Promotion of the seed germination and seedling growth of cabbage by root-colonizing fungi isolated from oat and Eucalyptus roots

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 265–272, 2006)

We isolated fungi colonizing oat (Avena sativa L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) roots to select the strains that promote the seed germination and seedling growth of cabbage. Twenty-nine strains were inoculated into the soil which grows cabbage seedlings. This inoculation test was repeated three times. From the results of the test, we found that MT0011 and EU0013 strains promoted seed germination. In the first inoculation test, seven strains increased the dry weight of cabbage seedling significantly compared with the control. In the second test with the strains that promoted cabbage growth, MT0008 and EU0013 strains significantly increased the dry weight of seedlings. In the third test, only EU0013 significantly increased seedling growth. The ITS region for DNA (ITS1-5·8SrDNA-ITS2) of 28 isolated strains were sequenced to examine the molecular phylogeny. Isolates were classified into two divisions, Zygomycota and Ascomycota. Nine strains showed the highest similarities with same accession number AF504832 (Uncultured fungus clone D50). MT0011 was clustered with fungi belonging to Drechela sp. from the sequence data on the rDNA ITS region. EU0013 was identified as Penicillium sp. from the morphological feature conidiophore and the sequence of the ITS region.     

Effects of water magnetic treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat

In this research, effects of magnetic field strength (400, 500 and 600?mT) and type of water (distilled and saline water) was studied on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. Results showed that the magnetic field intensity and type of treated water had significant effects on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. The morphological properties of treated plants were improved compared with controlled ones. Experimental results showed that germination rate of the seeds treated by 400?mT using distilled water had the highest amount (53.3%) and it was the lowest (20%) for control seeds using groundwater. Distilled water affected in 400?mT field and control groundwater resulted in the highest and lowest amounts of root length (155.3 and 20.0?mm, respectively). Seedling fresh weight had the highest amount for treated distilled water with 600?mT magnetic field.     

种子引发对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以“Tx623A”ד89-363”(Sb1, 耐盐性较弱)和“黑30A”ד大粒早”(Sb2, 耐盐性较强)2 个高粱杂交组合为试验材料, 利用100 mmol·L^-1?NaCl 溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用营养液沙培试验, 设4 个NaCl 浓度(0、50 mmol·L^-1、100 mmol·L^-1和150 mmol·L^-1)模拟盐胁迫, 研究种子引发处理对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 随着盐胁迫强度增加, 无论经引发处理还是未经引发处理2 个高粱杂交组合种子的出苗时间均明显延迟, 出苗率和成苗率下降, 幼苗生长受到抑制, 物质积累减少。同等盐胁迫强度下,引发处理与未引发处理相比, 种子出苗时间缩短, 出苗率和成苗率提高, 幼苗地上部分干、鲜重和地下部分干、鲜重增加, 光合色素含量升高, Na⁺/K⁺值显著降低。由此得出, 种子引发处理可以不同程度地促进盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发, 减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害, 促进幼苗生长, 提高耐盐性; 耐盐性不同的品种引发效果存在差异, 对耐盐性较弱的品种引发效果更好。     

Seed priming in nanoparticles of water treatment residual can increase the germination and growth of cucumber seedling under salinity stress

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of the nanoparticles of water treatment residuals (nWTRs) and salt stress on germination and growth parameters of cucumber seedling. The interaction between three nWTRs treatments (0, 500, and 1000 mgL^?1) nWTRs and five saline solution (fresh water: sea water) treatments had 0.70, 2, 3, 6, and 11?dSm^?1 were studied. The results revealed that increasing salinity levels significantly reduced the percentage of germination (GP) for the primed seeds treated in fresh water and nWTRs. The GP reduction was higher in seeds primed in fresh water compared to which primed in nWTRs. Salt stress negatively affected radicle length of cucumber seedling for both priming treatments. However, this impact was more pronounced for the primed seeds treated in fresh water than which treated in nWTRs at high salinity stress. Priming in nWTRs significantly decreased the root radius of cucumber seedlings, and the1000 mgL^?1 priming treatment obtained a lowest value of radicle radius. Increasing salt concentration in culture medium reduced total biomass of cucumber seedling, however for the primed seeds treated in nWTRs, the total biomass was increased in comparison with which treated in fresh water. Salt tolerance and vigor indices were significantly (p?<?0.01) affected by salinity levels, nWTRs treatments and their interaction. It can be concluded that nWTRs are ameliorating materials for plant growth under salt stress conditions.     

Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency

Low‐input production of barley on the predominantly calcareous soils in most countries of West Asia and North Africa is affected by drought and a low availability of P and Zn. Especially during the early growth stages, P and Zn deficiencies retard seedling growth, rendering the young plantlets particularly sensitive to the frequently encountered dry spells. Seed priming (soaking in water and drying back to storage moisture until use) has been shown to improve crop establishment and, in some instances, to increase crop yields. While increased seedling vigor will improve barley establishment, possible benefits are likely to be limited when P and Zn are deficient. A promising variation of the priming concept is the seed treatment with solutions containing the limiting nutrient. A series of experiments was conducted in a phytotron in 2003 to develop a nutrient‐priming approach to foster the establishment of barley under marginal growing conditions. Seeds of the traditional barley cultivar Arabi aswad were soaked for 0–48 hours in water and for 12 hours in solutions containing 5–500 mM P, Zn, and P+Zn, and dried back to 12% moisture until further use. Seeds were incubated at 10°C, and germination was evaluated over a 6‐ to 8‐day period. Additionally, growth and nutrient uptake of 4‐week‐old seedlings, grown at 25% and 100% field capacity in a typical Xerosol from Syria were evaluated. Water priming for 12 hours with subsequent seed storage of up to 9 weeks increased germination rate from 65% to 95%, and advanced germination by up to 3 days compared to unprimed seeds. Addition of 10 mM Zn and 50 mM P to the priming solution increased the P and Zn content of the seeds without affecting germination. It furthermore significantly stimulated growth and P and Zn uptake by 4‐week‐old seedlings and improved the water use efficiency of drought‐stressed plants by 44% above that of unprimed seeds.     

微咸水对冬小麦萌发及苗期生长发育的影响

华北地区冬春干旱日益频繁, 而环渤海区微咸水资源丰富。探讨微咸水在冬小麦造墒或冬灌中应用的可行性, 对充分利用该区域的微咸水资源具有重要意义。本研究以华北地区不同生态型冬小麦品种(水旱兼用型“石家庄8号”、旱作型“晋麦47”和抗盐型“小偃81”)为试验材料, 采用盆栽方式, 分析了微咸水对冬小麦萌发和苗期生长发育及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 微咸水对“石家庄8号”和“小偃81”的萌发无影响, 使“晋麦47”的发芽势和发芽率显著降低, 而3个品种冬小麦的胚芽鲜重对微咸水处理无响应。微咸水处理抑制冬小麦根系的生长, 而促进了地上部的生长, 使“石家庄8号”、“小偃81”和“晋麦47”的根冠比分别降低51.6%、32.3%和36.8%, 使叶绿素含量分别提高38.5%、26.0%和12.9%。微咸水促进冬小麦的地上部生长, 提高冬小麦的水分利用效率, 但是对冬小麦苗期的根系生长有抑制作用。微咸水处理提高3个品种冬小麦的水分利用效率, 主要是由于降低了冬小麦的单株耗水量。     

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO₃ , CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.     

大气压等离子体处理对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

利用自制大气压等离子体装置对黄瓜种子进行处理,研究了不同电压的大气压等离子体处理对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明：在5610～7310 V电压范围内,等离子体处理对种子的影响较明显,与对照相比其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数显著提高,增幅分别为8.22%～52.94%、2.21%～9.55%、5.37%～35.32%、4.72%～104.72%,种子α-淀粉酶活性提高,电导率降低。同时等离子体处理也提高了幼苗的出苗速度,幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部鲜(干)质量、地下部鲜(干)质量、根体积也有不同程度的增加。幼苗的根活力、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性分别比对照提高15.96%～34.37%、4.09%～27.04%、4.24%～16.58%。从本试验研究结果看,6290 V和6630 V电压处理效果较佳。     

铬Cr^6＋对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度的铬(Cr6 )对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,六价铬对水稻种子的萌发及出苗都有不良影响;幼苗随着铬(Cr6 )浓度的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降,但水培较土培所引起铬的危害起始浓度更小,失绿症状更严重。     

Impact of micronutrient seed priming on germination,growth, development,nutritional status and yield aspects of plants

The present review article is dealing with the potentiality of micronutrients in terms of seed priming treatment and its effect within the plant system is considered. Since last 3 to 4 decades various scientists are working with different planting methods and introduced several seed invigoration techniques, one of them is seed priming. Seed priming is basically a restricted hydration treatment with appropriate timing, in which seeds are treated with various types of organic and inorganic compounds. Whereas in this review, we have discussed the potential of different micronutrients in seed priming treatments for escalating crop growth, development and grain yield. Micronutrient priming has several beneficial effects in the morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of the plants. In most cases, micronutrient application through seed treatment has astonishingly performed better than other application methods. Being an easy and cost effective method of micronutrient application, seed priming offer an attractive option for resource-poor farmers.     

模拟气候变化对2针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

气候变化影响林木早期生长,设置温度和水分的双因素三水平控制实验,研究山西气候变化对关帝山林区2种针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响作用.结果表明,增温2℃和降水量增加20％利于这2树种种子出苗:出苗稳定期提前,出苗率提高;但增温6℃,降水减少20％时,种子出苗稳定期延迟,出苗率降低.气候变化对2树种的影响作用不同:华北落叶松对暖干化气候更敏感,增温或减少降水时,该种幼苗的死亡率大幅增加,苗高降低;温度和降水量变化对油松幼苗存活率和地上生长的影响作用不明显.降水量减少条件下的增温,促进华北落叶松和油松幼苗的主根和侧根伸长.发生土壤干旱时,华北落叶松和油松幼苗生长策略改变,优先满足根系生长.暖干化气候不利于华北落叶松种群的更新,生长季高温降低了幼苗适应性,即使降水量增加亦不能缓解.     

氮素对NaCl胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长与生理的影响

为了研究NaCl胁迫下氮肥对甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长和生理特性的影响,探索提高甜高粱耐盐能力的措施,室内设置不同盐分浓度、不同氮源及浓度条件下甜高粱萌芽试验。结果表明:NaCl胁迫和不同氮源对甜高粱发芽和芽苗生长的影响各有不同。NaCl浓度对甜高粱种子萌发有显著影响,在甜高粱芽苗生长阶段,通过提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质而增强耐盐伤害能力是有限的。100 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,根系POD活性最低,而叶片MDA积累量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最高,受盐害程度最大。没有盐胁迫情况下增加不同氮源及氮量对甜高粱根叶生理特性的影响差异显著,当氮浓度在20 mmol.L 1时,细胞受伤害程度最低,生长最好。不同形态氮源对甜高粱发芽和幼苗生长的影响差异明显,NH4Cl的促进效果优于KNO3。在100mmol.L 1的NaCl胁迫下,施加铵态氮或硝态氮源均可以增强甜高粱芽苗期的POD活性,减少MDA积累,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。研究表明采取适当的氮肥调控措施可以提高甜高粱的耐盐能力。     

外源NO对不同作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以浓度分别为0、0.01、0.1、1.0 mmol/L的硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside, SNP; NO供体）处理玉米、小麦、花生、小白菜、萝卜、黄瓜的种子和幼苗,研究了以上几种浓度的SNP对作物种子萌发和幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:SNP对多数种子萌发影响表现为低浓度（0.01 mmol/L和0.1 mmol/L）促进,高浓度（1.0 mmol/L）抑制,其中对萝卜发芽率的促进作用最显著;低浓度SNP可有效促进植物幼苗地上部的生长,其中对小麦、黄瓜的促进效果最显著,同时可显著促进根系的伸长,其中对萝卜的促进效果最显著,且对植物幼苗生长的影响与作物种类有关;SNP对多数植物的根系活力有明显的促进作用,其中对萝卜的促进效果最显著;适宜浓度的SNP可以提高作物CAT、POD和SOD活性以及可溶性蛋白含量,并降低MDA含量,不同作物SNP的适宜浓度不同,其中0.1 mmol/L SNP对多数作物处理效果最好。     

Seed priming and soil incorporation with silicon influence growth and yield of maize under water-deficit stress

Silicon (Si) has been known to enhance plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses besides its beneficial effects on plant growth and yield. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Si against water-deficit stress in maize (Zea mays) applied through seed priming and soil incorporation methods, and to find out the optimum dose of Si under each method. In the seed priming experiment, seeds were exposed to different Si levels, up to 2 mM l^–1, germinating under three soil moisture regimes (100%, 75% and 50% field capacity-FC). In the soil incorporation study, the treatments included were six Si doses from 0 to 600 kg ha^–1 under the same soil moisture regimes. Grain yield was reduced by 59% and 69% in the seed priming and soil incorporation study, respectively, at 50% FC. Si application was effective irrespective of the application methods with higher cob length, 100-kernel weight and grain yield than the control. Application of Si at 1 mM l^–1 as seed priming and 300 kg ha^–1 as soil incorporation was more effective than other doses and could be recommended as optimum dose for Nakhon Sawan 3 hybrid maize variety under water-deficit stress.     

土壤水氮动态及作物生长耦合EPIC-Nitrogen2D模型

为计算农业区不同作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程,该文基于Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator(EPIC)作物模型建立了作物根系生长子模块,将其进行有限元数值离散,与土壤氮素迁移转化模型Nitrogen2D耦合,使模型能计算作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程。该作物生长模块可计算多种胁迫下作物根系对土壤水分和氮素的动态吸收速率,及作物收获时的生物量和吸氮量。采用武汉大学灌溉排水试验场冬小麦生长条件下土壤水氮试验数据对模型进行了率定,并用于土壤水氮分布和作物生物量预测,土壤含水率、氮素的模拟值与实测值的一致性系数分别为0.86~0.97、0.52~0.98,Nash效率系数为0.59~0.90(含水率)、0.44~0.93(土壤氮素),说明模拟结果与实测值吻合度较高。同时,分别采用该文的作物生长模块和简单根系吸收模块计算根系吸氮过程,结果显示,简单根系吸收模型会显著高估作物吸氮量,而作物生长模型则由于考虑了根系生长和各环境因子的胁迫作用,计算结果更符合作物实际吸氮过程,计算的根系吸氮量相对均方根误差为3.4%~46%。