离子强度、Cd2+和pH对生物碳吸附西玛津的影响

本研究考察了离子强度、重金属(Cd₂ )和pH对200 °C和400 °C下制备的玉米秸秆生物碳(分别记作CS200和CS400)吸附西玛津的影响。结果表明,炭化程度较高的CS400对西玛津的吸附能力(log K_oc)高于炭化程度较低的CS200,因为CS400具有较强的疏水性、较多的芳香碳且较大的比表面积。尽管H-键作用可能会发生,但是CS400的主导吸附机制为疏水作用、电荷转移(π-π*)作用和孔填充作用,而CS200的主导吸附机制为分配作用。两种生物碳对西玛津的吸附几乎未因离子强度增大和Cd₂ 的存在而受到影响,表明西玛津和生物碳之间未发生离子交换和Cd₂ 并没有起到键桥离子的作用。低的pH有利于两种生物碳对西玛津的吸附。负载西玛津后,CS400的zeta电位显著降低证实了电荷转移(π-π*)的重要作用,而CS200的zeta电位降低不明显说明分配作用为主导。Cd₂ 的存在几乎未改变两种生物碳吸附西玛津的zeta电位表明特定位点的表面吸附并不是生物碳吸附Cd₂ 的主导机制。离子交换可能是生物碳吸附Cd₂ 的主导机制,这也很好解释了CS200比CS400吸附更多的Cd₂ 和Cd₂ 的存在对两种生物碳吸附西玛津几乎未产生影响的原因。     

模拟氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

在杉木人工林中开展模拟氮沉降试验,设计N0(对照)、N1(60kg N/hm2.a)、N2(120kg N/hm2.a)和N3(240kg N/hm2.a)4种氮沉降水平。通过连续7年的处理后,研究外加氮源对土壤可溶性有机碳及微生物量碳的影响及与土壤酶活性的关系。相同N沉降处理下,土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳均随土层加深而降低。氮沉降对土壤有机碳具有促进作用,中-低氮沉降(N1、N2)增加幅度大,高氮沉降(N3)增加幅度小。低氮(N1)处理促进土壤微生物生物量C增加,而中、高氮(N2、N3)则抑制;各氮沉降处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量从高到低的顺序为:N3、N2>N1>N0。40-60cm土壤微生物量碳与蔗糖酶、纤维素酶呈极显著正相关关系,与淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶呈极显著负相关关系;除40-60cm土层的β-葡糖苷酶外,各层土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和β-葡糖苷酶活性呈极显著正相关关系,与淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶呈极显著负相关关系。因此,氮沉降增加将会对土壤碳累积与分解过程产生较大的影响。     

氮素富集对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳迁移和累积过程的影响

为深入揭示陆地生态系统碳固定对大气氮沉降增加的响应机理,基于海北高寒草甸多形态(NH4Cl、(NH4)2SO4、KNO3)、低剂量(N 0、10、20、40 kg hm-2a-1)的增氮控制试验平台,采集各处理水平下不同深度土壤样品,利用颗粒分组法分离测定总土壤有机碳(SOC)以及各粒径组分的碳含量和δ13C值。研究结果表明:低氮显著增加了土壤粗颗粒态有机碳(Macro POC)和矿质结合态有机碳(MAOC)的含量,而高氮处理正好相反。施氮一致降低土壤细颗粒态有机碳(Micro POC)含量。此外,添加硝态氮肥对SOC各组分含量和δ13C值的影响显著高于铵态氮肥。总体而言,低氮导致地表30 cm层SOC储量增加了4.5%,而中氮和高氮导致SOC储量分别下降了5.4%和8.8%。低氮处理时新增的碳以Macro POC为主,而高氮处理时损失的碳主要是Micro POC。连续5 a施氮促进了颗粒态有机碳(POC)组分的分解,进而导致SOC稳定组分的比例增加。可以认为,大气氮沉降或低剂量施氮(10 kg hm-2a-1)短期内有利于青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳截留,硝态氮较铵态氮输入对土壤碳储量增加更为有益。     

氮素富集对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳迁移和累积过程的影响

为深入揭示陆地生态系统碳固定对大气氮沉降增加的响应机理,基于海北高寒草甸多形态（NH4Cl、(NH4)2SO4、KNO3）、低剂量（N 0、10、20、40 kg hm-2 a-1）的增氮控制试验平台,采集各处理不同深度土壤样品,利用颗粒分组法分离测定总土壤有机碳（SOC）以及各粒径组分的碳含量和δ13C值。研究结果表明：低氮显著增加了土壤粗颗粒态有机碳（MacroPOC）和矿质结合态有机碳（MAOC）的含量,而高氮处理正好相反。施氮一致降低土壤细颗粒有机碳（MicroPOC）含量。此外,添加硝态氮肥对SOC各组分含量和δ13C值的影响显著高于铵态氮肥。总体而言,低氮导致表层30 cm层SOC储量增加了4.5%,而中氮和高氮导致SOC储量分别下降了5.4％和8.8％。低氮处理新增的碳以MacroPOC为主,而高氮处理损失的碳主要是MicroPOC。连续5 a施氮促进了颗粒有机碳（POC）组分的分解,进而导致SOC稳定组分的比例增加。可以认为,大气氮沉降或低剂量施氮（10 kg hm-2 a-1）短期内有利于青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳截留,硝态氮较铵态氮输入对土壤储量增加更为有益。     

模拟氮沉降对湿性常绿阔叶次生林土壤碳氮组分和酶活性的影响

为了研究氮沉降对次生林土壤碳氮组分和酶活性的影响,以华西雨屏区湿性常绿阔叶次生林为对象,从2014年1月起进行野外定位模拟氮沉降试验,分别设置对照(CK,+0 g/(m^2·a))、低氮(LN,+5 g/(m^2·a))和高氮(HN,+15 g/(m^2·a))3个氮添加水平。在氮沉降进行27个月后,按照腐殖质层和淋溶层表层进行取样,测定不同土层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可浸提溶解性有机碳(EDOC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3^-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4^+—N)含量以及蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明:模拟氮沉降显著增加该次生林腐殖质层土壤的TOC和NH_4^+—N含量,显著增加腐殖质层和淋溶层表层土壤的NO_3^-—N含量,腐殖质层土壤C/N显著升高。淋溶层表层土壤TOC、NH_4^+—N、C/N以及2层土壤的EDOC、ROC、TN和NH_4^+—N/NO_3^-—N均无显著影响。2层土壤的多酚氧化酶活性均随着氮添加量的升高而降低,其中淋溶层表层达到显著差异。模拟氮沉降对蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响。腐殖质层中,NH_4^+—N和NO_3^-—N含量与TOC含量存在极显著正相关关系。2层土壤的多酚氧化酶活性均与NO_3^-—N含量呈极显著负相关。结果说明,模拟氮沉降使该次生林中原本较高的腐殖质层土壤TOC含量进一步显著增加,并且促进土壤无机氮的积累,而模拟氮沉降对多酚氧化酶的抑制作用更加有利于土壤有机质的积累。     

模拟氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的动态影响

为揭示过量的大气氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的影响,通过对照(N0:0 g/(m^2·a))、轻度施氮(N1:8 g/(m^2·a))、重度施氮(N2:15 g/(m^2·a))3个外源施氮水平下5年的野外定点试验和观测,模拟过量氮沉降条件下华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的变化,旨在阐明林下土壤微生物和呼吸对过量氮沉降的响应及其对土壤碳氮循环的影响。结果表明:在5-10月生长季中,土壤微生物碳和氮的平均含量分别为1 098.93,97.31 mg/kg,二者都随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势;轻度施氮促进土壤微生物碳和氮的增加,重度施氮抑制土壤微生物碳和氮的增加;土壤微生物碳和微生物氮从生长初期5月起,5-7月呈增加趋势,7月出现峰值,8月降低,9-10月小幅增加,呈现N形曲线。土壤微生物碳氮比为4.94~18.54,且随施氮量增加而减小。各氮处理下,华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸速率5,6月较低,7-8月持续增加,并在8月达到最高,9-10月逐渐降低。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与土壤全氮、含水量、微生物碳和微生物氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关关系。在全球变化背景下,研究结果可为进一步明确过量大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳氮循环的影响途径和机制研究提供重要参考。     

不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土团聚体的分布及有机碳、氮含量的影响

土壤采自江西省红壤研究所历经22年的肥料定位试验地,各施肥处理为:不施肥(CK)、施N肥(N)、施P肥(P)、施K肥(K)、施N、P肥(NP)、施N、K肥(NK)、施N、P、K肥(NPK)、施双倍N、P、K肥(2NPK)、施N、P、K肥和有机肥(NPK OM).研究了不同施肥处理对水稻土团聚体分布的影响以及土壤有机C、N在各级团聚体上赋存的情况.研究结果表明:有机C、N主要分配在2～0.25 mm的大团聚体上,C/N比随着团聚体粒级的减少而降低;水稻土团聚体的形成与有机C(SOC)密切相关,表现出与“层次性“机制相符的现象;施P、K、NK肥和NPK OM显著提高大团聚体的含量和团聚体的稳定性;NPK OM也显著提高土壤有机C、N和各级团聚体上的有机C、N的含量.     

pH、离子强度和介电常数对低分子量有机酸在红壤中吸附行为的影响

通过一次平衡法考察了pH、离子强度和溶剂介电常数对红壤吸附低分子量有机酸的影响。研究结果表明,随着溶液pH值的升高有机酸的吸附量降低,其中草酸和酒石酸的吸附量在pH 3.5 ~ 5.0范围内随着pH值的升高而急剧下降,之后缓慢下降（pH 5.0 ~ 7.0）。柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的吸附量在1 ~ 2 mmol/L初始浓度范围内随着离子强度的增加没有明显变化,但在2 ~ 20 mmol/L初始浓度范围内却随着离子强度的增加而增加。红壤对草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的吸附量均随着溶剂介电常数的减小而增加。当溶剂中含6% 的乙醇时,草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的吸附量分别是对照（不含乙醇）的1.05、1.05、1.11和1.31倍。     

水分胁迫对夏玉米胞间CO2浓度、维管束鞘细胞CO2泄漏和叶片碳稳定同位素的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用碳稳定同位素技术和LI-6400便携式光合仪分析探讨了不同水分条件对夏玉米各典型生育期胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、维管束鞘CO2泄漏率(φ)和叶片碳稳定同位素判别值(Δ13C)的影响,并研究了它们之间的关系。试验设四个水分条件:分别为田间持水量的75%~100%(W1),50%~75%(W2),30%~50%(W3),0~30%(W4)。结果表明:(1)夏玉米拔节期水分胁迫时气孔关闭导致了Ci降低。在孕穗、抽雄和灌浆期,W1、W2和W3处理下Ci依次降低。W4处理由于严重干旱而导致Ci大于W2和W3处理;成熟期叶片的老化导致了Ci在成熟期随着水分胁迫的增加而增加;(2)叶片Δ13C和Ci/Ca的关系受水分条件和生育期双重影响,从拔节到灌浆,叶片Δ13C在W1、W2和W3三种处理中的变化趋势与Ci/Ca一致,而成熟期则不一致;W4处理的叶片Δ13C从孕穗到灌浆的变化趋势与Ci/Ca一致,其余生长期不一致。而在各水分处理下,叶片Δ13C与φ均呈极显著正相关,且φ对叶片Δ13C的影响均大于Ci/Ca;(3)在不同水分处理中,φ的变化和叶片Δ13C的变化一致。W1、W2和W3处理下,φ随着水分胁迫的增加而降低,但严重水分胁迫会增加φ。     

腐殖酸和溶液的pH对Na和Ca土壤粘土分散的影响

Dispersed soil clays have a negative impact on soil structure and contribute to soil erosion and contaminant movement.In this study,two typical soils from the south of China were chosen for investigating roles of pH and humic acid(HA) on dispersion of soil clays.Critical flocculation concentration (CFC) of the soil clay suspension was determined by using light transmission at a wavelength of 600 nm.The results indicated that effects of pH and HA on dispersion of the soil clays were closely related to the type of the major minerals makin up the soil and to the valence of the exchangeable cations as well.At four rates of pH(4,6,8and 10),the CFC for the Na-yellow-brown soil treated with H2O2 was increased from 0.32 to 0.56,6.0 to 14.0,10.0 to 24.6 and 26.0 to 52.0mmol L^-1 NaCl,respectively when Na-HA was added at the rate of from 0 to 40mgL^-1,With the same Na-HA addition and three pH(6,8and 10)treatments,the CFC for the Na-red soil was incresed from 0.5 to 20.0,1.0 to 40.0 and 6.0 to 141.0mmol L^-1 NaCl,respectively.Obviously,pH and HA has greater effects on clay dispersion of the red soil(dominated by 1:1 minerals and oxides) than on that of the yellow-brown soil(dominated by 2:1minerals).However,at three rates of pH(6,8and 10) and with the addition of Ca-HA from 0 to 40mg L^-1,the CFC of the Ca-yellow-brown soil and Ca-red soil treated with H2O2 was increased from 0.55 to 0.81,0.75 to 1.28,0.55 to 1.45and 0.038 to 0.266.0.25 to 0.62,0.7to 1.6mmol CaCl2 L^-1,respectively.So,Na-soil claye are more sensitive to pH and HA than Ca-soil clays.     

Effects of changes in pH, ionic strength, and sulphate concentration on the CEC of temperate acid forest soils

As the acidity of rain diminishes, changes in the pH, ionic strength, and ion activities of the soil solution will influence the charge characteristics of soil. We have investigated the response of cation exchange capacity (CEC) of three acid forest soils of variable charge to small changes in pH, ionic strength, and SO^2?₄ concentration. The variable charge for these temperate soils has the same significance as for tropical soils and those from volcanic ash. Maximum absolute increase in CEC on increasing pH by 0·2–0·5 units reached 5 cmol_c kg^-1 in O horizons. The increase in CEC on doubling ionic strength in EA and Bsh horizons of a Cambic Podzol was about half that amount, but relative gains compared to effective CEC were 65 and 46%, respectively. For other soil horizons, absolute changes were smaller, and relative changes were between 10 and 30%. Halving the SO^2?₄ concentration significantly influenced CEC only in some samples. Both pH and ionic strength must be adjusted with care when determining CEC_c of acid forest soils. Decreasing acid deposition will not inevitably increase CEC_c because in some soils pH effects may be balanced by simultaneous decrease in ionic strength.     

Effects of pH, ionic strength, and solutes on DNA adsorption by andosols

The adsorption of DNA by two andosols was investigated as function of solution pH, ionic strength in solution and some solutes, so as to understand the behavior of extracellular DNA molecules in two andosols. DNA adsorptions greatly decreased by increasing pH of suspensions in a pH range of 3.0–9.0. The adsorption of DNA molecules by both andosols was not affected by ionic strength from 0.1 to 0.5 mol L⁻¹ NaCl. However, the DNA adsorption increased proportionally by increasing Mg²⁺ concentration in the suspension. Addition of phosphate decreased DNA adsorption, indicating competition between DNA molecules and phosphate ion in the adsorption by andosols. These results suggest that there are several DNA adsorption mechanisms in soil.     

CaCl2和pH值对水酶法提取大豆油形成乳状液破乳效果影响

为探明粗酶水相提取大豆油所产乳状液的破乳机制,通过破乳率、Zeta电位、黏度、粒径分布和平均粒径指标分别考察无机盐和pH值对乳状液稳定性的影响。为了比较无机盐的破乳效果,该文在乳状液中分别添加浓度均为0.06mol/L的CaSO_4、CaCl_2、MgCl_2、NaCl,80℃条件下反应10min,结果显示4种无机盐均可显著降低乳状液稳定性,其中CaCl2破乳率最高,然后依次为CaSO_4、MgCl_2、NaCl。尽管CaCl2在60、70、80℃时均可实现彻底破乳,但破乳率随CaCl_2浓度(0.02～0.08mol/L)、反应时间(0～90min)、反应温度(60～80℃)的增加而提升。CaCl_2实现彻底破乳后,破乳率随反应时间延长而下降。添加CaCl_2后乳状液的电位绝对值和黏度降低,油滴发生聚合,平均粒径增加,使乳状液稳定性下降。CaCl_2浓度和反应温度的提升均可导致电位绝对值和黏度下降程度增强,破乳率进一步上升。在50℃、pH为值3～9时,降低pH值可使乳状液电位绝对值和黏度显著下降,导致油滴平均粒径增加,乳状液稳定性下降。pH值为3~4时乳状液的电位绝对值最低,接近0,此时乳状液稳定性最低,破乳率最高。但当pH值小于3时,乳状液电位绝对值和黏度再次升高,致使油滴平均粒径和破乳率降低。光镜照片显示破乳后乳状液中油珠直径明显增大。该研究可为水酶法提取大豆油破乳技术提供理论依据。     

Effects of pH,solid/solution ratio,ionic strength,and organic acids on Pb and Cd sorption on kaolinite

Potentiometric and ion-selective electrode titrations together with batch sorption/desorption experiments, were performed to explain the aqueous and surface complexation reactions between kaolinite, Pb, Cd and three organic acids. Variables included pH, ionic strength, metal concentration, kaolinite concentration and time. The organic acids used were p-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-toluic acid, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Titrations were used to derive previously unavailable aqueous conditional stability constants for the organometallic complexes. Batch results showed that aqueous lead-organic complexation reduced sorption of Pb by kaolinite. Cadmium behavior was similar, except for 2,4-dinitrophenol, where Cd sorption was increased. Metal sorption increased with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength. Distribution ratios (K _d 's) decreased with increasing solid/solution ratio. The subsurface transport of lead and cadmium may be enhanced via complex interactions with organic wastes or their degradation products and sorbent mineral surfaces.

     

不同地表覆盖栽培对旱地土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响

通过田间长期定位试验,分层采集冬小麦-休闲种植体系0—40 cm土层的土样,研究了常规、地表覆膜和覆草栽培对土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响。结果表明,覆膜或覆草可以显著增加地上部小麦生物量和子粒产量。不同地表覆盖对0—40 cm土层的无机碳含量和分布无显著影响,但与常规栽培相比,地表覆膜使0—5 cm土层的有机碳含量显著降低,0—40 cm各土层轻质有机碳表现出明显降低趋势,平均降低 C 6.1~74.5 mg/kg;地表覆草却表现出明显增加土壤轻质有机碳的趋势,0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土层的轻质有机碳含量分别增加C 235.2、190.0和144.9 mg/kg,相当于常规的38.7%,32.9%和34.5%。同时,覆草栽培还表现出降低0—10 cm土层轻质有机质含碳量的趋势,并使0—20 cm土层轻质有机碳占有机碳的比例显著高于常规栽培和地表覆膜处理。可见,地表长期覆膜不利于旱地土壤有机碳累积,覆草不仅可以增加表层土壤的轻质有机碳累积,还可改善土壤碳氮组成。     

Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on crop yield,nitrogen uptake,carbon and nitrogen balances,as well as soil organic carbon content and dynamics: results from 20 European long-term field experiments of the twenty-first century

Assembled results from 20 European long-term experiments (LTE), mainly from the first decade of the twenty-first century, are presented. The included LTEs from 17 sites are the responsibility of institutional members of the International Working Group of Long-term Experiments in the IUSS. Between the sites, average annual temperatures differ between 8.1 and 15.3°C, annual precipitation between 450 and 1400 mm, and soil clay contents between 3 and 31%. On average of 350 yield comparisons, combined mineral and organic fertilization resulted in a 6% yield benefit compared with mineral fertilization alone; in the case of winter wheat, the smallest effect was 3%, the largest effect, seen with potatoes, was 9%. All unfertilized treatments are depleted in soil organic carbon (SOC), varying between 0.36 and 2.06% SOC. The differences in SOC in unfertilized plots compared with the respective plots with combined mineral (NPK) and organic (10 t ha^?1 farmyard manure) fertilization range between 0.11 and 0.72%, with an average of 0.3% (corresponding to ～15 t ha^?1). Consequently, the use of arable soils for carbon sequestration is limited and of low relevance and merely depleted soils can temporarily accumulate carbon up to their optimum C content.     

不同植物种类、碳氮源供给和pH对人工湿地真菌反硝化的影响

【目的】认识碳、氮和pH及其与植物的交互作用对垂直流人工湿地真菌反硝化作用的影响,为真菌反硝化作用的调控提供依据。【方法】采用4种常见的水生植物（黄菖蒲、美人蕉、水葱和伞草）,在20个垂直流人工湿地中设置了4种单独栽培处理。运行5个月后,分别从20个湿地中收集0-30 cm的细砂样品,利用微宇宙培养的方法,检验不同碳源、氮源补充和pH梯度对细砂样品中真菌反硝化潜力的影响。【结果】双因素方差分析表明,垂直流人工湿地中碳源、氮源与植物种类之间的相互作用对真菌反硝化潜力作用不明显（P 0.05）,而pH与植物种类之间的相互作用对真菌反硝化潜力作用显著（P 0.05）。7种碳源中的葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠的应用最能促进湿地填料中真菌反硝化潜力的提高（P 0.05）,而在4种氮源中亚硝酸钠是最能提高真菌反硝化潜力的氮源（P 0.05）。与未进行酸碱处理（pH 6.89）相比,调节pH到2.8显著降低了真菌反硝化潜力（P 0.05）,而调节pH到5.6或8.4均不同程度地提高了真菌反硝化潜力。【结论】本研究突出了葡萄糖、琥珀酸钠和亚硝酸盐在调节真菌反硝化潜力中的重要性,并发现在pH 5.6~8.4范围内,湿地填料中的真菌反硝化潜力较大。