant spinodal for water.     

Cosmic ray-produced radionuclides as tracers of atmospheric precipitation processes

Through recent developments in instrumental analysis it is now possible to measure with good precision the rainwater concentrations of five short-lived radionuclides which are produced by cosmic ray spallation of atmospheric argon. These measurements provide a method for studying the in-cloud nucleation times and aerosol scavenging efficiencies, and promise to provide information onshort-term processes which occur in rain and snow formation.     

Particle formation by ion nucleation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

Unexpectedly high concentrations of ultrafine particles were observed over a wide range of latitudes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Particle number concentrations and size distributions simulated by a numerical model of ion-induced nucleation, constrained by measured thermodynamic data and observed atmospheric key species, were consistent with the observations. These findings indicate that, at typical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere conditions, particles are formed by this nucleation process and grow to measurable sizes with sufficient sun exposure and low preexisting aerosol surface area. Ion-induced nucleation is thus a globally important source of aerosol particles, potentially affecting cloud formation and radiative transfer.     

Control of structure and growth of polymorphic crystalline thin films of amphiphilic molecules on liquid surfaces

The spontaneous formation and coexistence of crystalline polymorphic trilayer domains in amphiphilic films at air-liquid interfaces is demonstrated by grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction. These polymorphic crystallites may serve as models for the early stages of crystal nucleation and growth, helping to elucidate the manner in which additives influence the progress of crystal nucleation, growth, and polymorphism and suggesting ways of selectively generating and controlling multilayers on liquid surfaces. Auxiliary molecules have been designed to selectively inhibit development of the polymorphs, leading primarily to a single phase monolayer.     

Photoinduced nucleation of water vapor

Strong photoinduced nucleation of pure water vapor was found to occur in a wavelength range where no ultraviolet absorption of water vapor has been reported. Systematic studies were made of the dependence of the nucleation rate and the delay time for the initiation of nucleation on light intensity. The results obtained were accurately fitted by a phenomenological mechanism whereby the nucleation is initiated by clusters accumulating an appropriate number of photoexcited water molecules.