石斑鱼病毒性神经坏死病防治的研究现状

主要综述了病毒性神经坏死病的基本特征、诊断技术等研究进展,介绍了神经坏死病毒的防控技术及策略,简单概述了在石斑鱼养殖过程中病毒性神经坏死病的防控工作。     

石斑鱼病害防治

本文结合国内外资料介绍了近年来石斑鱼养殖过程中发现的主要疾病及其防治方法,供广大业者参考。 1石斑鱼苗培育过程常见病害 1．1病毒 石斑鱼苗培育过程,极易遭受病毒性病原的侵害,而简称为NNV的病毒性神经坏死症（Nervous Necrosis Virus）,是造成石斑鱼苗培育中经常发生的主要病毒性疾病。神经坏死病毒（NNV）主要感染寸苗前期的多种类石斑鱼苗,感染后的鱼体出现异常泳姿,     

韩国海水养殖鱼和虾的病毒病

随着海水养殖业的发展,病害问题也随之增加,给韩国渔业生产带来严重的经济损失。病毒则是引起鱼虾大批死亡的主要病原。现已从海洋鱼和虾中分离出六种病毒。本文回顾了下面六种病毒性疾病：牙鲆中的病毒性表皮增生(疱疹病毒),牙鲆和乌鲂中的双RNA病毒病,七带石斑鱼中的病毒性神经坏死(野田病毒),几种海水鱼中的淋巴囊肿病(虹彩病毒),红鳍东方鲀中的吻溃疡病和中国对虾中的白斑综合症(杆状病毒)。     

斜带石斑神经坏死病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆与序列分析

从患病毒性神经坏死病的斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioids)的头部提取总RNA，根据已发表的神经坏死病毒外壳蛋白基因设计引物进行RT-PCR扩增，得到预期大小的基因片段。将此基因片段转入pET载体进行序列测定和分析，结果表明：编码斜带石斑神经坏死病毒(Orange-spoued grouper nervous necrosis virus，OGNNV)外壳蛋白基因的阅读框核苷酸数为1017bp，编码338个氨基酸；基因的核苷酸序列与野田村病毒科(Nodaviridae)的几种病毒的外壳蛋白基因序列比较结果显示，该病毒与p野田村病毒属(Betanodavirus)中的赤点石斑神经坏死病毒(red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus，RGNNV)的同源性最高(99％)，说明该病毒株是RGNNY血清型的成员。     

逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测5种养殖石斑鱼的神经坏死病毒

神经坏死病毒(Nervous necrosis virus)是导致多种海水鱼类神经性病害的致病原.发病及死亡的石斑鱼除了表现神经异常症状外,无明显的临床病症,体表及内脏组织也未发现明显病变及寄生虫感染.2003年4～8月,应用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术从福建南部人工养殖的5种石斑鱼即紫石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)、马拉巴石斑鱼(E. malabaricus)、青石斑鱼(E. awoara)、赤点石斑鱼(E. akaara)和云纹石斑鱼(E. moara)中检出5个神经坏死病毒分离株.检测了76份石斑鱼样品,这些石斑鱼NNV病毒的平均感染率约为90%.对这些病毒的RT-PCR产物421 bp核酸进行了测序和序列分析,其相同的序列超过99%.将这些序列与GenBank的石斑鱼(Epinephelus spp.)神经坏死病毒相关基因序列作比较,同源性在97%以上.对神经坏死病毒在石斑鱼体内的分布也进行了分析,在脑和眼组织的检出率最高,部分病鱼的肝、脾和肾组织也能检出病毒.结合流行病学特征,可确认神经坏死病毒为该传染病的主要致病原.RT-PCR方法是检测NNV等病原的一种理想的诊断方法.     

闽南地区斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)神经坏死病毒的基因型与分子进化研究

本研究以闽南地区具有典型神经坏死病症状的斜带石斑鱼为材料,采用RT-PCR法对其进行病毒检测,对检测到的阳性序列进行双向测序和构建系统发育树,对病毒颗粒进行分离纯化,并通过分子进化模型分析病毒衣壳蛋白基因所受的选择压力。结果显示,采集到的6个石斑鱼样品均呈NNV阳性,系统树分析发现6个样品的PCR扩增片段均为RGNNV基因型序列,表明闽南地区感染石斑鱼的神经坏死病毒主要为RGNNV基因型病毒;通过PEG法对病毒进行分离提纯,获得直径为25~28 nm、呈二十面立体对称结构的无囊膜病毒颗粒;分子进化分析显示NNV外壳蛋白基因经历了纯化选择,表明病毒在进化过程中没有出现遗传变异并以相对恒定保守的速率进化。     

海水养殖鱼类病毒性神经坏死病防控技术研究进展

神经坏死病毒(Nervous necrosis virus,NNV)是一种能导致海水鱼脑、中枢神经及视网膜等神经系统坏死的病毒,该病毒引发的鱼类病毒性神经坏死病主要发生在稚鱼和幼鱼期,较强的致病力及高致死率给海水鱼养殖业带来了沉重的打击,成为海水鱼类养殖产业可持续发展最重要的限制因素之一。文章主要综述了NNV的基本特征、诊断技术、病毒传播、疫苗免疫学等研究进展,介绍了NNV的防控技术及策略,为海水养殖鱼类NNV的防控工作提供参考。     

鱼类病毒性神经坏死病毒衣壳蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达及其特性

利用RT-PCR技术获得病毒性神经坏死病毒0603株的衣壳蛋白基因,将其插入到杆状病毒Bac-To-Bac表达系统的pFastBacI质粒中,构建了pFastBac-cp质粒.转化DH10Bac大肠杆菌后获得重组穿梭载体Bacmid-cp,脂质体介导将其转染Sf9细胞产生有感染性的重组杆状病毒AcNPV-cp.利用AcNPV-cp感染Sf9细胞后,SDS-PAGE分析可见大小约为37 ku的特异性蛋白带,Western-blotting分析发现,其可以与病毒性神经坏死病毒阳性血清反应出现特异性的杂交带.试验结果表明,AcNPV-cp在Sf9细胞中成功地表达了病毒性神经坏死病毒的衣壳蛋白,其具有良好的免疫学活性.负染电镜观察发现,CP蛋白可自行装配成病毒样颗粒,其大小形态类似于病毒性神经坏死病毒.制备超薄切片后电镜观察发现,CP蛋白自行装配成的病毒样颗粒呈晶格状排列在细胞质中.为研制有效防控鱼类病毒性神经坏死病的新型颗粒性疫苗奠定了基础.     

鱼类神经坏死病病毒衣壳蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达及其特性

鱼类病毒性神经坏死病毒能引起多种海水鱼类中枢神经组织病变,给各国海水养殖业造成了巨大的损失。本研究利用RT-PCR技术获得病毒性神经坏死病毒0603株的衣壳蛋白基因,将其插入到杆状病毒Bac-To-Bac表达系统的pFastBacⅠ质粒中,构建了pFastBac-cp质粒。转化DH10Bac大肠杆菌后获得重组穿梭载体Bacmid-cp,脂质体介导将其转染Sf9细胞产生有感染性的重组杆状病毒AcNPV-cp。利用AcNPV-cp感染Sf9细胞后,SDS-PAGE分析可见大小约为37kD的特异性蛋白带, Western-blotting分析发现,其可以与病毒性神经坏死病毒阳性血清反应出现特异性的杂交带,试验结果表明AcNPV-cp在Sf9细胞中成功地表达了病毒性神经坏死病毒的衣壳蛋白,其具有良好的免疫学活性。负染电镜观察发现,CP蛋白可自行装配成病毒样颗粒,其大小形态类似于病毒性神经坏死病毒。制备超薄切片后电镜观察发现,CP蛋白自行装配成的病毒样颗粒呈晶格状排列在细胞质中。 本研究为研制有效防控鱼类病毒性神经坏死病的新型颗粒性疫苗奠定了基础。     

鱼类神经坏死病毒的检测与细胞培养技术研究进展

鱼类病毒性神经坏死病(Viral nervous necrosis,VNN)又称病毒性脑病和视网膜病(Viral encephlopathy and retinopathy,VER),在全世界多种鱼类中流行,对仔鱼和幼鱼危害很大,死亡率可达100%,对成鱼也有很高的致死率.由于其极高的传染性和危害性,被国际兽疫组织(OIE)列为重要的鱼类病害.该传染病的病原为神经坏死病毒(Nervous necrosis virus,NNV),是罗达病毒科(Nodaviridae)的一种小RNA病毒.罗达病毒科包括α-罗达病毒属(Alphanodavirus)和β-罗达病毒属(Betanodavirus).     

急性病毒性鲫鳃出血病的病理变化

病毒性鲫(Carassius auratus)鳃出血病的突发流行可导致鱼高致死率,使中国部分养鱼场近些年受到重创。为了充分认识这种鱼病的发生发展过程,我们结合PCR、光学显微镜和透射电镜,对病鱼头肾等组织的病变及病毒分布情况进行了分析。注射自然发病鱼的组织滤液(病毒悬液),能使正常鲫感染,且出现与自然发病鲫相同的症状及高致死率;病原有典型疱疹病毒的形态特征(故称为鲫疱疹病毒,Ca HV)。经PCR扩增对已知鲤科疱疹病毒主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因进行检测,可确定Ca HV存在于被感染鱼的肝、脾、肾和头肾组织中。对组织病理变化及不同时序进行比较,结果表明Ca HV感染会引起鲫这些组织不同程度病变,而鳃和头肾的病理变化有显著时序相关性。在头肾细胞中还观察到大量Ca HV颗粒,预示鲫头肾是Ca HV侵染和复制的主要靶器官。     

Studies on epizootic iridovirus infection among red sea bream,Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), cultured in Taiwan

Since 1993, an epizootic viral disease has occurred in net-cage cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), in Peng-hu Island located on the south-western coast of Taiwan. The diseased fish exhibited abnormal swimming and were lethargic, but few visible external signs were observed. The cumulative mortality because of the disease sometimes reached 50-90% over 2 months. Histopathogical studies of the affected fish showed enlarged basophilic cells in the gill, kidney, heart, liver and spleen. These necrotic cells were Feulgen-positive and stained blue using Giemsa. Transmission electron microscopy revealed icosahedral virions in the cytoplasm of the necrotic cells. The viral particles consisted of a central nucleocapsid (75-80 nm) and envelope, and were 120-150 nm in diameter. These results suggest that the virus belongs to the Iridoviridae. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), approximately 570 bp fragments were produced from the viral DNA using as a template 1-F and 1-R primers derived from red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) from red sea bream in Japan. Similar results were also obtained using nested-PCR with different primer sets (1-F, 2-R and 2-F, 1-R). Although the size and some features of epizootics of this virus differed from RSIV in Japan, it shows close genetic affinities with the latter and it is suggested that RSIV has been introduced to Taiwan.     

Pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases caused by cyprinid herpesvirus‐3

The pathogenesis of cyprinid herpesvirus‐3 (CyHV‐3) was studied using different lineages of carp/koi. After exposure to the virus, infected cells were first found in the skin by histopathology and by in situ hybridization. The epidermis of the skin was most severely damaged and often sloughed off in the fish sampled on days 5 through 8, and the fish that were highly sensitive to the virus died within 8 or 10 days after infection. Serum osmolality of the infected fish, particularly just before death, was significantly lower, suggesting that the osmotic shock consequent on the damage to the skin was the direct cause of the acute deaths. On the other hand, clinical and histopathological observations indicate that the carp of a less sensitive lineage most probably died of viral encephalitis around 3 weeks after infection. For these fish, the largest number of infected cells was found in the central nervous system (CNS) sampled on day 12. A substantial amount of viral genome was found in the CNS of carp surviving more than 1 year after the infection. Thus, the CNS is probably a major target for CyHV‐3, and the virus can persistently infect the CNS, presumably establishing latency.     

Susceptibility of cultured juveniles of several marine fish to the sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus

Piscine nodaviruses (betanodaviruses) have been tentatively divided into four genotypes (SJNNV, RGNNV, TPNNV and BFNNV) and it is suggested that host specificity is different among these genotypes. In the present study, a betanodavirus [sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV)] belonging to the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype, to which most betanodaviruses from warm water fish are identified, was evaluated for its pathogenicity to hatchery-reared juveniles of several marine fish species. When challenged with the virus by a bath method (10(5.1) TCID50 mL(-1)), sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, displayed behavioural abnormalities and mortalities with distinct histopathological signs of viral nervous necrosis and heavily immunostained cells were observed in the central nervous tissues and retina. Bath-challenged rock fish, Sebastiscus marmoratus, and a hybrid of sevenband grouper and kelp grouper, E. moara, did not display any behavioural abnormality or mortality during the experimental period, although many fish showed slight signs of viral infection in nerve cells. Kelp grouper and red sea bream, Pagrus major, showed no behavioural abnormality, mortality or immunohistopathological changes after the virus challenge. These results are, in part, consistent with the natural host range of RGNNV, indicating the complexity in the host specificity of betanodaviruses.     

Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a severe pathological condition caused by RNA viruses belonging to the Nodaviridae family, genus Betanodavirus. The disease, described in more than 50 fish species worldwide, is considered as the most serious viral threat affecting marine farmed species in the Mediterranean region, thus representing one of the bottlenecks for further development of the aquaculture industry. To date, four different genotypes have been identified, namely red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus and barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, with the RGNNV genotype appearing as the most widespread in the Mediterranean region, although SJNNV‐type strains and reassortant viruses have also been reported. The existence of these genetically different strains could be the reason for the differences in mortality observed in the field. However, very little experimental data are available on the pathogenicity of these viruses in farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, the pathogenicity of 10 isolates has been assessed with an in vivo trial. The investigation was conducted using the European sea bass, the first target fish species for the disease in the Mediterranean basin. Naive fish were challenged by immersion and clinical signs and mortality were recorded for 68 days; furthermore, samples collected at selected time points were analysed to evaluate the development of the infection. Finally, survivors were weighed to estimate the growth reduction. The statistically supported results obtained in this study demonstrated different pathogenicity patterns, underlined the potential risk represented by different strains in the transmission of the infection to highly susceptible species and highlighted the indirect damage caused by a clinical outbreak of VER/VNN.