Effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility

The aim of this study was to investigate whether milk reduces the bioaccessibility of tea catechins, which would compromise tea beneficial effects ascribed to polyphenols. Adding milk to black tea has been shown to lead to polyphenol-protein complexes. So far, data on the intestinal stability of polyphenol-protein complexes are scarce. English black tea (0.93 ± 0.06 mol/L total catechins) and Indian black tea (1.83 ± 0.08 mol/L catechins) were prepared with skimmed or full-fat milk and subjected to simulated gastric, small intestinal, and brush border digestion. Adding milk (5.6-40%) to tea results in a decrease of total catechin (TCAT) recovery. However, the bioaccessibilities of TCAT of tea with milk versus tea controls were comparable (p > 0.05). The type of milk did not influence TCAT recovery during all digestive stages (p > 0.05). Polyphenol-protein complexes are degraded during digestion. It is very unlikely that consumption of tea with or without milk will result in differences in catechin plasma concentration.     

添加葡萄糖对不同肥力黑土氮素转化的影响

氮是作物生长必需的大量营养元素,增施化学氮肥,是农业生产采取的主要增产措施之一。我国的氮肥消费量已占世界总消费量的约30%,但我国农业中氮素的生产效率趋于下降,而带来的农业环境污染则趋于加重。提高氮素利用率,降低其对环境的负面影响,在保障粮食安全的同时兼顾生     

Polyphenol content of plasma and litter after the oral administration of green tea and tea polyphenols in chickens

Metabolic profiles of broiler chickens were examined after the ingestion of green tea, tea polyphenols, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Solid-phase extraction of serum and litters yielded free catechins and their metabolites, which were then identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In plasma samples, (-)-gallocatechin, (+)-catechin, and EGCG were detected in the green tea group; pyrogallol acid, (epi)catechin-O-sulfate, 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronide, and (epi)catechin-3'-O-glucuronide were detected in the tea polyphenols group; and EGCG, (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronides were detected in the EGCG group. In litters, gallic acid, EGCG, GCG, and ECG were detected in the green tea and tea polyphenols groups; EGCG and ECG were detected in the EGCG group. The conjugated metabolites, 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronide, (epi)catechin-3'-glucuronide, and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate, were identified in the green tea group; 4'-O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-sulfate were identified in the tea polyphenols group; only 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-sulfate was detected in the EGCG group. The excretion of tea catechins was 95.8, 87.7, and 97.7% for the green tea, tea polyphenols, and EGCG groups, respectively.     

Effect of microbial fermentation on content of statin, GABA, and polyphenols in Pu-Erh tea

Besides cancer prevention, the hypolipidemic effects of tea have been well studied in animals and humans. Recently, statin has been identified in Pu-erh tea extract. Clinical trials have confirmed that statin decreases the incidence of major coronary and cerebrovascular events and this may be due to its hypolipidemic and antiinflammatory effects. Since a good Pu-erh tea needs longer storage (10 years or more) of fermentation to enhance the flavor and fragrance, we screened microorganisms from two Pu-erh teas, 20 and 25 years old. Species of fungi and bacteria strains that contributed to a good taste of Pu-erh tea were isolated. The effect of fermentation was investigated by inoculating fresh tea leaves with individual strains of isolated microorganisms. Results showed that statin, total polyphenol content, and the scavenging activities of alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals increased during fermentation. Tea leaves inoculated with Streptomyces bacillaris strain R9 had the highest polyphenol content (3.3 mg/100 g) and scavenging ability to DPPH radicals (92%). Streptomyces cinereus strain Y11 was equally good for polyphenol content but yielded the highest amount of statin (1012 ng/g) after 42 days of fermentation. Interestingly, the statin content of fresh tea leaves fermented with strain R9 or Y11 after 180 days was much higher (4- and 8-fold, respectively) than that of the 25-year-old Pu-erh tea (513 ng/g) as measured by the HPLC method. Similarly, these two strains also increased the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 5.7- and 4.7-fold in tea fermented for 180 days as compared with the fresh leaves (1270 microg/g) and that were higher than that of the Pu-erh tea (4900 microg/g). Taken together, the present results indicate that tea short-term fermented with S. bacillaris or S. cinereus enhances the color and content of statin, GABA, and polyphenols.     

Characterization of the key aroma compounds in the beverage prepared from Darjeeling black tea: quantitative differences between tea leaves and infusion

By application of the aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatile fraction isolated from a black tea infusion (Darjeeling Gold Selection), vanillin (vanilla-like), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel), 2-phenylethanol (flowery), and (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-nonatrienal (oat-flake-like) were identified with the highest flavor dilution (FD) factors among the 24 odor-active compounds detected in the FD factor range of 4-128. Quantitative measurements performed by means of stable isotope dilution assays and a calculation of odor activity values (OAVs; ratio of concentration to odor threshold in water) revealed, in particular, the previously unknown tea constituent (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-nonatrienal as a key odorant in the infusion and confirmed the important role of linalool and geraniol for the tea aroma. An aroma recombinate performed by the 18 odorants for which OAVs > 1 were determined in their "natural" concentrations matched the overall aroma of the tea beverage. In the black tea leaves, a total of 42 odorants were identified, most of which were identical with those in the beverage prepared thereof. However, quantitative measurements indicated that, in particular, geraniol, but also eight further odorants were significantly increased in the infusion as compared to their concentration in the leaves.     

施氮对茶园土壤氟和茶树新梢氟含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不施肥(CK)、施氮360 kg?hm?2(T1)、施氮720 kg?hm?2(T2)处理下茶园土壤无机氮、p H、各形态氟含量的动态变化和春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,探讨茶园施氮对土壤和茶树新梢氟含量的影响。结果表明:1)茶园施氮后短期内(20~30 d)土壤水溶态氟含量显著降低,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态氟含量降低;长期(45~50 d)土壤水溶态氟含量的降低作用减弱,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态的含量增加;在试验结束时(164 d),与CK处理相比,T1处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量降低,T2处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量增加。2)0~20 cm茶园土壤水溶态氟、铁锰结合态氟与NH4+-N分别呈极显著负、正相关(P0.01),20~40 cm土壤水溶态氟、交换态氟与NO3?-N分别呈极显著正、负相关(P0.01)。土壤p H与土壤水溶态氟含量极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他3种形态氟含量相关性不显著。土壤铁锰结合态氟与交换态氟、有机结合态氟呈显著、极显著正相关,但与土壤水溶态氟均无显著相关性。3)春茶前后施氮可以降低春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,但未达显著水平。T1处理新梢氟含量的降低值为夏茶(25.15~27.95 mg?kg?1)秋茶(21.06~24.31 mg?kg?1)春茶(18.58~21.03 mg?kg?1),T2处理的降低值为秋茶(18.64~22.34 mg?kg?1)夏茶(7.79~14.14 mg?kg?1)春茶(3.52~7.30 mg?kg?1)。春、夏、秋茶树新梢氟含量主要受0~20 cm土壤无机氮和20~40 cm土壤p H的影响。因此推测施氮通过影响茶树根系氟的吸收和氟在叶片中的累积过程调控茶树新梢氟含量,该研究成果为合理利用施氮技术降低茶园土壤和茶树新梢氟含量提供了理论依据。     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic based studies of the metabolism of black tea polyphenols in humans

Epidemiological studies indicate that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with an improved health status. Tea is one of the most abundant sources of flavonoids in the human diet. The bioavailability and biotransformation of tea flavonoids are, however, not clearly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolism of black tea via a nonspecific screening method. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to obtain nonselective profiles of urine samples collected from three human volunteers before and after a single dose of black tea. The complex spectroscopic profiles were interpreted with the use of pattern recognition techniques. Hippuric acid was confirmed as the major urinary black tea metabolite. One previously unknown metabolite was detected and identified as 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulfate (sulfate conjugate of pyrogallol) using HPLC directly coupled to mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. This study shows that NMR-pattern recognition studies can be used for the discovery of unknown flavonoid metabolites in humans.     

茶多酚对鲢鱼微冻冷藏保鲜的影响(简报)

为研究茶多酚对鲢鱼微冻冷藏过程中品质变化的影响,将鲢鱼经剖杀、清理、洗净后,在0.1%茶多酚溶液中4℃条件下浸泡90 min,沥干后装入塑料托盘用保鲜膜密封,然后立即置于-3℃温度下贮藏。以感官评分、细菌总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（Total Volatile Base Nitrogen,TVB-N值）、硫代巴比妥酸（The 2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA值）、鲜度指标（K值）等作为质量指标,测定鲢鱼微冻冷藏过程中品质变化。试验表明,把经茶多酚处理后的鲢鱼再进行微冻冷藏,鲢鱼的感官评分值下降减缓,细菌总数、pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值、K值明显低于对照样。因此可以认为,茶多酚在鲢鱼微冻冷藏保鲜过程中能有效地抑制细菌繁殖,减缓脂肪氧化,延缓腐败变质,从而延长鲢鱼保鲜期。     

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from green tea, oolong tea, and black tea

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from six teas (one green tea, one oolong tea, one roasted green tea, and three black teas) were investigated using an aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay and a conjugated diene assay. The samples were tested at levels of 20, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/mL of dichloromethane. The results obtained from the two assays were consistent. All extracts except roasted green tea exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. A volatile extract from green tea exhibited the most potent activity in both assays among the six extracts. It inhibited hexanal oxidation by almost 100% over 40 days at the level of 200 micrograms/mL. The extract from oolong tea inhibited hexanal oxidation by 50% in 15 days. In the case of the extract from roasted green tea, the lowest antioxidative activity was obtained at the level of 200 micrograms/mL, suggesting that the extract from roasted green tea contained some pro-oxidants. The extracts from the three black teas showed slight anti- or proactivities in both assays. The major volatile constituents of green tea and roasted green tea extracts, which exhibited significant antioxidative activities, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile chemicals with possible antioxidative activity identified were alkyl compounds with double bond(s), such as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (8.04 mg/kg), in the extract from green tea and heterocyclic compounds, such as furfural (7.67 mg/kg), in the extract from roasted green tea. Benzyl alcohol, which was proved to be an antioxidant, was identified both in a green tea extract (4.67 mg/kg) and in a roasted tea extract (1.35 mg/kg).     

Preparative separation of polyphenols from tea by high-speed countercurrent chromatography

High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the separation of polyphenols from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.). The capability of HSCCC to isolate pure tea polyphenols from complex mixtures on a preparative scale was demonstrated for catechins, flavonol glycosides, proanthocyanidins, and strictinin from green and black tea. The purity and identity of isolated compounds was confirmed by (1)H NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Gram quantities of polyphenols from tea can be isolated with the procedure described.     

风障对茶园的减风增温效果及对茶树冠层叶片含水率影响

为解决冬季茶园风寒冻害问题,于2008年1月在安徽农业大学茶场建立塑料薄膜风障,测定风障对茶园的减风增温作用及其对茶树冠层叶片含水率的影响。风障的高度为2.0 m,以5×7网格点测定2.8、2.0 m风障高和1.2 m茶树冠层高度3个层次的风速,以4×4网格点测定地表温度、茶树冠层叶片含水率。结果表明,2.8 m高度,风障上方的风速比环境风速增加30%左右,下风方向的减风作用随风速增大而减小,距离风障7 m区域是风速减弱最强的区域,环境风速2.6 m/s时中轴线风速减小13.5%,环境风速1.0 m/s时     

Characterization of epoxydecenal isomers as potent odorants in black tea (Dimbula) infusion

In a black tea (Dimbula) infusion, the potent "sweet and/or juicy" odorants were identified as the cis- and trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenals by comparison of their gas chromatography retention indices, mass spectra, and odor quality to those of the actual synthetic compounds. Of the two odorants, cis-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal has been identified for the first time in the black tea. On the basis of the aroma extract dilution analysis on the flavor distillate obtained using the solvent-assisted flavor evaporation technique from the black tea infusion, these isomers showed higher flavor dilution (FD) factors. The FD factors and concentrations of these odorants in the black tea infusion were observed to be much higher than those from Japanese green tea. In addition, the model studies showed that these odorants were generated from linoleic acid and its hydroperoxides by heating, but the generated amounts of these odorants from linoleic acid were much less than those of its hydroperoxides. It can be assumed from these results that the withering and fermentation, which are characteristic processes during the manufacturing of the black tea, which includes the enzymatic reaction such as lipoxygenase, is one of the most important factors for the formation of the epoxydecenal isomers.     

茶多酚对淀粉酯纳米颗粒及其稳定的Pickering乳液性质的影响

为探究茶多酚（Tea Polyphenols, TPs）对辛烯基琥珀酸酐（Octenyl Succinic Anhydride, OSA）酯化淀粉纳米颗粒（Starch Nanoparticles,SNPs）及其稳定的Pickering乳液性质的影响,该研究在制备OSA-SNPs的过程中添加TPs,研究TPs对OSA-SNPs的理化性质和乳化性能的影响。结果发现,添加TPs使OSA-SNPs的平均粒径增加、表面Zeta电位绝对值下降、接触角减小（P<0.05）。通过傅立叶红外光谱扫描发现,TPs与OSA-SNPs之间存在氢键和疏水相互作用。在TP-OSA-SNPs稳定的乳液中,增加TP-OSA-SNPs的质量浓度（从0.5 g/mL至2.0 g/mL）,乳滴平均直径明显减小（P<0.05）;当TP-OSA-SNPs的质量浓度增加至2 g/mL时,乳液形成了油滴紧密堆积的界面结构,能够抑制油滴迁移。通过加速氧化试验发现,与OSA-SNPs相比,TP-OSA-SNPs稳定的乳液中氢过氧化物值（Peroxide Value, POV）相对较低（P<0.05）,说明TP-OSA-SNPs具有延缓乳液中油脂氧化的作用。结果表明,这种新型具有抗氧化功能的食品级颗粒乳化剂,对构筑淀粉基Pickering乳液载体具有潜在价值。     

机械超微粉碎与不同粒度常规粉碎对红茶理化特性的影响

为探究机械超微粉碎对茶叶物性及功能成分浸出特性的影响,该文通过超微粉碎和常规粉碎2种方法制备超微红茶粉和4种粒度的粗粉红茶粉,研究了5种茶粉的粒度分布、微观形貌、比表面积、结晶度、表面氧碳元素比、中红外图谱和功能成分的浸出特性。结果表明:常规粉碎不同粒度茶粉间差异较小,而超微粉碎较大程度地改变了茶叶的物料性质。超微粉碎后,茶粉粒度减小至微米级,比表面积增大,茶粉的结晶度降低,表面暴露的纤维素和半纤维素相对含量增多,而中红外谱图显示超微粉碎茶粉的官能团结构并没有改变。沸水浸提过程中茶多酚、咖啡因、可溶性糖和水浸出物的溶出结果表明:5种茶粉功能成分的浸出量都随时间的增加而增加,经过一段时间后达到平衡。在达到浸出平衡时,不同粒度茶粉的茶多酚和咖啡因含量差异不显著,超微茶粉的可溶性糖含量为4种粗粉的2倍左右,水浸出物比粗粉茶粉提高10%以上。上述研究结果表明:超微粉碎能够有效减小茶粉的粒度,破坏植物的细胞壁结构,使内部成分暴露于表面,此外,组织结构和细胞壁的破坏使不溶的纤维成分转化成可溶性成分,可溶性糖和水浸出物显著增多,超微粉碎能够在一定程度上提高茶粉的有效利用率。     

茶叶添加方式对酿造啤酒理化特性及感官品质的影响

在啤酒酿造工艺的煮沸和主发酵阶段分别添加乌龙茶,探讨茶叶不同添加方式对啤酒理化特性、抗氧化能力、啤酒贮存稳定性以及感官特性的影响.结果显示,与未添加茶叶的啤酒产品(对照组CG)相比,在煮沸阶段(煮沸添加组BG)和主发酵阶段(主发酵添加组MG)分别添加0.3 g/L的茶叶均提高了酵母发酵速率;添加茶叶的两个茶啤酒产品(煮...     

Isolation of black tea pigments using high-speed countercurrent chromatography and studies on properties of black tea polymers

Isolation of theaflavins and epitheaflavic acids from black tea using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) on a preparative scale is demonstrated. HSCCC also enabled the isolation of a polymeric fraction from black tea. According to Roberts' classification, the polymeric fraction mainly consisted of SII thearubigins (TR). HPLC analysis showed that the isolated material is free of any known chromatographically resolved tea constituents and eluted from reversed-phase packings as a convex "hump" (a broad signal). The antioxidant activity of the TR fraction was 3.6 mmol of Trolox equivalents per gram. The total phenolic content of this fraction was determined to be 34.7 g/100 g (as gallic acid equivalents).     

茶树花多酚大孔树脂纯化工艺研究

该文以废弃茶树花为原料,采用超滤法处理茶树花多酚超声波辅助乙醇浸提液,去除大分子物质,运用静态吸附和动态吸附试验对HZ系列5种大孔吸附树脂及其纯化茶树花多酚工艺条件进行筛选,采用HPLC监测树脂纯化前后茶树花多酚的变化情况。结果表明,HZ-806大孔吸附树脂对茶树花多酚的吸附性能与解吸效果最好,吸附率和解吸率分别达到97.5％、98.20％,适宜作为茶树花多酚纯化的树脂;HZ-806大孔树脂纯化茶树花多酚的工艺条件为：上柱液pH 3.0,上柱液浓度4.0 mg/mL,上柱液体积6 BV,上柱流速4 BV/h,洗脱液乙醇浓度70％,洗脱流速2 BV/h,洗脱体积3.33 BV;采用上述纯化工艺茶树花多酚纯度从19.43％提高到84.32％。     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Effects of tea polyphenols on emulsification of olive oil in a small intestine model system

Tea catechins have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol and suppress hypertriacylglycerolemia by reducing triglyceride absorption. However, the mechanism is not yet clear. One of the possible mechanisms is that tea polyphenols may modify dietary fat emulsification in the gastrointestinal tract. The digestive enzyme (lipase) acts on specific emulsion interface properties (droplet size and surface area). Therefore, changes in these properties may modify emulsification and lead to changes in dietary fat digestion and absorption. In this study, the effect of both green and black tea on the changes of emulsification was examined by measuring the droplet size and the surface area. A model emulsion system containing olive oil, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and bile salt was developed to simulate small intestinal conditions. Initial changes in droplet size (from 1.4 to 52.8 microm and from 1.4 to 25.9 microm) of the emulsion were observed in the presence of 1.04 mg/mL and 0.10 mg/mL of total catechins prepared from green and black tea, respectively. Both teas caused similar changes on the emulsion properties; however, black tea was more effective than green tea. The underlying mechanisms of actions of tea polyphenols are discussed.     

Factors affecting transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from made tea to tea infusion

Factors affecting transfer percentages of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated, including tea variety, tea/water ratio (TWR, g/mL), brewing times, washed tea or unwashed tea, and covered cup or uncovered cup. It was observed that %PAH transfer varied with tea variety and increased with the decrease of TWR. The mean %PAH transfer with TWR = 1/150 was 1.12 and 1.65 times higher than that with TWR = 1/100 and 1/50, respectively. %PAH transfer reduced greatly as the brewing times increased. The mean %PAH transfer in the first brewing time occupied 51.6% of the total three mean %PAH transfers in the three brewing times. The mean %PAH transfer decreased by 30.4% after the tea had been washed immediately before brewing. Brewing the tea within uncovered cup diminished %PAH transfer by a degree of 4.31-31.7% compared to brewing the tea within a covered cup.