小麦品质性状的主成分分析

为了评价小麦品质指标对不同类型小麦品质的贡献大小,采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计对9个冬小麦品种产生的F1代的13个淀粉和蛋白质品质性状进行主成分分析,结果表明：对13个品质性状指标按主成分分析可简化为5个主成分因子,其累积贡献率达85.52%,其中第一主成分因子的贡献最大达到了39.29%,第二主成分因子对品质性状贡献次之。利用主成分分析法对13个小麦主要品质性状进行综合评价,认为在品质性状育种改良过程中,第一、二和四主成分适当增大有利于对强筋小麦品质的改良,第三主成分适当增大时有利于弱筋小麦性状选择和品质改良。     

中国冬播小麦品种淀粉特性的遗传变异分析

研究淀粉特性的遗传变异有助于小麦面条品质的改良。分析了260份国内冬播小麦品种（系）和5份澳大利亚优质面条小麦品种的Waxy蛋白亚基组成和淀粉特性的遗传变异及其与籽粒硬度的关系。结果表明,除峰值时间外,国内小麦品种（系）的籽粒硬度和淀粉特性等性状都表现出较大的变异,籽粒硬度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度和稀澥值等性状     

小麦品质遗传研究进展与品种选育

本文从小麦品质育种的角度,根据麦谷蛋白、小麦面团稳定时间、淀粉糊化特性、含1BL/1RS易位系小麦品种对小麦品质性状的影响研究成果,提出了不同类型小麦品种品质改良途径.     

黄淮麦区部分推广小麦品种面条加工品质性状的研究

为了探讨黄淮麦区推广小麦品种面条加工品质性状的表现水平、遗传多样性状况并评选优质面条品种,本研究对黄淮麦区42个小麦主栽品种的26项籽粒或面粉品质指标和面条加工品质性状进行了分析,结果表明,供试品种面条总分平均75.3分,最高分为89分,各个单项指标变异幅度均很大,遗传多样性比较丰富,通过遗传改良我国黄淮麦区小麦面条品质有一定的潜力.适合做优质面条的品种有花培5号、周18、周13和邯郸6172.     

小麦籽粒品质性状影响面条品质的通径分析

以24个山东省种植面积较大的小麦品种为材料,对17个影响面条品质的主要小麦籽粒品质性状进行多元线性回归分析,在此基础上对11个影响较大的品质性状进行通径分析,研究其对面条品质影响力的大小及直接效应和间接效应,以期为小麦品质育种、面条小麦品种品质指标的制定及加工原料的筛选提供参考依据.     

北方冬麦区新育成优质品种的面包和馒头品质性状

本研究旨在了解近年北方冬麦区育成优质小麦品种的品质状况, 为优质小麦新品种选育和推广提供重要信息。2013—2014和2014—2015年度将52份国内及6份国外代表性优质品种种植于河北高邑和山东济宁, 测定粉质仪和拉伸仪参数及面包和馒头品质性状, 并分析蛋白质组分含量对面团流变学特性及面包和馒头成品品质的影响。结果表明, 大部分参试品种的粉质仪稳定时间在7 min以上, 品种间面筋强度、面包和馒头成品品质均存在显著差异。CA0493、师栾02-1、12品404、新麦26和Karl 5个品种面包品质好, 其中师栾02-1和Karl的馒头品质也较好, 可以作为兼用型品种在品质育种中应用。拉伸仪品质特性是反映强筋品种面包品质的重要指标, 建议在进行面包品质改良时, 重视拉伸特性。不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量与面筋强度和面包品质呈显著正相关, 可作为品质育种的选种指标。     

小麦主要品质性状研究进展

小麦作为保障中国粮食生产安全和助推农业高质量发展的主要粮食作物,尤其对小麦品质的提高显得越来越迫切。小麦品质性状较为复杂,经过多年的遗传改良,小麦品质性状研究取得了一些重要进展,但中国小麦品质改良仍处于中低水平。笔者对小麦几个重要品质性状的研究现状进行了简要概述,重点是对控制小麦营养品质、加工品质的性状遗传改良进行总结。主要分析了小麦蛋白含量、面筋含量、淀粉含量及沉淀值遗传特点,综述了各品质性状的分子遗传规律及相关调控的主要基因。尤其随着分子生物学及生物技术的发展,小麦品质性状的遗传调控规律的明晰,未来可将分子设计育种作为重点研究方式。     

小麦品质性状与干白面条品质参数关系的研究

选用品质差异较大的国内外小麦品种(系)104个在两点种植两年, 研究干白面条品质与小麦籽粒品质性状间的关系, 探讨优质面条小麦品种的品质指标. 结果表明, 面条品质是多个小麦品质性状综合作用的结果, 不同小麦品质性状对面条外观和质地作用的方向和程度不同, 蛋白质质量(面筋强度和延伸性)和淀粉糊化特性对面条品质的影响较     

小麦品质遗传

本文从小麦品质的基本概念、小麦品质性状、小麦品质性状的遗传等方面详细地论述了小麦品质遗传特点及其品质改良的主要方法，以期为小麦品质育种提供依据。     

高产节水抗旱小麦新品种泰科麦32的选育

泰科麦32是利用洛旱3号为母本、莱州3279为父本进行有性杂交,通过改良系谱法选育的高产、节水、抗旱、中早熟小麦新品种,该品种于2018年9月通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定.本文介绍了小麦新品种泰科麦32的组合选配、选育过程、特征特性、抗性表现、品质性状、产量表现及栽培技术要点.探讨了旱地小麦育种实践中的小麦品种共...     

Expression of seed storage proteins responsible for maintaining kernel traits and wheat flour quality in common wheat under heat stress conditions

Heat stress during grain filling has been documented to decrease wheat grain yield and quality in arid regions worldwide. We studied the effect of heat stress on wheat flour quality in heat tolerant cultivars to define the effects of heat stress on flour quality and to identify germplasm combining traits for heat tolerance and good flour quality. We studied the kernel phenotypic traits, the expression of seed storage proteins (SSPs), and the resulting flour quality under heat and normal conditions. Under heat stress, all cultivars yielded narrow-shaped seeds, and increased protein contents as compared to the control plants grown under normal conditions. The specific sedimentation values used to estimate the gluten quality varied between cultivars. We identified cultivars that could maintain good flour quality under heat stress conditions: ‘Imam’, which possessed the Glu-D1d allele responsible for the suitable bread-making; ‘Bohaine’, which displayed high expression level of SSPs; and ‘Condor’, which possessed slight variations in the ratio of each SSP under heat stress conditions. Combining the desirable traits from these cultivars could yield a wheat cultivar with heat tolerance and good flour quality.     

黄淮旱地冬小麦主要性状演变规律研究

分年代系统地总结了我国黄淮冬麦区2000-2017年旱地冬小麦区域试验233份参试材料共339次试验的产量变化差异,分析比对区域试验对照品种、参试品系产量差异和遗传变异情况,提出了“3年1小旱,5年1大旱”的气候特点是旱地小麦品种选育和产量水平均衡提高的严重障碍,适于较强干旱条件下的抗旱品种、节水节雨品种和优质强筋品种的选育是我国黄淮冬麦区旱地小麦育种当前和今后的主要发展方向。探讨了我国黄淮旱地冬小麦区域试验参试品系和通过国审育成品种产量潜力、变异范围、品质类型等方面的进展和育种研究中存在的问题。     

黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种的农艺性状及遗传多样性分析

小麦品种的遗传多样性在育种工作中发挥着重要的作用。为了明确黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种遗传多样性的基础,本研究以所收集的黄淮海麦区的河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的近十几年来(1992-2008年)审定的部分(42份)小麦品种为研究材料,以9个农艺性状为基础进行遗传性状的分析。结果表明,不孕小穗数的变异系数最大为61.39%,其次为有效分蘖和穗粒数,千粒重的变异系数最小为6.06%。河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的多样性指数分别为1.83,1.82,1.73和1.62,平均值为1.75。在此基础上,用最长距离法可将42份材料聚为三大类,但是第Ⅱ大类和第Ⅲ大类相差不大,这说明上述四省小麦品种遗传多样性在逐步提高的同时,其遗传基础仍需进一步拓宽。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的;在品种选择上,应注意选择产量、单株粒重和单株粒数均高的品种。     

Allelic changes in bread wheat cultivars were associated with long-term wheat trait improvements

Genetic impacts under selective breeding of agricultural crops have been frequently investigated with molecular tools, but inadequate attention has been paid to assess genetic changes under long-term genetic improvement of plant traits. Here we analyzed allelic changes with respect to wheat trait improvement in 78 Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivars released from 1845 to 2004 and screened with 370 mapped SSR markers. The improvements in quality, maturity, yield, disease, stem rust, leaf rust, sawfly resistance, and agronomy were considered. A total of 154 (out of 370) loci with significant allelic changes across 21 chromosomes were detected in the 78 wheat cultivars separated into improved versus non-improved groups for eight traits. The number of significant loci for improving a trait ranged from four for quality to 68 for yield and averaged 35. Many more loci with significant allelic reduction for improving a trait were detected than those with significant allelic increase. Selection for early maturity introduced more alleles, but improving the other traits purged more alleles. Significantly lower numbers of unique alleles were found in the cultivars with improved traits. The distributions of unique allele counts also varied greatly across the 21 chromosomes with respect to trait improvement. Significant SSR variation between two cultivar groups was observed for improvement in seven traits, but not in stem rust. The proportional SSR variation residing between two groups ranged from 0.014 to 0.118. The proportional SSR variations within the improved cultivar groups consistently were much lower than those within the non-improved groups. These findings clearly demonstrate the association between allelic changes and wheat trait improvements and are useful for understanding the genetic modification of the wheat genome by long-term wheat breeding.     

Variation at Glu-1 Loci in Club Wheats

Hexaploid club wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) possess unique end-use quality characteristics and are grouped as a U.S. market subclass of soft white common wheat. Although there have been many reports on associations among high-molecular-weight glutenin storage protein (HMW-Glu) sub-units with end-use quality in hard wheats; there has been very limited work done on surveying the club wheats for these subunits. The HMW-Glu subunits, spike types and grain color were determined for 41 U.S. club wheat cultivars and 79 club accessions obtained from the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC), USDA-ARS. Accession ‘Harlan JR 35’ (PI 420948), which appears morphologically to be a hexaploid club wheat, was determined to be tetraploid. Egyptian line ‘Maya II-Tel's’ (PI 422288) was shown to have previously undescribed HMW-Glu subunits. In the U.S. club wheats the most common HMW-Glu subunits were: null, 49 % (Glu-A1); 6, 37 % (Glu-B1); and 2 + 12, 94 % (Glu-D1). In the NSGC group the most common HMW-Glu sub-units were: 2*, 52 % (Glu-A1); 7 + 8, 31 % (Glu-B1); and 2 + 12, 92 % (Glu-D1). The high frequency of subunits 2 + 12 in the club wheat groups has not been observed previously in numerous surveys of diverse wheat cultivars. The Glu-B1 subunits 6 (without subunit 8) and 20 which have not been reported in US red wheats, were shown to be common in both club wheat groups. A comparison of diversity indices, including previous studies on HMW-Glu subunit frequencies on all market classes of wheat, showed that the club groups are as diverse for the Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 loci and less diverse for the Glu-D1 locus.     

Genetic improvement trends in agronomic performances and end-use quality characteristics among hard red winter wheat cultivars in Nebraska

Evaluation of wheat cultivars from different eras allows breeders to determine changes in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics associated with grain yield and end-use quality improvement over time. The objective of this research was to examine the trends in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics of hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in Nebraska. Thirty historically important and popular hard red winter wheat cultivars introduced or released between 1874 and 2000 were evaluated at Lincoln, Mead and North Platte, Nebraska in 2002 and 2003. An alpha lattice design with 15 incomplete blocks of two plots and three replications was used at all locations. Agronomic (days to flowering, plant height, spike length, culm length, grain yield and yield components, and grain volume weight) and end-use quality (flour yield, SDS-sedimentation value, flour protein content, and mixograph time and tolerance) traits were measured in each environment. Highly significant differences were observed among environments, genotypes and their interactions for most agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Unlike modern cultivars, older cultivars were low yielding, and less responsive to favorable environments for grain yield and yield components. Semidwarf cultivars were more stable for plant height than traditional medium to tall cultivars. All cultivars had high grain volume weight since it is part of the grading system and highly selected for in cultivar release. Modern cultivars were less stable than older cultivars for SDS-sedimentation and mixing tolerance. However, the stability of older cultivars was attributed to their having weak mixing tolerance and reduced SDS-sedimentation values. The reduced protein content of modern cultivars was offset by increased functionality, as measured by mixograph and SDS sedimentation. In conclusion, breeders have tailored agronomic and end-use quality traits essential for hard red winter wheat production and marketing in Nebraska.     

中国主产区小麦在品质区域间的差异

选取2003—2007年我国4个麦区174个品种2 571份小麦样品,对14个品质性状在各麦区的差异进行了分析。结果表明,年度之间,小麦品质性状在各麦区内具有明显差异,变化无规律。籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间、稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分的年度平均值麦区差异达1%或5%显著水平,由北到南呈华北北部强筋麦区(I)>黄淮北部强筋中筋麦区(II)>黄淮南部中筋麦区(III)>长江中下游中筋弱筋麦区(IV);北部麦区(I、II)的降落数值、出粉率、沉淀值、吸水率、拉伸面积、延伸性和最大抗延阻力的5年平均值显著大于南部麦区(III、IV)。达到优质强筋小麦标准的样品主要集中在I、II区,达到优质弱筋小麦标准的样品主要集中在IV区,III区以中筋小麦为主,形成了由北到南由不同小麦品质类型构成的品质区域布局。     

Genetic analysis of glume colour in common wheat cultivars from the former USSR

Genotypes for the glume colour character have been studied in 27 cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originated from old landraces, and 1 specimen of T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. by means of analysis of the F₂ populations. The following tester lines have been used: white-glumed ‘Novosibirskaya 67’ ‘Diamant I’, and ‘Federation’, carrying the Rg1 gene alone; lines RL5405 and near-isogenic ‘Saratovskaya 29’ *5 (T. timopheevii Zhuk./T. tauschii (Coss.) Schmal.), carrying Rg2; line (1A ‘CS’ × ‘Strela’) with Rg3. The red glume colour in 21 cultivars of Triticum aestivum and in the accession of T. petropavlovskyi has been shown to be determined by the single gene Rg1, located on chromosome 1B. Five cultivars carrying the gene Rg3 for red glumes on chromosome 1A have been revealed. The cultivars ‘Zhnitsa’ and ‘Iskra’ carry the gene Rg3 alone. The red glume colour in the cultivars ‘Milturum 321’, ‘Milturum 2078’, ‘Sredneural'skaya’ is controlled by two genes, Rg1 and Rg3. In two common wheat cultivars, ‘Sarrubra’ and ‘Krasnoyarskaya 1103’ the red glume colour is determined by Rg1, inherited from local populations (‘Turka’ and ‘Kubanka’ respectively) of tetraploid wheat T. durum Desf. var. hordeiforme Host. Wide occurrence of the Rg1 gene in common wheat has been confirmed. On the contrary, none of the investigated varieties carries the gene Rg2. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦早熟高产品种子粒灌浆特性分析

以中、晚熟小麦品种（系）为对照，对早熟高产小麦灌浆期干物质积累和子粒灌浆过程进行了研究。结果表明，早熟、高产小麦品种在子粒灌浆期较多地利用了花前贮藏的营养物质，对同化物的利用较协调；灌浆高峰来得迟，高峰峰值高；高峰出现后，灌浆速率下降稍快于中、晚熟类型小麦品种（系），但在花后35d内，灌浆速率仍显著高于中、晚熟类型小麦品种。