土壤地力和长期施肥对潮土区小麦和玉米产量演变趋势的影响

为潮土区合理施肥管理提供依据,对32个长期定位点、24年（1987～2010）不施肥和化肥配施秸秆（农民常规施肥）处理的小麦和玉米产量及其与土壤地力和施肥量间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:潮土区土壤地力对小麦和玉米产量的平均贡献率分别为51.4%和54.0%,变异系数分别为39.0%和41.2%。不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量每年分别下降4.1 kg/hm2和96.6 kg/hm2;常规施肥处理的小麦和玉米每年分别增产61.5 kg/hm2和26.8 kg/hm2。施化肥量与作物增产量（常规施肥产量－不施肥产量）呈显著正相关。通过通径分析进一步证明,施氮量对小麦产量具有显著直接作用。同时,磷肥对提高小麦和玉米的产量具有重要作用。总之,在农民习惯耕作施肥管理水平下,潮土区不施肥处理的产量下降缓慢（含品种对产量的贡献）,常规施肥区产量表现出缓慢增加的趋势。     

有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

以24年(19812～004年)的肥料长期定位试验为基础,分析探讨了有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。研究结果表明,除增施秸秆外,增施化肥也能提高土壤有机质的含量,但同时增施化肥和秸秆更有利于土壤有机质的积累。在提高有机质复合量方面,施用化肥的效果好于施用秸秆,而有机-无机肥结合效果较单一施用秸秆或化肥都要高;随秸秆或化肥施用量的增加有机质的复合度逐渐降低,但有机-无机肥结合施用可以提高有机质的复合度。有机-无机结合有利于改善土壤的物理性状,降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤田间持水量和饱和含水量,增加了土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙。单施秸秆肥和单施化肥均有显著的增产效应,而化肥的增产幅度远远大于秸秆肥,有机-无机结合的增产幅度在同等施肥量下较单独施用秸秆或化肥的产量都要高。结果表明,有机-无机结合较单一施用秸秆肥或化肥能更有效地提高潮土的土壤肥力,提高作物产量。     

连续施用无害化污泥对沙质潮土土壤肥力和微生物学性质的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙质潮土为研究对象,选用经无害化处理后的城市污泥产物,通过2013~2015年田间定位试验,研究了不同城市污泥施用量对土壤肥力的影响,以期为城市污泥资源化利用提供理论基础和技术依据。设置单施化肥(CK)、CK+污泥15 t·hm~(-2)(CS1)、CK+污泥30 t·hm~(-2)(CS2)和CK+污泥45 t·hm~(-2)(CS3)共4个处理。主要研究结果如下:(1)连续定位试验结果表明,同一施用量污泥处理的土壤p H值随施用时间的增加呈下降趋势;土壤有机质(SOM)和养分含量如全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)随施用时间的增长呈上升趋势;(2)与CK比较,在2015年玉米季施用污泥各处理的土壤p H值显著降低了0.34~0.83个单位(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈反比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)下降最多;土壤SOM、TN、AP和AK分别显著提高了52.1%~166.9%、77.3%~177.8%、215.7%~486.3%和167.2%~379.0%(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)效果最显著;(3)试验所用污泥施用量范围内不会造成土壤和植物籽粒重金属污染,能够保持土壤环境健康;(4)与CK比较,施用污泥各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量均显著提高(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,并且季节不同也显著影响土壤MBC、MBN含量(P0.05);施用污泥能够显著提高土壤MBC/MBN(P0.05),说明施用污泥能够改变土壤微生物群落组成;(5)施用污泥,尤其是高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2),在保证土壤和植物籽粒质量安全下,其土壤培肥效果最优。     

有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用

以在山东禹城试验区持续近20年的定位试验为依据，对长期施用有机肥、无机肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的土壤养分演变进行了系统总结。结果表明，在同等施肥情况下，有机肥不但在增加土壤有机营养，改善土壤有机质质量等方面具有极其显著的作用，而且随着年限的增长，在增加土壤速效养分方面，有机肥的效果也逐渐超过无机肥。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.     

定位化肥牛粪配施对设施蔬菜产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用定位施肥方式,连续多次在同一保护地块化肥减量配施牛粪,通过大棚蔬菜种植试验,设置对照(CK,单施复合肥2250 kg/hm2)、低(L,66.7％CK+有机肥30000 kg/hm2)、中(M,33.3％CK+有机肥4500 kg/hm2)及高(H,单施有机肥60000 kg/hm2)4个不同化肥减量配施有机肥底肥...     

过量施用磷肥对红壤发育的水稻土化学性质的影响及其与水稻生长的关系

A filed experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejing Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P(15 kg P hm^-2)could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice,the contents of N,P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages,and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains,which,was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced,non-reduced and total sugar in the shoot at the heading stage, And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate, P de to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousead grains. In addition,one-time excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm^-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial(3.74mg kg^-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotaion,and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilzer P.Thus,one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.     

Effect of biochar amendment on soil physical,chemical and biological properties and groundnut yield in rainfed Alfisol of semi-arid tropics

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biochar and organic soil amendments on soil physicochemical and microbial load, carbon sequestration potential, nutrient uptake and yield of groundnut in acidic red soil under rainfed condition. Biochar was prepared from red gram, cotton, maize stalk and mesquite wood using pilot scale slow pyrolysis biochar unit. The above sources of biochar at the rate of 2.5 and 5 t ha^?1 and enriched farmyard manure 0.75 t ha^?1, composted coir pith 10 t ha^?1 and arbuscular mycorrhizae 100 kg ha^?1 were applied as basal with required nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizer. Biochar amendment at the rate of 5 t ha^?1 reduced the bulk density from 1.41 to 1.36 g cm^?3 and increased the soil moisture 2.5%. With respect to soil chemical changes, it raised soil pH from 5.7 to 6.3; increased the cation exchange capacity 1.4 cmol⁺ kg^?1 and enhanced the carbon buildup 4.4 t ha^?1. The significant differences in bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population were observed between biochar and control. The nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were better utilized under biochar and composted coir pith, which was 21, 5 and 20 kg ha^?1 higher than control. The experimental results suggested that application of biochar to acidic red soil favoured good soil physical, chemical and biological environment, and these positive changes influenced growth and yield attributes and enhanced pod yield 29% over control.     

生物炭的10年土壤培肥效应

大量短期的室内试验和田间试验研究表明,施用生物炭可以增加土壤碳固定,提升土壤肥力和作物产量,然而关于生物炭的长期土壤肥力效应尚不明确。为此,依托持续10年的生物炭的田间定位试验[4个处理:对照(CK)、生物炭4. 5 t·hm-2·年-1(B4. 5)、生物炭9 t·hm-2·年-1(B9. 0)、秸秆还田(SR)],研究了长期施用生物炭对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果显示,与对照相比,长期施用生物炭和秸秆还田对土壤p H值没有显著影响,但容重降低了2. 2%～8. 2%,施用生物炭的土壤电导率降低了1. 5%～7. 8%,而秸秆还田处理土壤电导率提高了4. 7%～13. 4%。施炭和秸秆还田使土壤有机质(SOM)含量增加57. 7%～123. 1%,总氮含量提高11. 3%～21. 9%,总磷没有显著性变化。不同处理土壤NH+4-N含量的差异不显著,而施用生物炭和秸秆还田土壤NO-3-N含量增加3. 8%～67. 1%,且高炭处理的效果显著。土壤有效磷含量显著降低了23. 1%～42. 0%,速效钾含量上升了2. 0%～23. 1%。总体而言,长期施用生物炭提升了土壤肥力,尤其是对土壤有机质的提升有显著的效果。     

不同有机物料培肥对渭北旱塬土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究了施用不同有机物料对渭北旱塬耕地土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,化肥与不同有机物料配合施用,土壤微生物学特性［微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶］以及部分土壤养分状况（全氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量）比单施化肥处理均得到进一步改善。化肥配施秸秆堆肥处理效果最明显,其中微生物量碳增加了41.96%,微生物量氮增加了54.55%,脲酶活性增加了19.71%,碱性磷酸酶活性增加了7.35%,速效磷增加了63.12%;而且土壤微生物量碳、氮与速效磷、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,微生物商（qMB）、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性与全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量呈显著相关;同时SMBC、SMBN、qMB等与作物产量密切相关（相关系数分别为0.85,0.74,0.82）。因此,化肥配施秸秆堆肥处理在渭北旱地雨热条件下对于全面提升土壤质量具有重要的意义;同时该区域土壤中微生物量碳氮与土壤养分状况、作物产量具有很好的一致性,可以表征土壤肥力状况及生产力水平。     

生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究

通过7年的生物有机肥试验表明:施用生物有机肥可以使作物保持良好的生长发展态势,促进干物质的积累;长期施用生物有机肥可以显著提高土壤有机质含量与土壤全氮、碱解氮的含量,提高土壤肥力,其中施用生物有机肥15000kg/hm2的处理有机质含量上升的最快,从1996年的1 26%升高到2001年的1 96%。施用生物有机肥可以持续稳定的提高作物产量。施用生物有机肥15000kg/hm2的处理冬小麦年平均产量比常规施肥和对照分别增产1808 14kg/hm2和3652 39kg/hm2;夏玉米产量分别增产2668kg/hm2和5062kg/hm2。     

氨基酸复合肥对盐碱土理化性状的改良效果

为了明确氨基酸复合肥对盐碱地改良及燕麦增产效果,探究连续2年在大田试验条件下施用A3(2250 kg/hm2)、A2(1500 kg/hm2)、A1(750 kg/hm2)和CK(0 kg/hm2)4个氨基酸复合肥对盐碱地土壤理化性状及产量的影响.结果表明,盐碱地施用氨基酸复合肥后,0～40 cm土层直径>0.25 m...     

稻壳基生物炭对生菜Cd吸收及土壤养分的影响

探讨稻壳基生物炭对Cd污染土壤上叶菜吸收Cd和土壤Cd形态的影响作用,明确稻壳基生物炭对土壤Cd污染的调控效应,可为合理利用稻壳基生物炭降低叶菜Cd含量提供参考。采用盆栽试验,研究了稻壳基生物炭在不同用量水平下对2茬生菜地上部Cd含量、土壤养分含量及Cd赋存形态的影响。结果表明,在5~25 g-kg-1用量范围内,稻壳基生物炭显著降低了2茬生菜地上部和根系Cd含量,且在最大用量25 g-kg-1时效果最好,地上部Cd含量分别比未施稻壳基生物炭的对照处理降低了19.6%和45.8%,根系Cd含量分别降低了36.8%和28.0%。在25 g-kg-1用量水平下,稻壳基生物炭对土壤p H、有效磷、速效钾及有机质含量提升效果明显,但显著降低了土壤碱解氮含量。施加稻壳基生物炭对土壤有效态Cd含量及Cd化学形态也有不同影响。随着稻壳基生物炭用量的增加,土壤NH4OAc提取态Cd含量和弱酸提取态Cd含量显著降低,在用量为25 g-kg-1时,分别比对照降低17.9%和10.4%,可还原态Cd含量无显著变化,可氧化态Cd含量呈减低趋势,残渣态Cd含量增加17.6%。因此推测,提升土壤p H、降低土壤有效态Cd含量、增加残渣态Cd含量可能是稻壳基生物炭降低生菜体内Cd含量的主要原因。稻壳基生物炭可以作为土壤改良剂,抑制Cd污染土壤上叶菜对Cd的吸收,改善土壤养分状况。     

古龙酸母液和北虫草废弃培养基混制有机肥对设施蔬菜和土壤肥力的影响

采用温室盆栽试验研究了不同用量古龙酸母液和废弃北虫草培养基制备的有机肥对设施黄瓜的增产效果及对土壤养分和微生物量碳的影响。结果表明,施肥量为15.0和30.0 t·hm-2时,黄瓜产量、株高、全株生物量分别比未施肥处理显著高出了118.79%、91.63%、443.30%和140.83%、196.32%、736.70%。15.0和30.0t·hm-2的有机肥将土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别显著提高了17.10%、25.97%、37.14%、30.28%和35.49%、83.37%、42.86%、60.55%。土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和微生物量碳随着施肥量的增加而增大,其峰值均出现在黄瓜生长的初花期,最低值出现在拉秧期或出苗期。综上所述,15.0和30.0 t·hm-2的混制有机肥施用量能够显著提高设施黄瓜的产量和土壤肥力,土壤肥力的峰值出现在黄瓜生长的初花期。     

Biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer affects soil properties and wheat yield in medium-low-yield farmland

Biochar combined with fertilizer as a soil amendment benefits to improving soil fertility, especially soil organic carbon and crop yield. However, the effect of biochar on the improvement of soil properties and crop yield was varied from soil properties and limited for medium–low-yield farmland in the North China. During the completely randomized field experiment, SIX treatments (biochar applied as 0, 15 and 30 t·ha^-1, under 240 and 300 kg N ha^-1 nitrogen fertilizer) were applied in wheat season and examined to reveal changes in the SOC and other properties of 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm soil layers. The results showed that two years after the application of biochar, a significant increase in the SOC was observed, ranging from 19.52% to 97.50% (p < 0.05) in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer. Wheat yield and SOC content increased with increasing amount of biochar applied under the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer. The content of soil available potassium increased significantly under 30 t·ha^-1 biochar application (p < 0.05). Both biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application could increase wheat yield, and the effect of biochar application for increasing wheat yield was better than that of nitrogen fertilizer. Wheat yield and SOC content increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer at the same amount of biochar application. The principal component analysis results showed that biochar input, SOC, available potassium and total nitrogen were the key factors affecting wheat yield. Biochar application is a fast and effective measure to improve SOC and wheat yield in medium- and low-yield farmlands.     

沼液化肥配施对芦笋地土壤肥力及芦笋品质的影响

针对芦笋种植过程中大量化肥长期施用所造成的土壤肥力退化和芦笋品质下降的问题,以沼液有机替代化肥来研究相同氮磷钾养分施用的前提下,沼液不同用量替代化肥施用对芦笋地土壤肥力及芦笋品质的影响。试验设不施肥处理（CK）、常规施肥处理（NPK）、沼液全氮替代化肥施氮质量25%、50%、75%和100%的处理,共6个处理,分析了沼液替代化肥施用条件下,沼液不同用量对土壤理化性质、微生物量、酶活性、重金属含量及芦笋品质的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥（NPK）处理相比,沼液替代化肥用量≥50%的处理显著增加了土壤有机质的质量分数32.7%～41.5% （P<0.05）,但其对土壤全氮、全磷和全钾质量分数无显著影响（P>0.05）;同时,沼液替代量75%和100%的处理显著提高土壤pH值0.72和1.0,并显著提高土壤速效钾质量分数48.6%和48.8%（P<0.05）,而其对土壤碱解氮和有效磷质量分数没有显著影响（P>0.05）。与不施肥（CK）处理相比,常规施肥、沼液替代化肥施用各处理均能增加土壤蔗糖酶的活性,但沼液替代化肥用量≥50%的处理均显著降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶的活性（P<0.05）,而对土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响均不显著。与NPK处理相比,沼液替代化肥施用显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的含量20.2%～61.2%和28.8%～162.0%（P<0.05）,但沼液替代量≥50%处理的土壤微生物碳/氮比值与NPK处理相比都显著降低了31.4%～38.6% （P<0.05）。常规施肥、沼液替代化肥施用对芦笋地表层土壤重金属Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,75%和100%沼液替代化肥处理芦笋嫩茎中显著增加了可溶性蛋白含量111.1%和155.6%,并显著提高微量元素Zn的含量27.8%和30.0%（P<0.05）。可见,沼液替代化肥施用能够显著提高芦笋地土壤有机质和速效养分的含量,促进芦笋地土壤肥力水平的提高,以及芦笋可溶性蛋白和Zn含量的提高,优化芦笋品质,其中以沼液替代量≥75%效果较好。可见,沼液化肥配施能够提升土壤肥力水平,促进芦笋品质的提高。     

Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production

Recently, biochar has shown to be an alternative to waste disposal and a source of nutrients, acting as a soil amendment. The effects of two types of biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production as well as potential for carbon (C) sequestration were evaluated:biochar produced from sewage sludge (SB) and biochar produced from a 1:1 mixture of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (MB). A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a sandy loam soil from the Brazilian savanna under treatments of MB applications at 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, SB application at 5.0%, and a conventional fertilization (CF) using lime and mineral fertilizers, with no fertilization as a control. After incubation for 45 d, seedlings were transplanted into each pot and cultivated for 55 d. Biochar characterization showed that pyrolysis reduced the biomass volume drastically, but concentrated the trace elements per unit of biochar weight. The MB treatments increased soil total C (by 27.8%) and pH (by 0.6), reduced the concentrations of nutrients, except for potassium (K), and chromium (Cr), and did not significantly alter lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations. Results of stable isotopes showed that all biochar treatments increased the total soil C stock and stability, suggesting a potential for application in C sequestration, and improved overall soil fertility. However, the biochar treatments also increased the concentrations of trace elements in the soil and plants. The sugar beet yields at 10.0% MB and 5.0% SB corresponded to 55% and 29% of the yield obtained in the CF treatment, respectively. These results may be due to biochar nutrients not being bioavailable when required by plants or to biochar nutrient adsorption.     

西藏青稞主产区土壤肥力现状与施肥对策

根据西藏首次土壤资源调查结果,对西藏青稞主产区土壤肥力状况进行了评价,分析了目前限制青稞产量和质量进一步提高的重要因素,重点剖析了生产上施肥存在的问题,并提出了合理施肥对策。     

生物炭与有机肥施用对红壤理化性质及氮素径流损失的影响

利用田间径流小区试验,研究生物炭和有机肥施用对白菜地土壤地表径流氮素损失及土壤理化性质的影响,设置常规施用化肥(CK)、生物炭配施化肥(B)、有机肥配施化肥(F)、生物炭+有机肥配施化肥(BF)4个处理,探究施加生物炭和有机肥对土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、团聚体以及氮素径流损失的影响。结果表明:B与F处理较CK处理均能显著提高土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,B处理提高有机质含量、阳离子交换量要优于F处理,F处理土壤团聚体稳定性要优于B处理,BF处理提高有机质含量、阳离子交换量及团聚体稳定性能力介于B、F处理之间;在整个生育期内,B、F处理均能降低氮素的径流损失,F处理降低氮素的径流损失要优于B处理,BF处理降低氮素的径流损失要优于B、F处理。相关分析表明,径流液总氮与>2 mm粒径团聚体呈极显著相关(P<0.01);径流液中硝态氮的损失量与有机质含量、阳离子交换量、平均质量直径、几何平均直径呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体占比呈显著相关(P<0.05);径流液中铵态氮的损失量与有机质含量、阳离子交换量显著相关(P<0.05);冗余分析表明,团粒结构的提高是氮素径流损失减少的主要环境因子。在植株收获后,各处理土壤全氮含量均有所提高,B处理显著高于F处理,BF处理位于B和F处理之间。综合考虑氮素径流损失和土壤理化性质的改变,生物炭+有机肥配施化肥效果