电容式传感器测量水流泥沙含量的研究

首次提出了电容法测量水流含沙量的测量方法 ,并研制了两种结构形式的电容传感器 ,尝试测量了水流中泥沙含量与传感器输出间的关系 ,以及温度、径流流速、土壤种类、土壤含盐量对传感器响应特性的影响。结果表明 ,水流泥沙含量与传感器的输出呈线性关系 ;传感器的输出随温度的升高而逐渐增大 ;流速、土壤种类、土壤含盐量对传感器的输出影响较小。     

淤泥质海岸带土壤盐分空间分布规律初探

阐述了淤泥质海岸带土壤盐分的空间分布规律及离子组成特征;海岸带土壤盐分分布呈由近岸到陆地经向递减梯度;由于地形因素的影响,海岸带土壤盐分纬向呈现斑状分布格局;滨渤海地区土壤盐分组成以氯化物为主,属氯化物盐渍土。     

Presence of silicon in developing cotton fibers

Silicon is a necessary element in the development of sane plants. Its presence is known to affect the elongation of jute (Corhorus capsularis) fibers. The concentration of silicon in developing cotton fiber (Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. ) is high during the elongation phase of fiber development and decreases as the fiber matures. Thus, silicon concentration may have an effect on the development of the cotton fiber.     

一种专用土壤调理剂改良滨海盐渍土效果研究

目的滨海盐渍土存在的土壤盐分高、结构差、钠含量高、返盐频繁等问题,为促进沿海地区滩涂资源的高效开发和利用,探究一种专用的土壤调理剂对于滨海盐渍土的改良效果。方法以专用土壤调理剂“盐怕”（ZL 201810961893.4）为试验材料,以滨海地区盐渍土为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验的方法,测定不同用量（0、3000、6000 kg hm⁻²）的“盐怕”处理下0 ~ 20 cm土层土壤基本理化性质及土壤酶活性,从而分析并评估该环境友好型的多功能土壤调理剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。结果土壤调理剂的施用能够降低土壤含盐量及pH,增加土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量,降低土壤Na ⁺ 离子含量,同时提升土壤中Ca^{2 +} 、Mg^{2 +} 和K ⁺ 含量,并使土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性提升,但超过某一用量范围后调理剂用量继续增加其效果提升不再明显。结论该专用的土壤调理剂可以有效且高效地改良滨海盐渍土,推荐调理剂施用量为3000 kg hm^-2。     

GPR测量滨海盐渍土剖面分层的实验研究

土壤剖面分层是GPR调查研究工作的主要内容,也是时域信息提取和定量反演的基础。使用250 MHz的pulse EKKO PRO探地雷达,探测不同植被覆盖或同一植被长势差异的地块,开挖剖面实测对比GPR的分层结果,剖析电磁波信号对土壤水分、盐分、粒径组成3个因子的响应特征。结果表明,从GPR波谱特征中可以区分表层盐渍化程度不同的地块,误差多小于0.5 m;综合波谱影像和振幅变化数据,能够辨晰0~1 m的土层信息,分层误差可达0.1 m;土壤盐分对电磁波信号的影响特征在该地区表现得十分显著。     

绿洲灌区固定道耕作对土壤盐分动态的影响

解决节水灌溉与控制土壤次生盐渍化的矛盾,对干旱内陆绿洲灌区农田节水、防止土壤次生盐渍化和保证绿洲农业稳定持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以传统翻耕(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道保护性耕作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式为研究对象,研究了固定道耕作模式下的土壤盐分特征。结果表明:与播前相比,收获后FRB处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量分别提高83.3%、77.2%、47.6%和84.0%,PRB处理分别提高62.6%、46.3%、28.2%和103.6%。ZT和CT处理0~200 cm土壤含盐量呈\"脱盐\"和\"聚盐\"交替变化趋势,0~60 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著降低,而60~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著增加。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层是PRB和FRB处理土壤盐分的主要累积区,ZT和CT处理土壤含盐量随灌水最终积累在100~160 cm土层。从头水后至收获各个时期,PRB处理0~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量均高于FRB处理,且差异显著。ZT处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量均显著高于CT处理。垄床不同位置土壤盐分运动水平方向上均呈\"垄边向垄中\"迁移特点,但PRB处理迁移能力强于FRB处理。垂直方向上,FRB处理在土壤60~80 cm处形成积盐峰,而PRB处理在土壤40~60 cm处形成积盐峰。随灌溉水分入渗再分布后FRB处理土壤盐分向垄沟中部和垄床表层迁移,PRB处理土壤盐分在垄床40~60 cm土层处形成一个积盐层。结果说明,垄作方式能显著增加土壤剖面盐分累积。随着垄作年限增加,盐分向垄床中部积累的能力和含量均增强,由此垄作种植应考虑适时漫灌以达到淋洗土壤盐分的目的。     

Effects of Silicon Application on Wheat Growth and Some Physiological Characteristics under Different Levels and Sources of Salinity

We investigated the effects of silicon (Si) and the levels and sources of salinity on the growth and some physiological properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chamran) in a sandy loam soil under greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised four Si levels (8, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg^?1 soil), four salinity levels (0.46, 4, 8 and 12 dS m^?1) and two salinity sources (sodium chloride (NaCl) and four-salt combination). Salts combination included NaCl, sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) at a molar ratio of 4:2:2:1. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design in a factorial manner, with three replications. Increasing salinity level resulted in a significant decrease in shoot dry weight, chlorophyll content and catalase (CAT) activity, and it caused a marked increase in proline and glycine betaine (GB) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. The stimulating effect on GB accumulation and SOD activity was more intense in NaCl-treated plants. However, the source of salinity had no significant effect on shoot dry weight, chlorophyll and proline concentrations, and CAT activity. Si application enhanced all the above-mentioned parameters, except for proline. The suppressing effect of salinity on shoot dry weight, chlorophyll concentration and CAT activity was alleviated by Si supplementation. The stimulating effects of Si fertilization on shoot dry weight and chlorophyll concentration became more pronounced at higher salinity levels. It could be concluded that a decrease in soil osmotic potential, nutrient imbalance and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in salt-treated plants caused growth suppression, while Si supply decreased the deleterious effects of excess salt on wheat growth. Consequently, it appears that when wheat plants are to be grown in salt-affected soils, it is highly recommended to supply them with adequate available silicon (Si).     

民勤绿洲盐生草生境土壤盐分空间分布特征

通过对民勤绿洲盐生草生境土壤盐分空间分布特征进行研究,旨为其在民勤绿洲乃至全国盐碱地生物修复中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,在距盐生草水平方向0~60 cm范围内,阴离子主要是SO42-和Cl-,阳离子主要是Na+和Ca2+,土壤盐分主要是硫酸钠、硫酸钙、氯化钠和氯化钙。其中0~40 cm土层土壤属于氯化物–硫酸盐型,40~60 cm土层土壤属于硫酸盐–氯化物型。土壤pH在垂直剖面上随土层深度的增加而降低,在水平方向上,40 cm处低于20 cm和60 cm处,其中在土壤垂直剖面0~20 cm范围内,20 cm处高于60 cm处;而土壤垂直剖面20~60 cm范围内正好相反。土壤盐渍化程度在垂直方向上随土层的加深而加重,其中在距盐生草水平方向0~40 cm范围内,垂直剖面0~20 cm土层土壤非盐渍化,20~40 cm土层土壤轻度盐渍化,40~60 cm土层土壤中度盐渍化;在距盐生草水平方向40~60 cm范围内,垂直剖面0~40 cm土层土壤非盐渍化,40~60 cm土层土壤轻度盐渍化。在水平方向上,盐生草具有一定的聚盐效果。     

Silicon Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Salinity on Turfgrass Growth and Development

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate on Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. With increased salinity level, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) in these three turfgrasses were reduced significantly when compared with the untreated control. Supplementary silicon (Si) ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on chlorophyll content. Silicon treatments decreased proline at all salinity levels. Moreover, addition of Si increased shoot length and shoot number in all turfgrasses. Sodium (Na) concentration was increased in both leaves and roots of turfgrasses at high salinity level; however, Si treatment significantly reduced Na concentration in all of them. Silicon increased Potassium concentration in shoots and roots (though not significantly) in most cases. It can be concluded that Si alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in all turfgrasses.     

内蒙古杭锦旗北部盐碱田温湿盐动态与生产利用

为探析水-热-盐关系以及植被对盐碱田改良的意义,利用2008年8月2日-8月6日在内蒙古杭锦旗黄河灌区盐碱田进行的试验观测数据,主要通过方差分析与典型相关分析方法对3个样地(裸地、紫花苜蓿地和玉米地)土壤温度(0-30cm土层)、湿度(0-20cm土层)、盐度(0-100cm土层)的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,3个样地的温(度)-湿(度)-盐(度)动态基本呈现裸地苜蓿地玉米地的格局;0-5cm地温与耕作层(0-20cm)的土壤水分具有显著相关关系,是0-30cm土层内地温驱动水盐动态的主要热力因子;植物能够减少土壤表层积盐,并可以降低碱化度;苜蓿地比玉米地具有更低的钠吸附比值。在盐碱地区选择耐盐碱牧草品种开展草田轮作,有益于盐碱土壤的改良与利用。     

Beneficial effects of silicon nutrition in alleviating salinity stress in hydroponically grown canola,Brassica napus L., plants

Abstract

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soil and effectively counteracts the effects of various abiotic stresses, such as drought, heavy metal toxicity and salinity, on plants. In the present study the ameliorating effects of Si nutrition supplied as 2?mmol?L^?1 sodium silicate were investigated on hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants under salinity stress (i.e. 150?mmol?L^?1 sodium chloride). Salinity decreased plant growth parameters such as tissue fresh and dry weights. These decreases were accompanied by increased lignin contents, Na⁺ ion accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation and decreased chlorophyll contents in plants. Silicon nutrition, however, enhanced plant growth parameters and led to the prevention of lignin and the Na⁺ accumulation in shoots, reduced levels of lipid peroxidation in the roots and higher levels of chlorophyll. As a result of salinity, catalase activity in the whole plant and both soluble and cell wall peroxidase activities in the shoots decreased. Silicon nutrition, however, increased the reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of salt-stressed plants through increased catalase and cell wall peroxidase activities. Thus, silicon nutrition ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity on the growth of canola plants through lower tissue Na⁺ contents, maintaining the membrane integrity of root cells as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation, increased reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and reduced lignification.     

滨渤海平原植物群落分布特征初探

通过野外调查和室内分析,对滨渤海平原的主要植物群落结构分布特征及演替规律进行了研究。结果表明,土壤盐分是影响植被类型、结构、空间分布和演替的主导因子。     

Effect of phosphogypsum application and bacteria co-inoculation on biochemical properties and nutrient availability to maize plants in a saline soil

Phosphogypsum (PG), which contains Ca, P and S and has an acidic effect, may be applied to manage soil constraints such as alkalinity and salinity. For increasing nutrients bioavailability, biofertilizers are commonly applied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess PG effect either alone or in combination with the mixed co-inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on a saline soil. In a greenhouse pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.), the inoculated and non-inoculated saline soils were treated with PG at 10 g kg^?1 (PG10), 30 g kg^?1 (PG30), and 50 g kg^?1 (PG50). The soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC_e), and macro-(NPK) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) availability to mays were examined. Applying PG reduced soil pH and co-inoculation induced significant decreases in soil EC_e. Applying PG increased significantly soil available P. Applying PG combined with co-inoculation effectively increased the soil available K. The soil available micronutrients decreased significantly with PG. However, the inoculated maize treated with PG showed significant higher dry weight (82.1–127.4%) and nutrients uptake than the control. It could be concluded that PG along with co-inoculation may be an important approach for alleviating negative effects of salinity on plant growth.     

微咸水灌溉下地形对压砂地土壤水盐空间变异的影响

目的探究微咸水灌溉条件下地形对压砂地土壤水盐分布影响特征,为西北旱区压砂地微咸水灌溉水盐调控提供理论依据。方法以宁夏中卫香山乡红圈子村为调查区,选取微咸水滴灌种植西瓜压砂地,在滴灌结束8个月后采用大田网格取样法在平地和坡地上采集0 ~ 40 cm深土壤样品,测定土壤含水率和电导率,使用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究分析压砂平地和坡地土壤含水率和电导率的空间变异特点。结果压砂平地20 ~ 30 cm土层土壤质量含水率块基比为39%,具有中等相关性,其余土层无论是坡地还是平地其块基比均小于25%,表明压砂地土壤含水率具有较强的空间相关性。坡地0 ~ 40 cm土层土壤含水率分别为11.2%、14.33%、17.95%和19.02%,含水率随土层深度的增加而增大,半方差函数最优模型为球状或高斯模型,而平地除10 ~ 20 cm土层为球状模型外其余皆为指数模型。压砂坡地与平地土壤电导率均随土壤深度的增加而增大,0 ~ 30 cm土层土壤电导率小于平地,而30 ~ 40 cm土层高于平地,且其变异系数也大于平地。坡地土壤电导率半方差函数模型为高斯和球状模型,而平地除20 ~ 30 cm土层为指数模型外其余皆为球状模型。从土壤含水率及电导率等值线图来看,坡地坡顶位置土壤含水率低而电导率高,而坡底位置土壤含水率高电导率低。结论微咸水灌溉下压砂地地形改变了土壤水盐的空间分布规律。     

中国不同生态系统土壤硅的研究进展

硅是土壤和岩石的一种基本成分,具有促进植物的生长、增强植物抗性、参与生物地球化学循环过程、调节全球碳循环和缓解全球气候变暖趋势等方面的作用。本文在全面介绍土壤硅的形态、有效性及生物循环特征基础上,分析了我国不同生态系统中土壤硅及植硅体含量状况,阐明了影响土壤有效硅及植硅体的因素,重点阐述了近年来有关稻田土壤有效硅与水稻生长及森林土壤有效硅与林分植硅体形成关系,以及植硅体的形成机制及其在全球土壤碳汇中的重要作用,并提出需要进一步研究的问题,可为未来我国开展土壤有效硅与植硅体研究提供借鉴。     

中国不同生态系统土壤硅的研究进展

硅是土壤和岩石的一种基本成分,具有促进植物的生长、增强植物抗性、参与生物地球化学循环过程、调节全球碳循环和缓解全球气候变暖趋势等方面的作用.本文在全面介绍土壤硅的形态、有效性及生物循环特征基础上,分析了我国不同生态系统中土壤硅及植硅体含量状况,阐明了影响土壤有效硅及植硅体的因素,重点阐述了近年来有关稻田土壤有效硅与水稻...