Effects of freeze and cold stress on certain physiological and biochemical traits in sensitive and tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes

An experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block (RCB) with three replicates. The aim was to explore physiological traits, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity associated with cold and freeze stress in four barley genotypes (two stress-tolerant genotypes and two sensitive genotypes). The genotypes were regarded as sub-plots and five temperature levels (namely 20, 4, 0, ?4, ?8°C) as main plots. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased through freeze and cold stress from 20 to 4°C. This increase was more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones. Subsequent to the increase in lipid peroxidation, the membrane stability index (MSI) decreased, thereby increasing the electrolyte leakage. The sensitive genotypes demonstrated greater reduction in the studied parameters. Upon the increase in the H₂O₂ content, the antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD also increased in order to collect and prevent H₂O₂ from damaging the cell and the plant. Compared with the sensitive ones, the tolerant genotypes indicated more increase in the enzymes. The H₂O₂ and MDA content decreased from ?4 to ?8°C, which could be due to intracellular freezing in the sensitive genotypes, but due to the detoxifying of the antioxidant enzymes in the tolerant genotypes. Compared with the POD content, the increase in the CAT content through cold stress was more, which could mean that it was possibly CAT which acted as the main inhibitor of H₂O₂ in cold stress in the barley plant.     

Significance of sulfur in heat stressed cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) genotypes: responses of growth,sugar and antioxidative metabolism

A sand culture experiment was carried out to study the effects of sulfur deprivation on heat stress tolerance of two cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) cultivars (GC-1 and Pusa Nau Bahar (PNB)). Three weeks old sulfur-starved and sulfur-supplemented plants were subjected to heat stress (45°C/35°C) treatment for 24 h. Total dry weight, chlorophyll content, Chlorophyll a:b ratio, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, H₂O₂ content, sugar, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), ascorbate and glutathione concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) were monitored, at the end of the heat stress treatment. Heat stress enhanced and sulfur starvation depleted the contents of sugar metabolites, but the accumulation of sugar, G-6-P and F-6-P were not related with heat stress tolerance. Antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were influenced significantly more by sulfur starvation than heat stress. The results showed that under heat stress, the addition of sulfur helps to mitigate the oxidative damage in both the cultivars. However, GC-1 was more heat tolerant as it was characterized by significantly higher total dry weight, chlorophyll content, ascorbate and glutathione content and lower H₂O₂, MDA, electrolyte leakage than PNB.     

Phosphorus amendment decreased cadmium (Cd) uptake and ameliorates chlorophyll contents,gas exchange attributes,antioxidants, and mineral nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Cd stress

A 28-day pot (sand culture) experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) application in alleviating Cd phytotoxicity in wheat plants. Different levels of P (0, 10, and 20 kg ha^?1) were applied without and with 100 µM Cd. The results showed that 100 µM Cd concentration decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and mineral nutrients in wheat plants. Cadmium stress increased tissue Cd and H₂O₂ concentrations. The activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD) enzymes, increased while the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbic acid (AsA), α-tocopherol, and phenolics decreased under Cd stress. Phosphorus supply increased shoot biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, and mineral nutrients and decreased Cd and H₂O₂ concentrations in shoots. Phosphorus application improved antioxidant enzyme activities and gas exchange attributes which emerged as an important mechanism of Cd tolerance in wheat. We conclude that P application contributes to decreased Cd concentrations in wheat shoots and increased gas exchange attributes and antioxidant enzymes and could be implemented in a general scheme aiming at controlling Cd concentrations in wheat for sustained production of this important grain crop.     

Effect of different forms of selenium on the plant–soil–earthworm system

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, animals, and certain lower plants, but at higher concentrations Se becomes toxic to organisms. The boundary between the Se beneficial effect and its toxicity is narrow and depends on its chemical form, applied concentration, and other environmentally regulating factors. Due to the potential risk of toxicity in higher concentration, the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of increased concentrations of different forms of Se on the response of the wheat–soil–earthworm system. Soil, earthworms, and wheat grains were exposed to the Se in form of selenite and selenate in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg kg⁻¹. As an indicator of oxidative stress in wheat, lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and total H₂O₂ content were determined, while antioxidative response was determined by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. The biomarker responses in earthworms were determined by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), and antioxidative enzymes (CAT and glutathione S‐transferase) activities. Selenite and selenate increased Se content in the wheat and earthworms, while selenate application was more efficient, indicating higher bioaccumulation of this Se form. Both Se forms did not cause significant changes in the LPO level and H₂O₂ content, while GPX activities were elevated in all treatments, suggesting that oxidative stress was not induced in wheat. In earthworms, Se significantly reduced activities of AChE and CAT at some concentrations, while CES activity was increased at all concentrations applied. This study showed significant impact of Se on measured biochemical responses in wheat and earthworms, indicating the disruption of homeostasis. Obtained results can serve as basis for further studies on Se effects and will help in including different aspects necessary for understanding of Se impact on different components of soil ecosystems.     

Effect of Zinc on Cadmium Toxicity-Induced Oxidative Stress in Winter Wheat Seedlings

Two hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the antioxidant response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cadmium (Cd)-zinc (Zn) interactions, Seedlings of winter wheat (cv. Yuandong 977), were grown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with the addition of increasing concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 25, 50 μM). In experiment 2, the seedlings of the same cultivar were treated with constant concentration of Cd (25 μM) and varying levels of Zn (0, 1, 10, 50 μM). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the activities of three antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were monitored to estimate the amount of oxidative stress and the antioxidant ability of seedlings treated with Cd and Zn for 10 days. The results showed that levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in experiment 1 were significantly increased with increasing Cd concentrations. The data indicated that Cd could induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the plants. While H₂O₂ and MDA levels were significantly reduced by addition of Zn in experiment 2, the activities antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. A concentration of 10 μM Zn appeared to be the optimal level in this experiment for seedlings' growth, chlorophyll synthesis and antioxidant status, indicating that Zn alleviated the oxidative stress induced by Cd.     

不同抗旱性小麦叶片膜脂过氧化的氮素调控机制

在田间条件下研究了施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片全生育期黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,施氮提高了叶片CAT和SOD活性,降低了XOD活性和MDA含量,以N180处理效果最明显,而且产量最高,表明N180处理对小麦膜脂抗过氧化能力和产量形成最为适宜;不施氮(N0)处理条件下,旱地品种较水浇地品种具有较高的保护酶系活性和较低的XOD活性、MDA含量。而适量氮素能够提高叶片保护酶系活性和降低XOD活性、MDA含量,所以氮素能够通过提高叶片膜质抗过氧化能力来增强小麦对干旱的适应。由于降低了超氧阴离子的生成量,使XOD活性降低和CAT活性提高,H2O2和MDA含量维持在较低水平,最终提高小麦产量。     

Investigation of the changes in low molecular weight organic acids and other physiological parameters by nitric oxide application in two wheat cultivars exposed to boron stress

Boron (B) is one of the essential nutrients for the growth of plants, but its high concentrations are toxic for plants. Thus, B toxicity is a big challenge in crop cultivation. Nitric oxide (NO) is a small signaling molecule that has cytoprotective roles in plants. We investigated whether exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which is a NO donor, may succeed to alleviate B-induced toxicity in wheat cultivars. Seedlings were grown for 10 days in a growth chamber at 25°C with 16 hr light–8 hr dark photo cycle. After high B application, the effects of SNP on growth parameters; electrolyte leakage (EL); changes in reactive oxygen species [contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline]; the activities of antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and nitrate reductase (NR); and low molecular weight organic acid (LMWOAs) contents and also chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents were investigated in both shoots and roots of two different wheat cultivars. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. 0.2 mM SNP application ameliorated the chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents, and growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, and fresh weight in both wheat cultivars exposed to B stress. SNP reduced the B-induced lipid peroxidation, EL, and proline and H₂O₂ content in wheat cultivars. SNP application also increased the activities of NR and antioxidant enzymes, including GSHPx, GR, and GST in wheat cultivars exposed to B toxicity. All of the tested LMWOAs including succinic, propionic, butyric, oxalic, formic, malic, malonic, and benzoic acids were increased by SNP treatment in the shoots and roots of both wheat cultivars exposed to B toxicity. In conclusion, results obtained from this study have demonstrated that interactive effects of SNP with B considerably reduced the toxic effects of B in wheat cultivars.     

Kinetics of Zinc Uptake and Anatomy of Roots and Leaves of Coffee Trees as Affected by Zinc Nutrition

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) (2.5 mM), sodium chloride (NaCl) (100 mM), and Si (2.5 mM) + NaCl (97.5 mM) supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ level, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1.), ascorbate peroxidase (APx; E.C.1.11.1.11.), catalase (CAT; E.C.1.11.1.6.), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD; E.C.1.11.1.7.) enzymes, and protein content were studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill c.v.) leaves over 10-day and 27-day periods. The results indicated that silicon partially offset the negative impacts of NaCl stress with increased the tolerance of tomato plants to NaCl salinity by raising SOD and CAT activities, chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency of PSII. Salt stress decreased SOD and CAT activities and soluble protein content in the leaves. However, addition of silicon to the nutrient solution enhanced SOD and CAT activities and protein content in tomato leaves under salt stress. In contrast, salt stress slightly promoted APx activity and considerably increased H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration and Si addition slightly decreased APx activity and significantly reduced H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration in the leaves of salt-treated plants. G-POD activity was slightly decreased by addition of salt and Si. Enhanced activities of SOD and CAT by Si addition may protect the plant tissues from oxidative damage induced by salt, thus mitigating salt toxicity and improving the growth of tomato plants. These results confirm that the scavenging system forms the primary defense line in protecting oxidative damage under stress in crop plants.     

Effects of drought stress on some agronomic and bio-physiological traits of Trititicum aestivum,Triticale, and Tritipyrum genotypes

ABSTRACT

Drought tolerance is a complex trait that involves different biochemical and physiological mechanisms in plants. It was the objective of the present study to evaluate the agronomic and biochemical responses of triticale, tritipyrum, and wheat to drought stress. For this purpose, twenty-seven genotypes were evaluated under two levels (non-stress and drought stress) of irrigation during 2015?2017. The metabolic traits studied included relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), carotenoids (Car), leaf proline content (Pro), leaf soluble carbohydrates (LSC), glycine betaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), seeds per spike (SS), seed weight (SW), biological yield (BY) and seed yield (SY). Drought stress increased Pro, LSC, and GB contents as well as lipid peroxidation through increasing MDA and H₂O₂ activities. However, both RWC and MSI indices as well as SS, SW, SY and BY reduced as a result of drought treatment although the least decrease of SY was observed at triticale group. During the two years of study, the tritipyrum genotypes exhibited their drought tolerance by accumulation of more LSC and GB as well as lower decrease in SW while the triticale ones responded by maintaining higher levels of RWC but producing less MDA and H₂O₂. It may, therefore, be concluded that the three species studied exploit different mechanisms to maintain tolerance against drought stress. Finally, correlation analysis indicated the positive effects of LSC on SY under both drought and normal conditions, which is obviously a promising trait in wheat, triticale, and tritipyrum that can be beneficially exploited in drought tolerance improvement programs.     

CO2激光与外源NO对低温胁迫小麦的防护效应

以冬小麦‘小堰22号’为试验材料,研究了CO2激光与外源一氧化氮(NO)复合作用对低温胁迫(4℃)下小麦幼苗自由基双氧水(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O2?)浓度,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性,一氧化氮(NO)及蛋白质含量,及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:与单独低温胁迫相比,外源NO处理后低温胁迫和CO2激光处理后低温胁迫都显著降低了H2O2和O2?浓度,提高了SOD、CAT、POD、APX、NOS活性,NO和蛋白质含量,促进幼苗生长发育。外源NO处理后再进行CO2激光辐射,虽然可以降低低温胁迫下幼苗H2O2和O2?浓度,提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX、NOS活性及NO和蛋白质浓度,促进幼苗生长发育,但其保护效应明显低于外源NO处理后低温胁迫和CO2激光处理后低温胁迫的效果。上述结果说明,NO对低温胁迫的防护效应优于NO和CO2激光复合处理。因此,建议在农业生产中单独采用NO处理或者CO2激光处理,可以促进农作物对低温胁迫的抗性。     

Influence of Silicon on Sunflower Cultivars under Drought Stress,I: Growth,Antioxidant Mechanisms,and Lipid Peroxidation

Abstract: Understanding plant responses to drought stress is essential, and there is a need to know possible physiological mechanisms of damage and drought avoidance for the genetic improvement of crops. Therefore, we investigated the effects of silicon (Si) on shoot and root growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal resistance (SR), lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), proline and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation, nonenzymatic antioxidant activity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) of 12 sunflower cultivars grown under drought conditions. Silicon applied to the soil counteracted the deleterious effects of drought in 6 of the 12 sunflower cultivars. In general, SR and H₂O₂, proline, and MDA content were increased in all the cultivars under drought stress. However, application of Si decreased their levels and alleviated membrane damage (MP) significantly by increasing leaf RWC. The CAT activity was significantly decreased by drought stress, but supplemental Si increased it. In general, SOD and APX activities of the cultivars were increased by drought and decreased by application of Si. The nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of the cultivars was significantly increased by Si under drought stress. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that applied Si alleviates drought stress in sunflower cultivars by preventing membrane damage, although the cultivars showed genotypic variation in response to applied Si.     

Investigative approaches associated with plausible chemical and biochemical markers for screening wheat genotypes under salinity stress

Twenty genotypes of wheat resulting from different crossings between some wheat parental lines were compared for salt stress (control and gradually increasing salinity). Ion content in root, shoot, and flag leaves and also the root and shoot dry weights were measured. Based on these results, eight genotypes among the twenty were selected as susceptible, semi-tolerant, and tolerant genotypes for evaluating their biochemical characteristics. Results indicated that concentration of sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) in shoot, root, and flag leaves of stressed plants were, respectively, higher and lower than that in the non-stressed plants. Overall, salinity stress caused reductions in root and shoot dry weights and relative water content (RWC), but enhancement in pigments content. Concentrations of the total carbohydrate, total protein, and soluble proline were higher in plants under salt stress condition. Salinity stress induced higher production in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and also higher activity of catalase (CAT) and ascorbic peroxidase (APX) as antioxidant enzymes, but lower activity of peroxidase (POD). Genotypes 4s, Arg, and 386dh had generally higher enzymatic activity and other tolerant indices, and hence they can be introduced as tolerant genotypes for more study by the plant breeders. On the other hand, genotype 278s was most susceptible based on the most results.     

钙对苹果果实超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性及其基因表达的影响

采用果实薄片培养试验研究不同钙浓度(0、1和10 mmo1/L CaCl2 ;5 mmo1/L EGTA)和处理时间(6、12、24和48 h)下苹果果实活性氧代谢特征;运用荧光定量PCR方法分析苹果超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）基因在分子水平的表达。高钙处理12 h后,SOD酶的活性显著增加,O2.-产生速率显著下降;高钙处理24 h后,CAT酶的活性显著增加,H2O2含量显著下降;缺钙处理下SOD酶和CAT酶的活性受到抑制,O2.-形成速率和H2O2含量显著增加。基因表达实验显示,高钙处理12h后,SOD基因的表达量增加,与SOD酶活性变化一致,说明SOD酶的活性取决于SOD基因的表达量;高钙处理12 h后,CAT1基因的表达量增加,而CAT酶的活性是在加钙处理24 h后显著增加,说明CAT酶的活性并不完全取决于CAT1基因的表达量,推断其酶活性还取决于该基因翻译后的修饰调控。上述研究表明苹果外源补钙通过在分子水平上调SOD和CAT1基因表达量来激活SOD和CAT酶的活性,有效减少体内活性氧积累,确保果实生理代谢平衡。     

Responses of wheat to zinc sulfate fertilizer and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria under cadmium stress in soil

Cadmium (Cd) is a major pollutant in soils as a result of extensive use of fertilizers, mining and industrial discharges. Zinc (Zn) and certain bacterial species have been known to alleviate Cd toxicity in plants. In this study, the individual and combined effects of the application of Zn and Pseudomonas species with the aim of reducing Cd stress in wheat cultivars were investigated. Plants (durum wheat and bread wheat) were exposed to different concentrations of Cd and Zn, and either P. putida or P. fluorescens in a growth chamber. Concentrations of Zn, Cd, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as antioxidant enzyme activities were assayed. The addition of Zn in soils reduced the toxicity of Cd in durum wheat more than in bread wheat even though there was more uptake of Zn in bread wheat. Analysis of variance showed that by using Zn fertilizer and Pseudomonas species the amounts of peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), MDA, and H₂O₂ were reduced at three growth stages. Surprisingly, with increasing Zn concentration, Cd concentration in plant tissue was slightly increased, which suggests that adding Zn to soil could facilitate Cd desorption from soil particles. Application of Pseudomonas and Zn could be a promising solution to reduce detrimental effects of Cd, especially in durum wheat.     

Jasmonic acid alleviates negative impacts of cadmium stress by modifying osmolytes and antioxidants in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

We examined the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in faba bean under cadmium (Cd) stress, which reduces the growth, biomass yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC) and pigment systems. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) levels increased by 2.78 and 2.24-fold, respectively, in plants under Cd stress, resulting in enhanced electrolyte leakage. Following foliar application to Cd-treated plants, JA restored growth, biomass yield, LRWC and pigment systems to appreciable levels and reduced levels of H₂O₂, MDA and electrolyte leakage. Proline and glycine betaine concentrations increased by 5.73 and 2.61-fold, respectively, in faba bean under Cd stress, with even higher concentrations observed following JA application to Cd-stressed plants. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase levels rose by 87.47%, 130.54%, 132.55% and 37.79%, respectively, with Cd toxicity, with further enhancement of antioxidant activities observed following foliar application of JA. Accumulation of Cd in roots, shoots and leaves was also minimized by external supplementation of JA. In conclusion, JA mitigates the negative impacts of Cd stress in faba bean plants by inhibiting the accumulation of Cd, H₂O₂ and MDA, and by enhancing osmolyte and antioxidant activities that reduce oxidative stress.     

La(NO3)3 对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

为探讨稀土元素镧(La)对牧草盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用, 采用水培法研究了叶面喷施20 mg·L^-1La(NO₃)₃ 对NaCl 胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗的生长, 提高叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)、O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 其作用随盐浓度的增大而增强。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量随盐浓度增大呈先升后降趋势, 可溶性糖和Na⁺/K⁺比逐渐增大, 质膜H⁺-ATP 酶活性逐渐降低, 过氧化物酶(POD)活性及POD 同功酶数量表达增强。喷施La(NO₃)₃ 处理可降低盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX 和质膜H⁺-ATP 酶的活性及POD 同功酶的表达, 使AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及幼苗生物量增加, Na⁺/K⁺比降低。表明La(NO₃)₃ 可通过提高抗氧化系统的活性和积累渗透溶质减轻盐胁迫伤害, 从而提高黑麦草的耐盐性。     

Silicon Increases Tolerance to Boron Toxicity and Reduces Oxidative Damage in Barley

ABSTRACT

Silicon (Si) protects plants from multiple abiotic and biotic stresses The effect of exogenous Si levels (50, 75, and 100 mg kg^?1) on the growth, boron (B) and Si uptake, lipid peroxidation (MDA), lipoxygenase activity (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12), proline, and H₂O₂ accumulation, non-enzymatic antioxidant activity (AA) and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD, EC 1.15.1.1; catalase, CAT, EC 1.11.1.6 and ascorbate peroxidase, APX, EC 1.11.1.11) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Increasing levels of Si supplied to the soil with 20 mg kg^?1 B counteracted the deleterious effects of B on shoot growth. Application of B significantly increased the B concentration in barley plants. However, Si application decreased B concentrations. Increasing application of Si increased the Si concentration in barley plants. The concentration of H₂O₂ was increased by B toxicity but decreased by Si supply. Boron toxicity decreased proline concentrations and increased lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and LOX activity of barley. Compared with control plants, the activities of AA, SOD, CAT, and APX in B stressed plants grown without Si decreased, and application of Si increased their activities under toxic B conditions. The LOX activity was decreased by Si. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that Si alleviates B toxicity by possibly preventing oxidative membrane damage, both through lowering the uptake of B and by increasing tolerance to excess B within the tissues.     

硅对水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响及其与白叶枯病抗性的关系

以感白叶枯病的水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare)为材料,在溶液培养条件下,研究了硅对接种白叶枯病菌后的水稻病情指数、叶片丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻白叶枯病的病情指数,防治效果达62.86%。接种白叶枯病菌后48 h内,施硅处理的水稻植株,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高;显著提高感病植株叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;促进过氧化氢(H2O2)在植物体内积累,加强膜脂过氧化作用。因此,硅可通过参与植株体内代谢,调节抗氧化系统酶活性,激发机体过敏反应(HR),增强植株对白叶枯病抗性。     

淹水条件下硝态氮对甜樱桃根系抗氧化酶活性和活性氧含量的影响

为探讨淹水条件下NO3-对根系抗氧化酶活性和活性氧（ROS）含量的影响,以美早/Colt甜樱桃（Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.）为试验材料,研究了NO3-在淹水过程中对甜樱桃根系抗氧化酶活性和活性氧含量的变化。结果表明,淹水过程中甜樱桃根系超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O2—)、丙二醛（MDA）含量变化皆呈先升后降趋势。加入NO3-,甜樱桃根系SOD、POD和CAT活性亦呈先升后降趋势,但均高于对照;而H2O2、O2— 和MDA含量低于对照。因此,淹水条件下,加入NO3-可以提高抗氧化酶活性、降低活性氧含量,从而减轻甜樱桃根系因淹水造成的伤害。     

盐分胁迫下控释尿素配施腐植酸对棉花幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为探究盐分胁迫下,控释尿素配施腐植酸对棉花幼苗生长特性和植株体内抗氧化系统的影响,以滨海盐化潮土(全盐含量4.5 g/kg)为供试土壤,设置普通尿素、控释尿素、普通尿素+腐植酸、控释尿素+腐植酸4个施肥处理,以不施氮肥处理为对照进行棉花盆栽试验,测定棉花植株生物产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片及根系抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、...