Improvement of wheat and maize crops by inoculating Aspergillus spp. in alkaline soil fertilized with rock phosphate

Aspergillus tubingensis and A. niger were isolated from the landfills of rock phosphate mines and tested for their efficacy to solubilize rock phosphate (RP), and improve plant growth and phosphate (P) uptake by plants grown in soil amended with RP. The results showed that they effectively solubilized RP in Pikovskaya's (PKV) liquid medium and released significantly higher amounts of P into the medium. A. tubingensis solubilized and released 380.8 μg P mL^?1, A. niger showed better efficiency and produced 403.8 μg P mL^?1. Field experiments with two consecutive crops in alkaline agricultural soil showed that inoculation of these fungi along with RP fertilization significantly increased yield and nutrient uptake of wheat and maize plants compared with control soil. P uptake by wheat and maize plants and the available P increased significantly in the RP-amended soil inoculated with fungi compared with control. These results suggest that the fertilizer value of RP can be increased, especially in alkaline soils, by inoculating P-solubilizing fungi.     

解磷细菌、磷酸岩和化肥对玉米和小麦轮作及其经济收入的影响

A two-year field study was conducted to test the effects of two phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pantoea cypripedii (PSB-3) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (PSB-5), inoculated singly or together with rock phosphate (RP) fertilization on maize and wheat cropping cycle by comparing with chemical P fertilizer (diammonium phosphate, DAP), mainly in the crop yield, soil fertility and economic returns. Inoculation of PSB together with RP fertilization increased the crop growth in terms of shoot height, shoot and root dry biomass, grain yield and total P uptake in both maize and wheat crops compared to the other treatments. Soil fertility in the context of available P, enzyme activities and PSB population in both maize and wheat crops was significantly improved with PSB inoculation together with RP fertilization compared to DAP treatment. The combined use of PSB inoculation and RP fertilization was more economical due to minimal cost and maximum returns. These results suggested that PSB inoculation along with RP fertilization would be an appropriate substitute for chemical phosphate fertilizer application in sustainable agriculture systems.     

溶磷真菌液体培养条件下对磷矿粉的溶解效果

Rock phosphate （RP） is a low efficiency P fertilizer that is directly applied to the soil and can be solubilized by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms （PSMs） in fermentation or soil conditions. This study investigated dynamic solubilization of 2 concentrations of rock phosphate in a liquid culture with different dosages of glucose by two fungal isolates,Aspergillus niger P39 and Penicillium oxalicum P66, from soybean and wheat rhizosphere soil. Although during the 20 day culture period A. niger P39 had a stronger ability to acidify the culture media than P. ozalicum P66, soluble P concentrations at glucose dosages of 30 and 50 g L^-1 with RP of 15 g L^-1 in the culture solution were much higher by P. oxalicum P66. The greater effectiveness of P. oxalicum P66 compared to A. niger P39 in the solubilization of RP was strongly associated with the production of organic acids. This study suggested that for RP solubilization the type rather than the concentration of PSM-produced organic acids was more important.     

盐碱地塔宾曲霉菌的解磷能力及其对小麦生长的影响

[目的]研发新型解磷生物菌肥,提高黄河三角洲盐碱障碍耕地作物产量。[方法]采用无机磷液体培养基培养的方法,从黄河三角洲盐碱化菜园根际土壤筛选得到一株解磷真菌CT1,即塔滨曲霉菌(Aspergillus tubingensis),对其解磷能力进行了深入研究。[结果]解磷菌CT1的解磷能力随发酵液盐浓度升高降低,当发酵液盐浓度在0.03%~6%时,发酵液中有效磷浓度可维持在523.5~338.5mg/L,且解磷菌的溶磷量与发酵液pH之间存在明显的负相关。解磷菌CT1在葡萄糖作为碳源的培养基上生长状况最好,在(NH_4)_2SO_4作为氮源的培养基上生长状况最好。接入解磷菌15d的小麦与未接菌的小麦相比,茎长增加了16.24%,茎鲜重增加了12.35%,根长增加了21.6%。[结论]解磷菌CT1对盐碱地小麦幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可作为提高盐碱地作物产量的新型解磷生物菌肥利用。     

Host–pathogen interaction of maize (Zea mays L.) and Aspergillus niger as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus deserticola)

This study was carried out to investigate the interaction of maize and Aspergillus niger as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Three quality protein maize (QPM) genotypes (ILE1-OB, ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB) and two market accessions (Ilishan and Shagamu) were evaluated in a pot experiment conducted under natural environment conditions at the Research and Teaching Farm of Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria. AMF (Glomus deserticola) in mixtures of soil and root fragments was inoculated at the rate of 15 g per plant, while maize was artificially infected with A. niger (15 cfu ml^?1) in each designated pots. The coefficient of emergence (COV), percentage emergence (% E) and disease severity were determined using standard methods. Generally, plants treated with AMF only produced the highest cumulative cob yield (18 g), followed by plants treated with AMF and A. niger (15 g) and then control (12 g), while the least was recorded for only A. niger-treated plants (4 g).     

不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响

研究不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响,为玉米生产中减肥增效提供经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。通过大田试验,设置不施肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、腐植酸有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(HF)、肥料增效剂+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(BN)、商品有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(OF)5个处理。结果表明:较CF处理,HF、BN和OF处理促进了玉米的生长,增加不同生育期的玉米株高和茎粗;有效改善玉米穗部性状和产量构成,玉米产量分别增加了11.12%,6.47%,14.43%,净收益分别增加了217.24,564.99,-506.46元/hm~2;提高玉米生育期内的土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量;提高了肥料利用率、养分偏生产力和养分农学利用效率,其中氮肥分别显著提高了8.15%,9.34%,14.08%(P0.05),钾肥分别显著提高15.92%,21.13%,29.36%(P0.05)。因此,HF和BN处理可以促进玉米生长,增产增效,提高肥料利用率和土壤肥力,为有玉米生产中减肥增效提供了经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。     

复合菌剂对小麦秸秆降解速率、土壤酶和土壤 微生物类群的影响

秸秆在农业上的有效利用日益受到关注。针对秸秆还田后腐解难的问题,本文选择7株纤维素降解菌种进行复配:拟茎点霉B3、茎点霉YY11、绿色木霉、里氏木霉、根霉、黑曲霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌。最终采用两种复配液体菌剂A(B3、YY11、绿色木霉和蜂房芽孢杆菌)、C(上述7个菌种),同时制作与液体菌剂A、C分别对应的固体菌剂B、D。探讨了复合菌剂对秸秆降解速率的促进作用和对土壤质量的提升效果。结果表明,4种菌剂均可促进小麦秸秆降解,改善土壤生物学特性,增加土壤养分,改良玉米农艺学性状。综合评价各个指标,菌剂B(B3、YY11、绿色木霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌;固体剂型)的表现最好,且玉米总产量比市售秸秆腐熟剂处理高20.72%。总之,本研究表明小麦秸秆还田后和联合菌剂使用能明显提高土壤降解功能,并且为实现经济可持续的农业管理方式提供了一种有应用前景的秸秆腐熟剂组合方式。     

长期施肥对盐渍化土壤肥力的影响

The long-term effects of annual fertilizer applications on the fertility of salt-affected soils under the rotation system of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and maize （Zea mays L.） are not well documented. In 1984, research plots were established to test the effects of annual applications of different rates of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） fertilizers on the fertility of a salt-affected soil （Typic Ustochrept） at the Quzhou Experimental Station, Quzhou County, Hebei Province, China. In October 2001, composite soil samples （0-20 and 20 40 cm） were collected from each plot and analyzed for soil fertility indices. Seventeen years of N and P fertilizer applications increased the soil organic matter （SOM） in the surface layer. With combined N, 270 （N1） and 540 （N2） kg N ha^-1 year^-1, and P, 67.5 （P1） and 135 （P2） kg P205 ha^-1 year^-1, fertilizer applications, total soil N mostly significantly decreased （P〈0.05）. Soil total P in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly （P （0.05） increased as compared to those of the other treatments. Rapidly available P （RP） in the 0-20 cm layer of the N1P2 treatment was significantly higher than those in the other treatments except the P2 treatment; and RP in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly increased as compared to those of the other treatments except the P1 and N1P2 treatments. RP in the subsurface soil layer （20-40 cm） of the P2 treatment （4.2 mg P kg^-1） was significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in the other treatments. Nevertheless, long-term N fertilization did not significantly increase the alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. However, in the salt-affected surface soils the application of combined N and P fertilizers over 17 years significantly （P〈0.05） decreased rapidly available potassium （K）. The results suggested that while under long-term fertilizer applications some soil fertility parameters could be maintained or enhanced, careful monitoring of soil fertility was necessary as other nutrients such as K could become depleted.     

长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变

为明确长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳和作物产量演变特征,依托始于1990年的灰漠土肥力长期定位监测试验,选择对照(CK,不施肥)、施氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配合常量有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷钾配合高量有机肥(h NPKM,有机肥施用量为NPKM的2倍)、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田(NPKS)6个处理,分析不同处理下土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量演变特征,探讨碳投入及有机碳与作物产量的关系。结果表明:1)长期耗竭种植(CK)、连续施用NP或NPK肥,灰漠土有机碳含量持续下降,年均下降速率分别为0.094 g·kg~(-1)、0.043 g·kg~(-1)和0.053 g·kg~(-1),表明施化肥(NP、NPK)不能维持土壤有机碳含量,不利于土壤肥力的保持。NPKM和h NPKM处理,土壤有机碳显著增加,年均增加0.360 g·kg~(-1)和0.575 g·kg~(-1),增施有机肥是快速提高灰漠土肥力的重要措施。秸秆还田处理(NKPS),土壤有机碳年均增幅0.006 g·kg~(-1),与NPK处理对比,秸秆还田虽没有大幅度提高土壤有机碳,但维持了土壤肥力。2)较CK,长期化肥有机肥配施(NPKM、h NPKM)显著增加了作物产量(P0.05)。与NP和NPK比较,长期化肥有机肥配施显著提高了小麦产量(P0.05),但玉米产量与施化肥处理差异不显著(P0.05),玉米产量以平衡施肥(NPK)的增幅最高,达到220 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。小麦的产量变异系数(29.1%~43.9%)高于玉米产量变异(19.0%~32.7%)。化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)处理的小麦增产幅度与高量施用有机肥(h NPKM)处理接近,喻示了秸秆还田对作物增产的作用不可忽视。3)碳投入与土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量有显著线性正相关(P0.05)。基于以上分析,在干旱区灰漠土增加土壤碳投入(有机肥或秸秆)仍然是最基本的土壤培肥措施。     

Fermentation of sugar beet waste by Aspergillus niger facilitates growth and P uptake of external mycelium of mixed populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Sugar beet waste has potential value as a soil amendment and this work studied whether fermentation of the waste by Aspergillus niger would influence the growth and P uptake of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Plants were grown in compartmentalised growth units, each with a root compartment (RC) and two lateral root-free compartments (RFC). One RFC contained untreated soil while the other RFC contained soil, which was uniformly mixed with sugar beet waste, either untreated (SB) or degraded by A. niger (ASB) in a rock phosphate (RP)-supplied medium. The soil in each pair of RFC was labelled with ³³P and ³²P in order to measure P uptake by the AM fungal mycelium, of which length density was also measured. Whole cell fatty acid (WCFA) signatures were used as biomarkers of the AM fungal mycelium and other soil microorganisms. The amount of biomarkers of saprotrophic fungi and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was higher in SB than in ASB treatments. Whilst ASB increased growth and activity of AM mycelium, SB had the opposite effect. Moreover, shoot P content was increased by the addition of ASB, and by inoculation with AM fungi. Modification of soil microbial structure and production of exudates by A. niger, as a consequence of fermentation process of sugar beet waste, could possibly explain the increase of AM growth in ASB treatments. On the other hand, the highest P uptake was a result of the solubilisation of rock phosphate by A. niger during the fermentation.     

长期定位施肥对丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in a field that had received long-term fixed ferti-lization (LFF) for 26 years.There were a total of 12 treatments in triplicates with different amounts of manure,urea,calcium phosphate,and potassium chloride.Rhizosphere soil samples of maize and wheat grown in the experimental field in Shandong Province,China,were collected in September 2003 and May 2004,respectively.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores were isolated and identified using morphological characters.Mycorrhizal colonization percentage,spore density (SD),species richness (SR),relative abundance (RA),and Shannon-Weiner index (SWI) were determined.Nineteen recognized species of AMF belonging to 5 genera were identified.Long-term fixed fertilization significantly influenced colonization percentage,SR,SD,and species diversity of AMF.The adaptability of AMF to soil fertility was different among species.Species richness and SD of AMF in maize and wheat rhizosphere soils were the highest in the nonferti-lization treatment (control) and lowest in the high manure + high nitrogen treatment (M₂N₂).The SWI decreased as the fertilization level increased except in the low manure treatment (M₁) on maize.Compared with the other treatments,Treatment M₂N₂ significantly reduced SD of Glomus,and the high manure + low nitrogen treatment (M₂N₁) significantly retarded sporulation of Scutellospora.Manure treatments stimulated sporulation of Glomus mosseae.Spore density of G.mosseae was higher in the high nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium treatment (N₂PK) than in the high nitrogen + phosphorus treatment (N₂P) and the high nitrogen + potassium treatment (N₂K).The SD of S.pellucida was higher in Treatment N₂K than Treatments N₂PK and N₂P.In conclusion,long-term fixed fertilization,especially with high levels of manure and N,decreased SR,SD,and colonization and changed the species composition of AMF.     

Influence of Organic and Synthetic Fertility on Nitrate Runoff and Leaching,Soil Fertility,and Sweet Corn Yield and Quality

Abstract

Organic farming practices have been reported to reduce agricultural pollution and improve yield and quality compared to conventional practices. Frequently, research has involved comparing completely conventional and organic farming systems over many years. This study was conducted to test whether the use of organic fertilizers versus synthetic fertilizers improved soil fertility and sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa Bonaf.) vigor, yield, size, and nutrient content and minimized nitrate (NO₃) leaching and runoff after a single growing season. Sweet corn vigor, yield, and nutrient content were superior for synthetically fertilized sweet corn compared to organically fertilized corn. Runoff NO₃ levels were similar regardless of fertilizer type. The use of organic fertilizers neither improved crop yield and quality nor reduced NO₃ loss after a single season. These findings are consistent with previous research that reports that more than a single season of organic management is needed to improve soil properties and increase yields.     

施氮和灌溉管理下作物产量和土壤生化性质

氮和水对作物生长非常重要,研究施氮和灌溉管理下作物产量、土壤性质以及它们的关系对我国农业科学有重要意义。本文以中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站为平台,研究了施氮(每季施氮150 kg·hm?2、190 kg·hm?2、230 kg·hm?2、270 kg·hm?2,以不施氮为对照)和灌溉(灌溉量达到0~20 cm、0~40 cm、0~60 cm土壤的田间持水量,以雨养为对照)管理下小麦-玉米轮作系统作物产量和土壤生化性质,以及它们之间的关系。研究结果表明,150~270 kg·hm?2施氮量对2008年、2009年玉米产量和2009年、2010年小麦产量无显著影响;灌溉对2010年玉米产量无显著影响,而2008年、2009年玉米产量随灌溉量增大而增加。尽管2008—2011年小麦产量随灌溉量变化趋势不一致,但与雨养相比灌溉提升了小麦产量。施氮在不同程度上提升了土壤全氮和速效氮含量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性、微生物生物量碳、基本呼吸和硝化势,稍微降低了土壤pH并大幅降低了速效磷含量(降幅48.7%~51.6%);灌溉提升了土壤全氮含量和脱氢酶活性,降低了全钾含量、脲酶活性、基本呼吸、硝化势。多元回归分析显示,某些土壤生化性质(全氮、溶解性有机碳、速效磷含量及微生物生物量碳氮、呼吸熵、硝化势)与2009年、2010年玉米产量很好地线性拟合。综上,土壤生化性质因施氮和灌溉发生不同程度的分异,因施氮和灌溉而分异的土壤生化性质能部分地鉴定作物产量。本研究方法可为产量主导因子的筛选及产量估算模型的建立提供一定参考依据。     

Potential use of rock-phosphate-solubilizing bacteria associated with wild rice as inoculants for improved rice (Oryza sativa)

A study was conducted to isolate P-solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere of three wild rice species and to test their ability to mobilize P from rock phosphate (RP). Inoculated seeds or seedlings of eight different strains were grown in soils supplemented with a P fertilizer mixture (PFM) consisting triple super phosphate (TSP) and RP, each providing equal amounts of P₂O₅. Crop growth, NaHCO₃-extractable P, crop P uptake and yield were compared with two uninoculated controls, with either TSP or PFM added. In the pot experiment, P availability varied from 20 to 48 mg P kg^?1 soil. Yields ranged between 4.8 and 6.6 g per pot and were not significantly different between treatments. In the field experiment, shoot P accumulation in inoculated and TSP-control treatments at the heading stage ranged between 79–129 mg and 219 mg per pot, respectively. Dual inoculants comprising Staphylococcus scirui, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus cereus increased yield by about 29% over PFM-controls (324 g m^?2) but those yields were 21% lower than TSP-controls (510 g m^?2). Therefore, application of inoculants combined with PFM is not a viable alternative for TSP under the tested conditions because yield was limited by the P availability.     

Enhancement of Growth and Yield of Glycine max Plants with Inoculation of Phosphate Solubilizing Fungus Aspergillus niger K7 and Biochar Amendment in Soil

Addition of biochar in agriculture soil and bioinoculation of several fungi have been proved to benefit the growth and yield of crops; however, these have been mostly studied separately. Therefore, to perceive the effect of biochar along with Aspergillus niger K7, the present investigation was planned in soybean. Maximum solubilization was found at 20°C in vitro. Further, the strain was morphologically and molecularly identified. In plant-soil experiment, all the treatments showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth, root nodulation, and yield of soybean plants; however, biochar supplemented with K7 treatment was the best. Hence, it can be concluded that the addition of both bioinoculant and biochar simultaneously can be a good practice to improve soil fertility and crop yield. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on comparative study of the effect of biochar and phosphorus (P)-solubilizing K7 strain on growth, yield and P uptake in soybean plants grown in Kumaon Himalayas.     

Fertilizer Economy through Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi under Soil-Test Crop Response Targeted Yield Model in Maize–Wheat–Maize Crop Sequence in Himalayan Acid Alfisol

The effect of three vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) cultures with or without inorganic phosphorus (P) was studied in a maize–wheat–maize crop sequence in a P-deficient acidic Alfisol. Application of these three VAM cultures (Glomus mosseae, developed by CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur; Glomus intraradices, developed by the Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi; and Glomus mosseae, developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi) alone or with 25% to 75% of recommended P₂O₅ dose based on soil-test crop response (STCR) precision model along with 100% of recommended nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) caused significantly greater grain and straw yield, NPK uptake, and soil nutrient buildup over the control and also increased crop yield and NPK uptake consistently and significantly with increases in applied P from 25% to 75% P₂O₅ dose. Results implied that application of either of the three VAM cultures with 75% P₂O₅ dose can economize the yield-targeted fertilizer P dose to the extent of about one fourth of the P requirement in maize–wheat–maize crop sequence without impairing yield targets and soil fertility in a P-deficient acidic alfisol.     

Long-Term Sulfur Fertilization: Effects on Crops and Residual Effects in a No-Till System of Argentinean Pampas

A long-term experiment has been conducted between 2001 and 2008 at Balcarce, Argentina, to determine the effect of sulfur (S) fertilization on S concentration in grains, crop yield, and residual S in soil. Two treatments were evaluated: annual S application to crops (15 kg ha^?1; S1) and a control with no S fertilization (S0). Sulfur fertilization only increased wheat yield (22% of the crops in the experiment). However, S application increased S concentration in grains in wheat, soybean, and maize (56% of the crops). Although, for all years, the S mass balance was positive for S1 and negative for S0, no differences in soil S extracted as sulfate (S-SO₄ ^?2) content previous to the crop sown were determined. The absence of differences in S accumulation in aboveground vegetative biomass and grain of the maize used as a check also suggest that long-term S fertilization did not affect the soil S availability for crops.     

河北省低平原区近16年来农田施肥量、作物产量和养分效率的变化特征

为阐明近16年来河北省低平原区农田养分管理措施对作物产量和养分效率的影响,提高农田养分管理技术水平,对1998~2014年在河北省开展的6个土壤肥力定位监测试验进行了统计分析。结果发现,河北省低平原区小麦氮、磷、钾肥施用量一直维持在较高的水平,年平均施用量分别为315.2、199.5和173.2 kg/hm~2。玉米施肥量逐年增加,2014年氮、磷、钾施用量分别为247.0、69.8和128.5 kg/hm~2。小麦、玉米施肥区产量分别较1998年提升了40.7%和72.4%,小麦无肥区没有明显增产,玉米无肥区产量提高了36.1%。施肥量增加对小麦产量没有明显的影响,但对玉米产量增加有显著的促进作用,其中氮素是影响玉米产量的最主要因素。小麦的氮肥偏生产力和农学效率因施肥量较高在过去16年间没有明显的变化,而玉米则随时间和施肥量的增加呈下降趋势。土壤基础地力对小麦、玉米产量的贡献率呈逐年下降的趋势。     

长期施肥下我国灌淤土粮食产量和土壤养分的变化

【目的】 灌淤土是我国西北地区重要的粮食和经济作物土壤。了解灌淤土上作物产量的变化,及其对长期施肥的响应,以及灌淤土生产力的变化与其氮磷钾含量的关系,为西北地区作物增产和灌淤土培肥与可持续利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 1988到2004年间,在宁夏银川市、吴忠市、石嘴山市和新疆和田市典型灌淤土区域陆续建立了7个国家耕地质量监测点。2016年,利用时间趋势分析法,探讨了作物产量随时间的变化趋势,分析了长期不施肥和常规施肥条件下,玉米、小麦和水稻产量、产量变异系数、可持续性指数、增产率及地力贡献指数的变化特征,并进一步探讨了增产率与土壤养分的关系。 【结果】 灌淤土上小麦产量随时间呈现递增的趋势,在2004年达到最高 (7.58 t/hm2),之后保持稳定,2016年约为初始年产量的3倍;玉米产量随时间一直呈递增趋势,2016年平均产量为9.8 t/hm2,约为初始年的两倍;水稻产量近年来变化不大。与不施肥相比,常规施肥下小麦、玉米 (28年间) 和水稻 (8年间) 分别平均增产3.43倍、3.20倍和1.21倍,产量可持续性指数分别提高了18.8%、148%和13.9%。监测以来,小麦和玉米农田的地力贡献指数略有下降,但变化不显著。水田的地力贡献指数以每年0.0125的速率增加。28年间,常规施肥使土壤全氮含量从0.4 g/kg提高到1.1 g/kg,有效磷和速效钾含量变化不大。小麦与玉米的增产率与土壤全氮含量呈显著直线正相关关系,小麦、玉米和水稻的平均氮肥农学效率分别为9.8、16.8和27.4 kg/kg。 【结论】 灌淤土上常规施肥 (主要是氮肥)有效提高了玉米、小麦和水稻的产量。土壤全氮含量呈增加趋势,有效磷和有效钾含量基本平稳。土壤肥力对玉米和小麦产量的贡献呈下降趋势,对水稻产量的贡献高且平稳。因此,灌淤土应在合理施用氮肥的同时,注重采取提升地力,实现作物的高产和高效。      

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中标记15N的去向及残效

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ¹⁵N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 (N360), a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 (N120) led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases (P < 0.05) of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N) in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered agronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.