低土壤肥力下秸秆还田和施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地（河北省廊坊市）,通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥（NPK）、秸秆还田（NP+St）和秸秆还田配施钾肥（NPK+St）,均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+StNPKNP+StNP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量; NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26,0.42,0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。     

低土壤肥力下施钾和秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地(河北省廊坊市),通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物-土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(NP+St)和秸秆还田配施钾肥(NPK+St),均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+St>NPK>NP+St>NP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量;NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26、0.42、0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。     

生物质炭和氮肥配施对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

施用生物质炭是提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的潜在有效措施。以菠菜为供试作物开展盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥配施对菠菜产量、组织中硝酸盐含量及养分（氮磷钾）含量的影响。生物质炭设3个水平：C0（0g·kg-1）、C5（5g·kg-1）和C10（10g·kg-1）,氮素3个水平分别为N0（0mg·kg-1）、N1（90mg·kg-1）和N2（120mg·kg-1）。试验结果表明,在N0和N1水平下,施用生物质炭显著提高了菠菜产量,增幅为16.6%～57.3%,而在N2水平下,生物质炭对菠菜产量无显著影响（P〉0.05）。同时,在N1水平下,与C0处理相比,C5和C10处理菠菜组织中硝酸盐含量分别增加了198.7%和233.4%;而在N2水平下,C5和C10处理的硝酸盐增幅分别为8.8%和46.3%。在不同氮素水平下,生物质炭的施用增加了菠菜对氮和钾的吸收,而对磷素吸收的影响不明显。总之,生物质炭与氮肥配施可以提高菠菜产量,明显增加氮肥当季利用效率。     

连续三年减施氮肥对潮土玉米生长及根际土壤氮素供应的影响

【目的】我国北方农业生产中氮肥过量施用现象较普遍,冬小麦?夏玉米轮作体系是当地主要种植方式。研究轮作体系氮肥减施对玉米产量、氮肥利用率、根系形态及根际中无机氮特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中氮肥合理施用提供支持。【方法】选择河北衡水潮土试验点冬小麦?夏玉米轮作体系,连续开展了三年田间试验,小麦收获后免耕播种夏玉米。冬小麦季设置N 0、180、225、300 kg/hm2四个氮肥用量处理,其夏玉米季相应氮肥用量依次设置为N 0、144、180和240 kg/hm2,为不施氮肥、减施40%、减施25%和习惯施氮量处理。分别在玉米生育期的苗期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期及收获期在处理小区随机选植株5株,测定玉米籽粒产量、地上部氮含量、氮累积量及根际土壤中无机氮等指标,利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据。【结果】与N240 处理相比,N144、N180处理连续三年的玉米籽粒产量、地上部含氮量与氮累积量、根系长度与直径、根际土壤硝态氮与铵态氮含量均未受到明显影响,而氮肥利用率显著提高,农田氮素表观损失降低。三季N0、N144和N180处理的夏玉米籽粒产量、非根际土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量出现下降。除2008年大喇叭口期之外,三季玉米所有生育时期中,施用氮肥处理的夏玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量明显低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米抽雄期,根际土壤中铵态氮含量显著高于非根际土壤,而在收获期,根际土壤铵态氮含量比非根际土壤明显降低。同一生育期,氮肥减施未明显降低根际土壤铵态氮含量。2008和2009年两季玉米籽粒产量均与大喇叭口期以后地上部氮累积量呈显著正相关,而2010年只与苗期和成熟期显著相关。2009年玉米根际硝态氮含量均与玉米产量呈正相关,生育后期呈极显著正相关关系,而除大喇叭口期非根际土壤硝态氮含量与玉米籽粒产量不相关外,其他生育期的非根际土壤硝态氮含量均与籽粒产量显著相关。【结论】在华北小麦–玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续三年减氮 25% 甚至 40%,未显著改变夏玉米根系形态及根际无机氮供应水平,氮肥利用率显著提高,但非根际无机氮供应水平和籽粒产量有下降趋势。因此,在河北高肥力地区小麦?玉米轮作下短期减少氮肥用量可行,持续减施还需进一步研究。     

减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O 排放的影响

2013年6月-2014年6月,在河南省新乡夏玉米-冬小麦试验田设置四种处理即农民常规施肥（F处理,250kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%（LF处理,200kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%+黑炭（LFC）,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对夏玉米-冬小麦生长季土壤CO_²和N_²O排放通量动态进行测定。结果表明：（1）夏玉米-冬小麦田的土壤CO₂排放通量为21.8～1022.7mg·m^-2·h^-1,土壤CO_²排放通量主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,在夏玉米季受土壤水分的影响更为显著,而在冬小麦季则为5cm土层处的温度对其影响更为突出。减施氮肥20%处理和减氮加生物黑炭共同作用使土壤CO_²累积排放量显著降低,小麦生长季的减排作用尤为显著。（2）施肥和灌溉是影响土壤N_²O排放的最主要因素,施肥期间N2O排放量分别占夏玉米季和冬小麦季累积排放量的73.9%～74.5%和40.5%～43.6%;施肥量主要影响排放峰的强度,灌溉主要影响排放峰出现时间的早晚且会影响不同措施的减排效果。在每季作物250kg·hm^-2施氮水平下减施氮肥20%使夏玉米季和冬小麦季的N₂O累积排放量分别降低15.7%～16.8%和18.1%～18.5%,是高产集约化农田减排N₂O的有效措施。在适宜施氮水平（200kg·hm^-2）下施用生物黑炭,短期内对土壤N₂O排放无显著影响。（3）夏玉米-冬小麦田农民常规施肥水平的N₂O排放系数为0.60%,减氮施肥的N₂O排放系数为0.56%。在华北平原高产集约化农田适当减氮施肥不仅能降低农田土壤温室气体排放,且对作物产量无影响,是适宜的温室气体减排措施。     

Biochar properties and soil type drive the uptake of macro‐ and micronutrients in maize (Zea mays L.)

The use of biochar in agriculture is a promising management tool to mitigate soil degradation and anthropogenic climate change. However, biochar effects on soil nutrient bioavailability are complex and several concurrent processes affecting nutrient bioavailability can occur in biochar‐amended soils. In a short‐term pot experiment, the concentration of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, B, Fe, and Na in the shoots of maize grown in three different soil types [sandy soil (S1), sandy loam (S2), and sandy clay loam (S3)] was investigated. The soils were either unamended or amended with two different biochars [wheat straw biochar (SBC) or pine wood biochar (WBC)] at two P fertilizer regimes (–/+ P). We used three‐way ANOVA and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) of transformed ionomic data to identify the effects of biochar, soil, and P fertilizer on the shoot nutrient concentrations. Three distinct effects of biochar on the shoot ionome were detected: (1) both biochars added excess K to all three soils causing an antagonistic effect on the uptake of Ca and Mg in maize shoots. (2) Mn uptake was affected by biochar with varying effects depending on the combined effect of biochar and soil properties. (3) WBC increased maize uptake of B, despite the fact that WBC increased soil pH and added additional calcite to the soil, which would be expected to reduce B bioavailability. The results of this study highlight the fact that the bioavailability of several macro and micronutrients is affected by biochar application to soil and that these effects depend on the combined effect of biochar and soils with different properties.     

Hydro-/Biochar application to sandy soils: impact on yield components and nutrients of spring wheat in pots

From hydro-/biochar application to soils positive effects on soil characteristics and as a consequence on yield of crops were expected. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of maize biochar and maize hydrochar (HTC-char) amendments treated with or without digestate, as well as a wood biochar, mixed with or without digestate and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, nutrient contents and quality of spring wheat. Therefore, a pot experiment was set up. Yield, yield components and quality were mainly influenced by nitrogen fertilizer. The application of HTC-char could have negative effects on yield and yield components of spring wheat. Hydrochar treated with digestate had no negative effects on yield of spring wheat.     

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。     

生物炭及炭基硝酸铵肥料对土壤化学性质及作物产量的影响

为了促进生物炭研究和农用,采用盆栽试验研究了两种生物炭基氮肥及相应生物炭对土壤部分化学性质、养分状况及作物产量的影响。试验结果表明：施用生物炭基氮肥可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,提高土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、土壤速效磷、速效钾和矿质态氮含量,增强土壤保肥能力,促进作物增产。生物炭对土壤化学性质和养分状况虽有一定改善作用,但作物增产效应不明显甚至减产。因此,将生物炭与肥料复合制成生物炭基肥料不但可以保持生物炭改良土壤的功能,还可促进作物生长和增产,有利于生物炭农用效益的提升。     

Cover‐crop seeding‐date influence on fall nitrogen recovery

Planting cover crops after corn‐silage harvest could have a critical role in the recovery of residual N and N from fall‐applied manure, which would otherwise be lost to the environment. Experiments were conducted at the University of Massachusetts Research Farm during the 2004–2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of oat and winter rye cover crops, and no cover crop, and four cover‐crop dates of planting. The earliest planting dates of oat and winter rye produced the maximum biomass yield and resulted in the highest nitrate accumulation in both cover‐crop species. The average nitrate accumulation for the 3 years in winter rye and oat at the earliest time of planting was 60 and 48 kg ha^–1, respectively. In 2004 where the residual N level was high, winter rye accumulated 119 kg nitrate ha^–1. While initially soil N levels were relatively high in early September they were almost zero at all sampling depths in all plots with and without cover crops later in the fall before the ground was frozen. However, in plots with cover crops, nitrate was accumulated in the cover‐crop tissue, whereas in plots with no cover crop the nitrate was lost to the environment mainly through leaching. The seeding date of cover crops influenced the contribution of N available to the subsequent crop. Corn plants with no added fertilizer, yielded 41% and 34% more silage when planted after oat and rye, respectively, compared with the no–cover crop treatment. Corn‐silage yield decreased linearly when planting of cover crops was delayed from early September to early or mid‐October. Corn‐ear yield was influenced more than silage by the species of cover crop and planting date. Similar to corn silage, ear yield was higher when corn was planted after oat. This could be attributed in part to the winter‐kill of oat, giving it more time to decompose in the soil and subsequent greater release of N, while the rapidly increasing C : N ratio of rye can lessen availability to corn plants. Early plantings of cover crops increased corn‐ear yield up to 59% compared with corn‐ear yield planted after no cover crop.     

Effects of Gliricidia Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer on Moringa Plant Grown in an Oxisol

Biochar (pyrolyzed biomass) has been shown to have potential in increasing crop yield, particularly in tropical soils. Little information, however, is available on how various biochar types affect crop yield in different soil types in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gliricidia biochar on the growth of moringa (Moringa oleifera) plant, which offers numerous medicinal and nutritional benefits to users. A factorial pot experiment was conducted to examine the effect of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) biochar (GB) and NPK inorganic fertilizer on the moringa plant. Biochar at five rates of 0, 22, 44, 88, and 176 g in combination with NPK 15:15:15 inorganic fertilizer at five rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 g were added to 10 kg sandy soil classified as Oxisol. There was a positive but comparable effect of applying gliricidia biochar and inorganic fertilizer. Tree height, stem diameter, and dry-matter mass increased with increase in application rates of the amendments. The main effects of biochar and fertilizer on different plant parameters were significant but the effects of the interaction of biochar and fertilizer were not significant. The results established that in places where inorganic fertilizers are limited, gliricidia biochar could be applied to produce healthy moringa seedlings.     

Farmer‐led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming

In extensive farmer‐led trials practicing conservation farming (CF) in three regions of Zambia (Mongu: sandy soils; Kaoma: sandy or loamy sand soils; Mkushi: sandy loam or loamy soils), we studied the effects of biochar made of maize cobs (0, 2, and 6 t ha^?1 corresponding to 0, 0.8, and 2.5% per basin) at different fertilizer rates of NPK and urea on crop yield of maize (Zea mays) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea). Conservation farming in this case combines minimum tillage (how basins), crop rotation and residue retention. For the first time, the effect of biochar on in situ soil nutrient supply rates [determined by buried Plant Root Simulator (PRS?) exchange resins] was studied, as well as the effects of biochar on elemental composition of maize. Effects of 0–10% (w:w) biochar addition on soil physical and soil chemical properties were determined in the laboratory. At all sites there was a consistent positive response in crop yield upon the addition of biochar. However, due to a great variability between farms there were no significant differences in absolute yields between the treatments. In the sandy soils at Mongu, relative yields (i.e., percentage yield with biochar relative to the same fertilizer rate without biochar) of maize grains and maize stover were significantly increased at recommended fertilizer rates (232 ± 60%) and at half the recommended rate (128 ± 6%), respectively. In addition, biochar significantly increased concentrations of K and P in maize stover. In situ soil nutrient supply rates as measured by PRS?‐probes were highly spatially variable with no consistent effects of the different treatments in the three regions. By contrast, the fraction of plant available water (Vol.‐%) significantly increased upon the addition of biochar in all three soils. The increase caused by 10% biochar addition was of factor 2.5 in Mongu (from 4.5% to 11.2%) and 1.2 in both Kaoma (from 14.7% to 18.2%) and Mkushi (from 18.2% to 22.7%). Cation exchange capacity, pH, and exchangeable K significantly increased upon the addition of 10% (w:w) biochar in all three regions with a subsequent increase in base saturation and decrease of available Al³⁺. Our findings suggest that the addition of biochar in combination with CF might have a positive impact on crop growth and that this positive effect is mainly caused by increases in plant‐available water and decreased available Al.     

Early season nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as a winter cover crop to conserve soil residual nitrogen (N) in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. Cereal rye, however, has agronomic drawbacks that may make other winter small grain crops more desirable alternatives. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a small grain that could substitute for cereal rye as a cover crop because it would give growers the flexibility of using it as a cover crop or growing it to maturity. There is currently little information on early season N accumulation of winter wheat cultivars, which is critical for the success of a small grain cover crop. To determine the degree of variation in early season N accumulation and early season biomass yield in soft red winter wheat in the mid‐Atlantic region, twenty‐five commercially available cultivars were evaluated at Beltsville, MD in the 1996/1997 and 1997/1998 growing seasons. Acereal rye cultivar ("Wheeler") was included as a cover crop control. Samples of plant tissue were taken at Feekes growth stage 5 and at physiological maturity each year. There were significant differences among cultivars for early season N accumulation and biomass yield. A large group of wheat cultivars had similar early season N accumulation and biomass yield as the cereal rye cover crop control. This suggests that some cultivars of winter wheat may be as effective as cereal rye as a winter cover crop. Early season N accumulation was highly correlated (r=0.90***) with early season biomass yield rather than with plant N content. These results indicate that soft red winter wheat has potential as a dual grain and cover crop and could be considered an alternative to cereal rye as a winter cover crop for conserving residual soil nitrogen in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States.     

添加生物炭对酸性红壤中玉米生长和氮素利用率的影响

Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving crop growth are not well understood. The objectives of this study were i） to determine the crop responses to biochar addition and ii） to understand the effect of biochar addition on N use efficiency. Seven acidic red soils varying in texture, p H, and soil nutrient were taken from southern China and subjected to four treatments： zero biochar and fertilizer as a control（CK）, 10 g kg-1biochar（BC）, NPK fertilizers（NPK）, and 10 g kg-1biochar plus NPK fertilizers（BC＋NPK）.15N-labeled fertilizer was used as a tracer to assess N use efficiency. After a 46-d pot experiment,biochar addition increased soil p H and available P, and decreased soil exchangable Al3＋, but did not impact soil availabe N and cation exchange capacity（P 〉 0.05）. The N use efficiency and N retained in the soil were not significantly affected by biochar application except for the soil with the lowest available P（3.81 mg kg-1） and highest exchanageable Al3＋（4.54 cmol kg-1）. Greater maize biomass was observed in all soils amended with biochar compared to soils without biochar（BC vs. CK, BC＋NPK vs. NPK）. This agronomic effect was negatively related to the concentration of soil exchangeable Al3＋（P 〈 0.1）. The results of this study implied that the liming effect of biochar improved plant growth through alleviating Al toxicity and P deficiency, especially in poor acidic red soils.     

Biochar application to temperate soils: Effects on soil fertility and crop growth under greenhouse conditions

Biochar (BC) application as a soil amendment has aroused much interest and was found to considerably improve soil nutrient status and crop yields on poor, tropical soils. However, information on the effect of BC on temperate soils is still insufficient, with effects expected to differ from tropical soils. We investigated the effects of BC on soil nutrient dynamics, crop yield, and quality in a greenhouse pot experiment. We compared three agricultural soils (Planosol, Cambisol, Chernozem), and BCs of three different feedstocks (wheat straw [WS], mixed woodchips [WC], vineyard pruning [VP]) slowly pyrolyzed at 525°C, of which the latter was also pyrolyzed at 400°C. The BCs were applied at two rates (1% and 3%, which would correspond to 30 and 90 t ha^–1 in the field). Three crops, namely mustard (Sinapis alba L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) were grown successively within one year. The investigated soil properties included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation‐exchange capacity (CEC), calcium‐acetate‐lactate (CAL)–extractable P (P_CAL) and K (K_CAL), C, N, and nitrogen‐supplying potential (NSP). The results show a pH increase in all soils. The CEC increased only on the Planosol. The C : N ratio increased at 3% application rate. Despite improving the soil nutrient status partly, yields of the first crop (mustard) and to a lesser extent of the second crop (barley) were significantly depressed through BC application (by up to 68%); the yield of clover as third crop was not affected. Only the BC from WS maintained yields in the range of the control and even increased barley yield by 6%. The initial yield reduction was accompanied by notable decreases (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and increases (Mo) in micronutrient concentrations of plant tissues while nitrogen concentrations were hardly affected. The results of the pot experiment show that despite additional mineral fertilization, short‐term growth inhibition may occur when applying BC without further treatment to temperate soils.     

长期定位施肥条件下作物光谱特征及养分吸收量预测

为了明确不同施肥条件下典型生育期冬小麦和夏玉米冠层光谱特征差异,该研究以长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,在确定典型生育期作物冠层光谱反射率与收获期作物地上部分主要养分吸收量相关性的基础上,建立收获期作物主要养分吸收量预测模型。结果表明,可见光波段相似生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与冬小麦相近,但在近红外区域平均高于冬小麦8.42%。生育中期2种作物秸秆、籽粒及地上部分氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)吸收量与冠层光谱反射率在可见光波段普遍呈极显著负相关关系,在近红外波段呈极显著正相关关系。全生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与作物吸氮量的相关系数在可见光波段基本持平,但在近红外波段平均高于冬小麦0.4152。全生育期夏玉米冠层反射率与地上部分吸磷量的相关系数在可见光波段和近红外区域较冬小麦平均分别低0.3621和0.2072。全生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与地上部分吸钾量相关系数在可见光波段平均低于冬小麦0.1270,在近红外波段高于冬小麦0.0341。除夏玉米吸磷量外,基于冬小麦和夏玉米典型生育期冠层光谱反射率建立的模型均可准确预测收获期作物主要养分吸收量,且对冬小麦养分吸收量的预测精度略高于夏玉米,该结论可以为黄淮海地区冬小麦和夏玉米的长势监测和肥料管理提供科学依据。     

生物质炭和秸秆施用对黄褐土生化性质及小麦产量的影响

以位于河南省方城县的黄褐土田间定位试验为平台,监测生物质炭和秸秆连续施用4 a后小麦拔节期和成熟期土壤性质变化及其与成熟期籽粒产量的关系,明确影响小麦产量的主要土壤生化因子。试验包含6个处理,即分别在不施用生物质炭(–B)和施用生物质炭(+B)条件下各设置3个处理:(1)对照(CK),(2)单施化肥(NPK),(3)秸秆还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。结果表明:生物质炭和秸秆施用对土壤生化性质和籽粒产量的影响基本上不存在交互作用。连续4a施用生物质炭后,小麦产量平均降低了17.4%。尽管NPK+S与NPK处理间平均产量没有显著差异,但它们比CK处理产量分别增加了33.8%和37.4%。采用偏最小二乘法路径模型(PLS–PM)分别分析了拔节期和成熟期的土壤速效养分、活性有机质和酶活性对产量的影响,发现小麦拔节期的土壤速效养分含量,特别是氮素的供应是直接影响产量的最为重要因子;而成熟期土壤生化性质对作物产量的影响比较小。因此,为防止黄褐土上施用生物质炭和秸秆后小麦产量降低,需要特别注意小麦拔节期土壤氮素的补充。     

Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake

Biochar has been suggested as a possible means for enhancing soil fertility, including soil potassium (K). However, understanding of the effects of biochar on soil K dynamics remains limited. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to investigate the influence of biochar application (0, 5, 10, and 25 g kg^?1 soil) on soil K dynamics and crop K uptake under a winter wheat–maize rotation in two types of soil (an Alfisol, which contained a high initial available K and an Entisol, which contained a high abundance of 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals). Changes in soil K in various forms following biochar application and cropping were determined, and their contributions to plant K uptake were evaluated. Soil microbial activity, especially the development of K‐dissolving bacteria (KDB), was evaluated to obtain insights into its effects on the weathering of K‐bearing minerals in the soils. During the wheat growth period, crop K uptake was more enhanced (13.6–40.5% higher) in the Alfisol than in the Entisol due to the higher availability of water‐soluble and exchangeable K, while K fixation occurred in the Entisol because of the higher content of 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals. During the maize period, crop K uptake was generally higher in the Entisol soil due to the release of non‐exchangeable K. In addition, biochar application enhanced the growth of KDB in both soils, which was associated with changes in soil pH and water‐soluble K. However, improved mineral K release was observed only in the Entisol. It is concluded that biochar application could be a feasible soil amendment to improve soil K availability, but crop K uptake responses may vary depending on soil types. Soils abundant in 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals tend to prolong biochar effects on crop K uptake. Biochar application enhanced the growth of KDB, which may facilitate mineral K weathering in soils with abundant K‐bearing minerals.     

适宜施氮量降低京郊小麦-玉米农田N2O排放系数增加产量

为明确京郊地区小麦-玉米轮作农田的N_2O排放特征,寻求既能减少N_2O排放又保证粮食产量的切实有效措施,以京郊地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,运用静态箱法对8个施氮水平的农田N_2O交换通量进行了连续一年对比研究,每季作物施肥量分别为N0(0 kg/hm~2),N1(50 kg/hm~2),N2(100 kg/hm~2),N3(150 kg/hm~2),N4(200 kg/hm~2),N5(250 kg/hm~2),N6(300 kg/hm~2),和N7(400 kg/hm~2)。在N0-N7施氮量条件下冬小麦季N_2O排放量为0.08~0.52 kg/hm~2;夏玉米季0.26~3.70 kg/hm~2。整个轮作周期,小麦季各处理N_2O排放损失率为0.05%~0.13%;玉米季0.78%~1.02%。在京郊地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中夏玉米季氮肥施入农田土壤后,土壤N_2O排放通量高于小麦季。京郊农田土壤N_2O排放通量表现出明显的季节性和日变化规律。综合考虑本试验条件下施肥量、N_2O排放量和京郊地区潮土农田小麦-玉米产量,研究认为该轮作体系中每季作物的施肥量为N4(200 kg/hm~2)比较合理,可为合理施肥及估算中国农田温室气体排放量提供参考。     

化肥与有机肥或秸秆配施提高陇东旱塬黑垆土上作物产量的稳定性和可持续性

【目的】明确陇东旱塬长期施肥黑垆土上春玉米–冬小麦轮作系统作物产量和水肥效应与降水年型的响应关系,为该地区不同降水年型的合理施肥提供参考依据。【方法】位于甘肃平凉的长期肥料定位试验始于1979年,试验设6个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化学氮肥 (N)、氮磷化肥配施 (NP)、氮磷化肥配施秸秆 (SNP)、单施有机肥 (M) 和氮磷化肥配施有机肥 (MNP)。调查了试验38年玉米和小麦产量,依据降水量将生育年划分为干旱年、平水年和丰水年,分析不同降水年型下春玉米–冬小麦轮作系统长期施肥的产量变化稳定性、可持续性和肥料贡献率,降水利用率特征,探讨不同降水年型下产量、施肥和降水之间的关系。【结果】与N处理相比,NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦在干旱年、平水年和丰水年分别增产89.8%～151%、108%～174%和52.1%～102%,春玉米分别增产56.3%～99.9%、81.3%～104%和105%～127%。年降水量对冬小麦产量稳定性和可持续性影响较小,对春玉米影响较大。与N处理相比,三种降水年型下NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦和春玉米的肥料贡献率和降水利用率均显著提高,其中冬小麦在干旱年、丰水年肥料贡献率和降水利用率分别增加166%～198%、520%～654%和100%～164%、53.4%～105%,春玉米分别增加161%～218%、262%～289%和56.0%～99.2%、104%～125%。相同施肥处理下,NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦平水年和丰水年肥料贡献率分别较干旱年下降9.9%～23.3%和10.6%～23.3%,而春玉米丰水年较干旱年和平水年分别增加6.0%～25.0%和20.4%～27.7%。NP、SNP、M和MNP处理冬小麦平水年和丰水年水分利用率分别较干旱年下降2.2%～26.6%和22.3%～37.7%,而春玉米分别下降了41.9%～49.5%和10.9%～24.4%。回归分析表明,不论年降水量多寡,冬小麦和春玉米产量主要受施肥量和生育期降水影响。【结论】陇东旱塬不论年降水量多寡,氮磷与秸秆或有机肥配施与单施氮肥相比,均可显著提高作物产量、产量稳定性和可持续性,并提高肥料对产量的贡献率及降水利用率。因此,氮磷配合的基础上配合秸秆或有机肥是保障该地区农田生产力可持续的有效措施。同时,不同降水年型应进一步优化施肥策略以获得更高产量。