矿业开发对生态系统服务价值影响研究

以迁安矿区1990～2020年土地利用数据为基础,采用当量因子法,对迁安矿区生态系统服务功能价值进行了评价。结果表明:1990～2020年迁安矿区生态系统服务功能价值呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中2000～2010年下降幅度最大,为15865.2万元,主要原因为矿区生态系统中工矿用地面积大幅度增加。从服务功能类型来看,受工矿用地影响最大的废弃物处理服务功能对矿区生态系统的影响力最大。矿区的3个镇中,马兰庄镇的自然地貌受采矿活动影响大,并且表现为难恢复性。     

富源县森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

根据2020年森林资源监测本底资料对云南省曲靖市富源县森林生态系统的支持服务、调节服务、供给服务、文化服务4个服务类别的8个功能（保育土壤、林木养分固持、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护、林木产品供给、森林康养）计16个指标（固土、保肥、氮固持、磷固持、钾固持、调节水量、净化水质、固碳、释氧、提供负离子、吸收气体污染物、滞尘效应、生物多样性保护、木材产品、非木材产品、森林康养）的价值,依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（GB/T38582—2020）,进行价值评估。结果表明2020年富源县森林生态系统服务功能总价值约为138.958亿元·a-1,单位面积价值约为11.42万元·hm-2·a-1;各项森林生态系统服务功能价值表现为保育土壤>涵养水源>固碳释氧>生物多样性保护>森林康养>净化大气环境>林木产品供给>林木养分固持。     

建阳市森林生态系统服务价值动态评估

以建阳市森林生态系统为研究对象,结合LY/T 1721—2008森林生态系统服务功能评估规范标准化计算公式与服务价格,建立建阳市森林生态系统服务价值评估指标体系,量化建阳市森林生态系统服务价值动态。结果表明:1990、1995、2000、2005、2010年建阳市森林生态服务总价值分别为928678.50、1580746.74、1668571.39、1685109.94、1749908.04万元,1990—2010年建阳森林总价值逐渐上升,不同类型的森林服务价值则表现出各自的变化规律与波动幅度。1990—2010年20 a间森林生态服务总价值增加821229.54万元,年平均增长率为4.42%,其中涵养水源、保育土壤、生物多样性保护价值贡献率最大,占森林生态服务总价值的81%以上。     

河北省湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价

以2012年为基准年,将河北省湿地生态系统服务功能划分为调节服务、提供产品服务、支持服务及文化服务四大类,估算、评价了湿地生态系统所提供的15类生态系统服务。结果表明,河北湿地生态系统服务的总价值为5 115.95×108元,单位面积的湿地生态系统提供的生态系统服务功能价值为54.32×104元/hm2,高于单位面积的GDP产值(14.1×104元/hm2)。文章就评价结果以及评价方法的合理性进行了讨论,提出货币化评价的观点。     

岷江上游地区土地利用变化及潜在生态服务价值评估

为了定量分析岷江上游地区生态系统服务功能及其价值变化,运用遥感、地理信息系统和一系列数学方法对其评估,为更好的管理生态系统提供合理化建议.结果表明：土地利用转换主要发生在森林,农田和草地之间.从1986年到1994年,农田面积增加了60801hm^2,比1986年增长了477%;林地面积减少了89012.17hm^2,占原有面积的4.97%.人口增长和森林砍伐降低了森林生态系统服务价值,相应地农田生态系统服务价值升高.生态系统总的服务价值从1986年到2000年减少了771.11亿元.本文还探讨了生态系统服务价值变化的驱动力,其中国家政策在生态系统服务功能保护上起到了一定的作用.     

太原市城市绿地生态系统服务供需平衡评价

在对太原市城市绿地进行分类和面积核算的基础上,通过建立相互对应的城市绿地生态系统服务功能和需求评价体系,对太原市城市绿地生态系统服务的供需平衡状况进行综合评价。结果表明,2017年太原市城市绿地生态系统服务功能总价值为35.95亿元,城市绿地建设投入产出比约为1∶4。各功能评价指标中,调节小气候功能价值最大,滞尘功能价值可以忽略不计。各绿地类型中,公园绿地功能价值最低,区域绿地功能价值最高。太原市城市绿地生态系统服务功能和需求间还存在一定差距,提升太原市城市绿地生态系统服务功能需要在增加绿地面积的基础上,提升单位面积生态系统服务功能。太原市城市绿地生态系统服务功能和需求间还存在一定差距,提升太原市城市绿地生态系统服务功能需要在增加绿地面积的基础上,提升单位面积生态系统服务功能。     

河北省易县豹泉景区旅游资源定性评价研究

豹泉景区位于河北省易县,自然资源丰富,历史文化久远。为了促进景区的合理规划开发,对豹泉景区旅游资源进行了分类统计,在此基础上,运用"三三六"评价方法,对景区旅游资源进行定性评价。研究结果表明,豹泉景区旅游资源共有4个主类5个亚类11个基本类型,旅游资源类型较为丰富,景区区位条件优越,市场潜力大,具有较高的开发价值。     

森林康养游客满意度影响因素研究 ——以广州市石门国家森林公园为例

文章选取广州市石门国家森林公园作为研究对象,以游客的视角出发,从森林康养资源、旅游产品、森林康养功能、景区设施、景区服务与管理、旅游成本、游客自身因素等7个内容选取了46个指标.通过问卷方式获得相应数据进行分析,划分为"旅游支持系统"、"旅游环境"、"旅游产品"和"旅游者自身影响因素"4个维度.研究结果表明,影响森林康...     

茅山风景区旅游业可持续发展研究

对茅山风景区旅游资源及发展现状进行了全面调查与分析,客观评价了景区旅游业发展的优势条件和机遇.针对景区生境干扰和资源开发不合理等问题,从生态修复、环境提升、资源整体有序开发、旅游产品体系构建、景区与外围区域整体规划以形成功能差异显著的旅游发展圈层结构等方面,提出了旅游业可持续发展方略.期冀通过该研究引发利益主体,尤其是行政管理和目的地开发经营主体对茅山旅游的思考,统一认知,促进多方协作,延续景区自然和人文魅力,保障景区旅游业的可持续发展.     

福建泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估

湿地生态系统服务与社会经济发展紧密相关,开展泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务价值的评价,可为湿地保护与合理开发提供参考依据。构建了包括4个大类、11个亚类的泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务评价体系,采用市场价值法、替代价格法、影子工程法及成果参考法等,以2013为基准年,对泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明:泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务总价值约为71.96×108元;各项最终服务的价值大小为气候调节调蓄洪水旅游消浪护岸食物水质净化供水保护土壤大气调节原材料科研。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.