Wirkungen von zeitlich begrenzten Stickstoff- und Cytokiningaben auf die Fahnenblatt- und Kornentwicklung von Weizen

Effects of temporary applications of nitrogen and cytokinins on the development of flag leaf and grain growth in wheat Influence of nitrogen and cytokinin treatments (N, Cy) restricted to the ‘early’ and ‘late’ grain filling period on different developmental processes was examined in two spring wheats grown in hydroculture under nutritional conditions that were nearly optimal for the overall-development. (1) As to the flag leaf, additional early N-supply raised maximum chlorophyll content only slightly, but as late applications strongly delayed pigment destruction and loss of green area. Corresponding treatments with Cy were effective in the same way, but to a lesser degree. The higher efficiency of late applications of N or Cy indicated their limiting function during senescence. (2) Early treatments which increased number of kernels in parts of the ear showed that endogenous N- or Cy-levels were not sufficient for grain setting. Grain growth was stimulated only by early Cy-applications in exp. II in which Cy had no effect on kernel number, whereas late treatments were generally ineffective. Different N-levels in plants obviously did not limit grain growth, but high ones favoured tillering which presumably prevented increase of yield. (3) The genotypes, Solo and Kolibri, although opposite in their character, showed comparable responses to treatments with slight differents only in the extent of the reaction.     

Einfluß von Stickstoff- und Cytokiningaben auf die Entwicklung des Fahnenblattes und der Karyopsen von Weizen

Influence of nitrogen and cytokinin applications on the development of flag leaves and grains of wheat In two experiments spring wheat cv. Solo was grown in hydroculture under greenhouse conditions. The influence of cytokinin applications during grain filling period (Cy: 0 – 100 μg BA/l nutrient solition) combined with different nitrogen supply (N: 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 4.0/1.3 mMol/l) was studied in regard to the development of flag leaves and grains. As to flag leaf, only N was capable to increase specific fresh and dry matter and delay the decrease during development. Similar changes in the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and N-content of leaves and grains, resp., could be induced by either N or Cy. Grain growth and grain N-content was favoured by N, with the first effect becoming visible early and the second late in the grain filling period. At maturity Cy gave the same effects, but time course was slightly modified. At high doses of N (4.0/1.3 mMol/l) Cy-applications reduced chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and N-content of leaves and grains. This gave rise to the conclusion that cytokinins limit the corresponding physiological processes only if nitrogen nutrition is low.     

Effects of long-term contrasting lime and phosphorus applications on barley grain yield,root growth and abundance of mycorrhiza

Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha⁻¹ every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha⁻¹ since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha⁻¹ with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha⁻¹ with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.     

翻压紫云英对双季稻产量、镉吸收及转运的影响

  【目的】  探讨紫云英在水稻生产中的增产降镉（Cd）效应以及降Cd的生理机制。  【方法】  5年田间微区定位试验设4个处理:不施任何肥料(CK)、翻压紫云英(GM)、单施化肥(F)和紫云英翻压配施化肥(F+GM),翻压紫云英的处理冬闲田种植紫云英,作为绿肥在早稻插秧前翻压还田。在双季稻分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期采集水稻植株样品,分为根、茎叶、籽粒3个部分,测定其Cd含量。  【结果】  1)与CK相比,F+GM与F处理5年水稻产量显著增加,GM处理从2017年起增产显著;与F处理相比,F+GM处理5年水稻均增产,其中2016与2020年显著增产。2）翻压紫云英对水稻同一部位在不同时期的降Cd效应不同。早稻GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK,晚稻则无显著差异;早稻的GM处理茎叶Cd含量在灌浆期显著低于CK,晚稻的无显著差异;早稻的GM处理籽粒Cd含量在灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK（分别降低85.7%和57.6%）,晚稻的无显著差异。早稻的F+GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于F处理,晚稻的则无显著差异;早稻的F+GM处理茎叶Cd含量在分蘖期显著低于F处理,晚稻的无显著差异。3）翻压紫云英下水稻不同时期Cd转运有差异。早稻分蘖期F+GM处理的根–茎叶Cd转运系数显著高于CK与F处理,成熟期GM处理的茎叶–籽粒Cd转运系数显著低于CK,降幅为52.2%;晚稻则无显著差异。4）F+GM和GM处理根与籽粒Cd累积量均较低,其根部累积量显著低于F处理;GM处理早稻籽粒Cd累积量显著低于F处理;而F+GM晚稻茎叶Cd累积量则显著高于CK。F+GM与GM处理籽粒Cd分配比例低于CK与F处理,F+GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于F处理,GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于CK。5）早稻各处理的土壤总Cd含量差异不显著,晚稻则表现为GM处理显著低于CK。早稻的GM与F+GM处理土壤有效Cd含量显著低于CK,晚稻的则无显著差异。  【结论】  翻压紫云英可增加水稻产量,同时具有较好的降Cd效应。翻压紫云英的降Cd生理机制为:一是可降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低水稻Cd含量;二是可降低茎叶–籽粒间的Cd转运系数,减弱向籽粒的转运能力,降低水稻籽粒中Cd的累积,进而生产出Cd含量低于国家安全限量的稻米。     

Einfluß von Stickstoffernährung und Wuchsstoffapplikation auf die Knolleninduktion bei Kartoffelpflanzen

Influence of nitrogen nutrition and application of growth regulators on tuber initiation in potato plants In water culture the effect of continuous and discontinuous N-nutrition on tuber initiation was investigated. Additional applications of growth regulators on growing stolon tips were carried out. Continuous supply of nitrate or ammonium inhibited completely the tuber initiation in S. tuberosum varieties ?Ostara”? and ?Clivia”?, The inhibition was compensated by application of CCC and ABA on the stolon tip. In contrast to this stolon application of kinetin and root application of CCC were ineffective. Temporarily damaging of the root system led to tuber initiation even when nitrogen was supplied continuously. In S. andigena grown under short day continuous N supply only delayed the tuber initiation but could not prevent it. Discontinuous N supply promotes tuber initiation in S. tuberosum. A sudden increase in N supply caused ?re-growth”? of the tuber, i.e. a stolon was formed on the tuber apex. GA₃ application on the growing tuber had the same effect. The effect of N nutrition on tuber initiation can be explained via changing the balance of endogenous growth regulators in general and the physiological aging of the leaves in particular. Discontinuous N supply seems to reduce cytokinin production in roots and therefore accelerates the aging of the leaves. This in turn favours the formation of inhibitors and/or presumably reduces the GA production in the shoot, which will change the balance of the growth regulators in the stolon tip in favour to tuber initiation.     

Auswirkungen hoher NaCl-Konzentration im Nährmedium auf die Transpiration,den Abscisinsäure-, Cytokinin- und Prolingehalt zweier Sojabohnensorten

Effect of high NaCl concentration in the nutrient medium on transpiration, abscisic acid, cytokinin and proline content of two soybean varieties With the differentially salt-sensitive soybean varieties ?Lee”? and ?Jackson”? the effect of salinization on transpiration, Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulation, and on abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin and proline content was investigated. Salinization with 75 mM NaCl in the nutrient medium drastically inhibited the transpiration (about 40%) of both varieties but more so with the variety ?Jackson”?. Nevertheless this variety translocated substantially more Cl^? into the shoot than ?Lee”?. However, ?Lee”? accumulated more Cl^? into the roots and thus was able to effectively protect the shoot against a toxic Cl^? concentration. The Na⁺ distribution in the roots and shoots was nearly the same in both varieties. The ABA content of the leaves of both varieties increased 5-fold to 1200 ng × g^? dry weight after 48 h of salt stress. About the same time transpiration of the salt-stressed plants reached a minimum. Between 48 and 168 h the ABA content of ?Lee”? dropped to about half. The ABA level in ?Jackson”? remained higher which indicated that the shoot was stressed more intensely and/or longer. The results do not imply a causal relationship between the ABA concentration in the leaves and the exclusion of C1^? from the shoot of ?Lee”?. The cytokinin concentration of the two soybean varieties was not significantly affected by salinization. The proline content in the leaves increased markedly with salt stress in both varieties but much more so in ?Jackson”?. Proline content in the leaves increased from about 1.8 μmoles × g^?1 dr. w. before salt stress to 24.7 μmoles × g^?1 dr. w. after 168 h of stress. However, the proline concentration dropped to nearly the initial level within 48 h after a 120 h salt stress treatment was discontinued and the plants were returned to a control solution. In ?Lee”? salinization only doubled the amount of proline found initially. The highest value was observed after 120 h of salinization.     

麦秸还田和结实期灌溉方式对超级稻籽粒结实和米质的影响

以大穗型超级杂交粳稻‘甬优8号’为材料,设置麦秸还田(麦秸全量还田与麦秸不还田)和结实期灌溉方式(浅水层灌溉、轻干湿交替灌溉和重干湿交替灌溉)两因素试验,研究其对大穗型超级稻籽粒结实和主要米质性状的影响。结果表明:结实期灌溉方式对籽粒结实性状有显著影响。在麦秸还田与麦秸不还田下,与浅水层灌溉相比,轻干湿交替灌溉显著提高了‘甬优8号’的千粒重、结实率、充实度,而重干湿交替灌溉则相反;麦秸还田处理下籽粒结实性状均优于秸秆不还田处理,麦秸还田与结实期轻干湿交替灌溉互作可以改善超级稻‘甬优8号’的结实性状;与麦秸不还田相比,麦秸还田提高了籽粒的整精米率、粗蛋白含量和消减值,降低了垩白率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和崩解值;与浅水层灌溉相比,轻干湿交替灌溉降低了直链淀粉含量、粗蛋白含量和消减值,提高了整精米率、垩白率、垩白度、胶稠度和崩解值,但重干湿交替灌溉则使米质明显变差;两处理对弱势粒的主要稻米品质的调控作用大于强势粒。在麦秸还田下,结实期轻干湿交替灌溉可以较好地协调‘甬优8号’结实性状和稻米品质间的关系。     

缓释尿素在双季稻上的养分供应特征

采用双季早晚稻的田间试验,研究了养分释放期为60 d和90 d的两种不同缓释尿素对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收的影响。结果表明:60 d型缓释尿素一次性施用在早、晚稻上均达到了普通尿素分次施肥时的产量水平,而90 d型缓释尿素一次性施用在早稻上效果好晚稻上效果欠佳。60 d和90 d型缓释尿素一次性施用的优势在于能使水稻有较高的有效穗数及穗粒数,整个生育期地上植株氮(灌浆期不含籽粒)含量也显著高于普通尿素分次施肥、普通尿素一次施用及不施氮处理,而灌浆过程中籽粒、剑叶、倒二位及倒三位叶的氮含量及剑叶SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)也均高于其他3个处理。两种缓释尿素均使水稻出现了不同程度的贪青状况,其中以90 d型缓释尿素贪青最为严重,60 d型缓释尿素的养分释放期对水稻较为适中而90天型缓释尿素较长。     

Late season foliar fertilization of beans with NPKS: Effects of cytokinins,calcium and spray frequency

Abstract

One to two foliar applications of NPKS solutions enhanced yields from 10–40% when applied to pot grown bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Bulgarian) during the seed filling period. Further spray applications had progressively more negative effects on yields. Addition of calcium ions or cytokinin to the spray treatments did not give further yield increases. Addition of an organo‐silicone surfactant (L77) to the spray solution gave higher yield increases than those obtained by adding a carbohydrate based surfactant (Tween 80). Percent N P and K contents of the bean seeds were inversely related to yields suggesting that the rate of supply of these minerals to the seeds was not limiting production; the results support the idea that leaf integrity was one of the main factors affected by late season N P K S sprays, and that this in turn affected yields.     

Changes of isoflavones during the growth cycle of Lupinus albus

The objective of this study was to monitor the changes in isoflavone content in different plant organs (leaves, stems, roots) during the crop growth stage of three cultivars of Lupinus albus (white lupin) under field conditions, taking into account sowing time effects (autumn and early spring) and cultivar effects. Three sampling dates (from late vegetative to late grain growth stages) were evaluated. Seven isoflavones and four flavonoids were identified by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The isoflavone content was higher in leaves than in stems, and it was highest before flowering, whereas it decreased during maturity. Autumn-sown plants showed higher isoflavone content than early spring-sown plants, especially in late vegetative and early reproductive stages. Genistein 7- O-glucoside was the main isoflavone of leaves and stems in the late vegetative stages of early spring sowing, whereas genistein was the main isoflavone under autumn sowing. Variation among cultivars affected only marginally the total isoflavone content. No isoflavones were detected in seeds.     

机械旱直播方式促进水稻生长发育提高产量

为了明确机械旱直播模式下水稻的产量形成机制,以杂交籼稻(F优498)和常规粳稻(徐稻4号)为试材,通过一次浅旋耕机械旱直播(B1)、"调墒、两旋"机械旱直播(B2)2种机械旱直播处理,并以人工撒播(B3)处理为对照,研究其对直播水稻产量形成的影响及其生理特性。结果表明,品种与直播处理对水稻主要生育时期干物质累积、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、结实期剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流强度、茎秆抗倒伏特性及产量均存在显著影响。不同直播处理下,F优498在产量及生长发育特性各指标上均显著高于徐稻4号。与B3相比,同一品种下机械旱直播各处理均能优化群体茎蘖数,提高成穗率,保证齐穗期适宜的LAI,提高了高效叶面积率,并有利于提高结实期群体光合产物的积累、剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流量及茎秆抗倒伏能力,并在保证一定数量有效穗的前提下,显著提高穗粒数、结实率及千粒质量,是机械旱直播水稻高产的重要原因。不同机械旱直播处理下,B2比B1处理能进一步提高机直播水稻齐穗至成熟期干物质累积并延缓LAI的衰减、增强根系活力及茎秆的抗倒能力,提高了结实率及千粒质量,最终促进了产量的提高,为最佳的机械旱直播方式。     

不同营养复配剂叶面喷施对冬小麦干热风抗性及产量的影响

目的干热风在我国冬麦区灌浆期频发,对小麦生产造成危害。本试验配制不同新型营养复配剂在小麦灌浆前期进行叶面喷施,研究其对冬小麦干热风抗性的影响,旨在确立减轻干热风灾害高效实用的方法。方法以冬小麦品种‘豫农186’和‘国麦301’为供试材料,在河南农业大学科教园区进行田间试验。花后第14天在叶面喷施5种营养复配剂,即CK (10 mg/kg吐温80)、A (0.2%硫酸锌、0.3%磷酸二氢钾、1%尿素和10 mg/kg吐温80)、B (A + 0.02%壳寡糖)、C (A + 0.1%海洋多糖) 和D (0.3%磷酸二氢钾和10 mg/kg吐温80)。灌浆期内5月9—28日,每隔3天,取样测定旗叶SPAD值、旗叶甜菜碱含量、籽粒灌浆速率、根系活力,收获后测产并考种。结果干热风胁迫下,与喷施A相比,喷施B和C能显著提高小麦灌浆期绿色功能叶数量,显著提高旗叶SPAD值和甜菜碱含量,B处理效果优于C处理。相比于CK,喷施A、B和C营养复配剂均能提高小麦根系活力,三个处理在灌浆期变化不一。喷施其它营养复配剂均能有效提高灌浆速率,B处理效果最显著;喷施B营养总配剂对强势粒灌浆速率的促进作用最大,喷施C营养总配剂对弱势粒灌浆速率的提升效果最好。4个营养复配剂均能增加‘豫农186’和‘国麦301’千粒重和籽粒产量,增幅分别为3.24%～15.0%和3.11%～31.4%,具体表现均为B > C > A > D > CK,其中B、C与A三处理间均差异显著。结论干热风危害下,在常规磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、尿素等组成的营养复配制剂中添加壳寡糖和海洋多糖能有效增强根系活力,提高旗叶SPAD值和甜菜碱含量,延缓叶片衰老,促进籽粒灌浆,增加千粒重,提高收获指数,实现减害稳产的目的,添加海洋多糖的效果不如壳寡糖。     

磷素后移对药隔期倒春寒小麦旗叶光合及抗氧化系统的影响

以抗倒春寒能力强的小麦品种“烟农19”(YN19)和抗倒春寒能力弱的小麦品种“新麦26”(XM26)为供试材料,利用人工气候箱开展盆栽低温模拟实验。实验设置对照（日均气温15℃,夜间最低温度11℃,CK）和低温（-4℃,LT）两个温度处理,设置常规施磷（基肥:拔节肥为10:0,R1）和磷肥后移（基肥:拔节肥为5:5,R2）两种施磷肥模式,低温处理时长为4h·d-1。测定小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶光合、抗氧化生理指标及成熟期产量并进行分析,以探明磷素后移对药隔期倒春寒下小麦旗叶生长的缓解机理。结果表明：（1）LT处理较CK处理,供试两品种旗叶叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均显著下降（P<0.05）,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著上升。（2）LT处理与CK比较,供试两品种旗叶抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT）活性显著下降,丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加。（3）本实验条件下,LT处理使供试两品种穗粒数、千粒重及单茎产量较CK显著降低。（4）LTR2与LTR1比较,XM26开花期和YN19灌浆期旗叶SPAD值分别显著提高了7.3%和10.1%;XM26...     

后期倒伏对冬小麦干物质分配和产量的影响

2014-2015年利用人工模拟方法开展冬小麦倒伏试验。在冬小麦抽穗期、灌浆初期和灌浆中后期3个时段均设定与竖直方向成30o(T1)、60o(T2)、90o(T3)3种倒伏程度和自然正常生长(CK)4个处理,观测比较冬小麦各器官的干物质量和产量构成要素。结果表明,冬小麦干物质分配格局因倒伏时段和倒伏程度的不同而发生改变。与对照CK相比,抽穗期和灌浆初期冬小麦倒伏造成茎和鞘干物质迅速向穗部转移,导致其干物质累积量迅速降低,叶片干物质发生改变略有滞后,同时受到光照不足和转移速率改变的共同作用,各器官干物质量分配格局不断发生变化,茎、叶和鞘生长速率无明显变化规律;灌浆中后期倒伏造成冬小麦不同器官干物质含量均明显下降,随着生育时期推进其减幅缩小。倒伏对冬小麦产量构成要素的影响表现为,抽穗期和灌浆初期倒伏主要造成冬小麦不孕小穗增加、穗粒数和千粒重减少,进而导致产量下降;灌浆中后期倒伏主要导致冬小麦千粒重减小,而穗粒数无明显变化。各处理冬小麦产量降低表现为灌浆初期最大、抽穗期次之、灌浆中后期最小。     

不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对玉米源、库干物质积累动态变化的影响

本研究采用田间小区的试验方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾用量下玉米各组分的干物质积累及其随时间的动态变化规律。结果表明,不同氮、磷、钾肥用量下玉米的各组分干物质积累随生育期的延续呈现有规律的动态变化:叶片、茎秆、营养体干物质积累自拔节期后呈直线上升,至灌浆期干物质积累达到最大值,之后便呈缓慢下降趋势;籽粒的干物质积累在灌浆期之前缓慢增加,之后呈直线上升;总生物产量在苗期缓慢增长,中期呈直线上升,到了后期由于营养体干物质的下降以及籽粒干物质的显著上升,也稳定增长。营养体、籽粒干物质和总生物产量的积累随时间的动态变化,均可用Logistic方程Y=a/(1+bexp(ct))来描述;在各个氮、磷、钾处理中,以N240、P225、K240处理各组分干物质积累最大速率较大,出现日期较早。籽粒和总生物产量之间的关系可用回归方程Y=exp(a+bx)描述。在氮、磷、钾各用量下,氮以N240、磷以P225、钾以K240处理籽粒产量最高,收获系数最大,因此比较适宜的N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为240、150、240 kg hm-2。     

Effects of different water regimes and nitrogen application strategies on grain filling characteristics and grain yield in hybrid rice

In order to optimize N application and understand how the different combinations of water and N management affect grain filling characteristics and yield, we designed three irrigation regimes (W₁ submerged irrigation, W₂ alternate irrigation, W₃ dry cultivation), and different N application strategies at 180 kg ha^?1 in 2010 and 2011. The relationship between grain filling characteristics and grain yield formation were respectively investigated. The results revealed that there were obvious interacting effects of irrigation regime and N application strategies on grain yield and grain-filling characteristics as well. Compared with W₁ and W₃ treatments, under W₂, the N-fertilizer should account for 30% base, 30% tillering, and 40% panicle fertilizer with the last being applied equally at 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top. Correlation analysis revealed that grain filling rate during middle grain-filling stage was the largest and contribute more than 50% to grain-filling. Grain yield was significantly related to grain filling rate (G_max or G_mean), final weight of a kernel (A), and mean grain filling rate (MGR) of the early, mid and late stages during grain filling in inferior spikelets, which is the important reason for water and N coupling effect further to increase yield and fertilizer use efficiency.     

优化施肥促进寒地粳稻可溶性糖积累转运、气候资源利用及产量形成

[目的]研究氮、磷、钾肥不同配比对寒地粳稻功能叶片、茎鞘及籽粒可溶性糖积累和转运的影响,揭示其与气候资源利用和产量的关系.[方法]大田试验采用"3414"施肥方案,供试寒地粳稻品种为东农427.在水稻分蘖至成熟的5个主要生育期,取样测定了功能叶片、茎鞘和籽粒中的可溶性糖含量,计算功能叶片、茎鞘和籽粒可溶性糖积累转运量,...     

不同稻草还田方式对双季稻产量及其上部三叶特征的影响

于2010-2011年, 以双季早稻"陆两优996"和双季晚稻"五丰优T025"为材料, 研究了不同稻草还田方式对双季稻株型指标及产量的影响。结果表明, 在等养分条件下, 较单施化肥相比, 稻草全量还田能显著提高双季早稻的产量, 而双季晚稻产量稻草全量还田处理与稻草全部烧灰还田和单施化肥基本持平; 在不施化肥区, 无论是早稻还是晚稻, 稻草全量还田处理水稻产量均显著高于稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理。稻草还田改善了双季稻上三叶株型特征, 早稻上三叶株型指标的优化效应高于晚稻, 但两者与水稻产量均呈显著相关(P<0.05); 当产量最高时, 早稻稻草还田处理上三叶株型指标趋近适宜值, 而晚稻规律不明显。稻草全量还田在一定范围内提高了双季稻上三叶的叶片质量, 其高效叶面积、高效叶面积率与产量呈抛物线关系, 比叶面积与产量呈显著或极显著线性负相关。以上结果表明, 双季稻上三叶叶系配置的改善是稻草还田增产的主要原因。     

Effects of Urea Foliar Application on Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat

The effects of urea foliar application rates at different growth stages of wheat on protein and yield of winter wheat were evaluated in a factorial experiment. Time of application and amounts of urea foliar application rates were the treatments. Urea was applied at four stages including tillering, jointing, anthesis, and grain filling, and urea foliar application rates were 22.5, 45, 67.5, and 90 kg ha^?1 (12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% of total urea application). Our data demonstrated that urea application time had significant effects on grain weight, number of seeds per spike, plant height, and protein content. Furthermore, total dry weight, grain weight, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, plant height, and protein content were significantly affected by amounts of urea foliar application. The effects of time?×?rate of urea foliar application on grain yield, 1000-seed weight, and plant height were significant.     

施氮对滴灌冬小麦花后光合生理、灌浆特性及产量品质的影响

为阐明黄淮海平原滴灌条件下施氮对不同高产冬小麦品种的调控机理,明确高产高效优质的施氮方式,以高产品种济麦22和烟农1212为试材,于2018—2020年2年间在大田滴灌条件下设置0,150,210,270 kg/hm² 4个施氮水平(济麦22用J0、J1、J2、J3;烟农1212用Y0、Y1、Y2、Y3),研究不同施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：施氮可显著提高冬小麦上三叶的SPAD值,适量施氮显著提高了灌浆中后期的SPAD值和旗叶净光合速率(P_n),小麦旗叶SOD活性呈现单峰曲线的变化规律,各施氮处理的SOD活性均在花后14天达到最大值,N0处理的SOD活性在花后7天达到最大值,N2施氮水平下,2品种灌浆中后期旗叶SOD活性均最高。适量施氮能降低生育后期叶片膜脂过氧化程度,降低叶片MDA含量,使叶片功能期延长,从而提高生育后期的光合性能。随着施氮量的提高,2个品种的籽粒灌浆速率和最大理论千粒重均先增高后降低,不施氮处理下的T_m较各个施氮处理相对提前,济麦22的最大灌浆速率、最大理...