我国小麦主推品种穗发芽抗性鉴定及相关分子标记的评价

为了培育抗穗发芽品种,对我国10个小麦主产省份的75个品种进行了穗发芽抗性鉴定,同时利用3个分子标记Vp1B3、Xbarc310和Barc294对上述品种进行了分子检测。结果表明,不同品种间穗发芽抗性存在明显差异。Vp1基因的等位变异与穗发芽抗性关系不密切,Vp1B3标记难以用于品种的穗发芽抗性筛选。主效QTL(QPhs-3AS)与种子休眠关系密切,Xbarc310和Barc294可作为穗发芽抗性选择的重要参考,且Barc294较Xbarc310的选择效果好。上述结果为抗穗发芽小麦品种的改良和推广提供了重要信息。     

小麦籽粒休眠Vp1-B1基因的等位变异检测与分离

Vp1基因是控制籽粒休眠性的重要基因之一,检测该基因的等位变异类型,可以进一步理解籽粒休眠以及穗发芽抗性的遗传控制机理.本文根据GenBank中小麦Vp1-B1基因序列设计特异引物检测我国小麦微核心种质以及地方品种和推广品种,结果表明,本研究除了发现已报道的3种等位变异类型,分别为Vp1-B1a、Vp1-B1b和Vp1-B1c,另外检测到一种新的变异类型,暂命名为Vp1-B1x.经改良的变性PAGE凝胶电泳检测以及序列比对分析表明,Vp1-B1x与Vp1-B1c基因的序列相似性最高,达99%;其在第3内含子区域发生"ATAT"4个碱基的插入以及4个SNP,但是该等位类型在所检测的品种中分布较少,其与籽粒休眠水平及穗发芽抗性之间的关系尚待进一步验证.     

以关联分析发掘小麦整穗发芽抗性基因分子标记

利用分布于小麦全基因组的181对分子标记,分析264份自然群体的基因型,采用TASSLE软件的GLM和MLM模型检测与整穗发芽抗性紧密关联的标记位点,发掘相关位点内的优异等位变异。在2012年和2013年室内整穗发芽率、2013年田间自然降雨整穗发芽率3个环境中,共关联到20个显著位点(P<0.05),分布于小麦染色体1AS、2DS、3AS、3BL、4AL、5AS、5BL、6BS、6DS、7AL和7BL上。分别位于2DS和7BL上的分子标记gwm102和barc340同时在3个环境下关联到,属于稳定的抗性位点; 另有6个标记位点同时在2个环境下关联到; 其余12个标记位点仅在1个环境下关联到。位于7BL上的barc340标记位点为一新报道位点。从重复关联的8个标记位点内共检测出10种优异等位变异。barc28-229bp和barc28-217bp对提高整穗发芽抗性效应最显著,主要分布在地方品种中(如遂宁坨坨麦等),而gwm102-142bp和barc186-199bp效应虽然相对较小,但多分布在推广品种中(如扬麦158等),有利于穗发芽抗性分子育种的直接应用。     

小麦穗发芽抗性分子标记的有效性检测与验证

小麦收获前穗发芽严重影响加工品质,来年种用价值以及产量.本研究利用万县白麦子/京411穗发芽重组自交系群体对已报道的第3染色体上有关穗发芽抗性分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57以及第4染色体上Xbarc170、Xgwm397和Xgwm269进行有效性检测,并在穗发芽抗性不同的40份地方品种以及推广品种中进一步验证,结果表明,小麦第3染色体上的分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57在穗发芽群体以及穗发芽抗性不同的品种中选择效应较大,尤其是XBarc321和XBarc310,证实该标记与穗发芽抗性紧密相关,而第4染色体上的分子标记在该群体中并没有显示与穗发芽相关.本研究结果为定位控制该群体中穗发芽抗性的QTL位点提供了重要信息.     

小麦穗发芽抗性的4个分子标记有效性检验

为筛选出适宜黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区种植的抗穗发芽白粒小麦品种或种质资源,以36份黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区的主要品种（系）及地方品种为研究对象,对已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记：Vp1B3、Xgwm155、Xgwm269和Xbarc170进行有效性验证。测定参试材料种子萌发指数（GI）,并用上述4种标记进行PCR扩增,对扩增条带进行统计分析。结果表明,GI值显示,红粒品种（GI均值为5.1%）明显较白粒品种（GI均值为28.0%）低;4种标记扩增出的带型中仅Vp1B3的845 bp片段能有效地区分36份小麦品种(系);GI值筛选出6份抗穗发芽品种（系）中,其中3份为Vp1B3标记鉴定,可作为黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性育种中首选基因资源。     

小麦粒重分子标记Xgwm299等位变异的鉴定及分析

小麦千粒重是构成小麦产量三因素中最重要、且广义遗传力最高的一个因素。鉴定千粒重相关的SSR分子标记,可为小麦分子育种提供依据。本研究以‘邯6172’和‘中国春’为亲本构建的包含254个家系在内的重组自交系群体为研究对象,根据SSR分子标记Xgwm299在RIL群体内的扩增结果分类,统计不同类别群体内籽粒表型性状的特征。研究结果表明：Xgwm299在RIL群内可扩增出3种等位变异类型：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型,其分布频率分别为：48.4%、46.1%、5.5%;Ⅱ型等位变异与籽粒宽度、籽粒周长分别呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与千粒重、籽粒表面积分别是显著正相关关系(P<0.05);Ⅰ型等位变异与籽粒宽度、籽粒周长分别呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),与千粒重、籽粒表面积分别是显著负相关关系(P<0.05);Ⅲ型等位变异与所调查籽粒性状不相关;具有Ⅱ型等位变异的材料在千粒重、籽粒长度、籽粒周长、籽粒表面积4个籽粒性状方面的平均值均显著高于Ⅰ型等位变异材料的各性状平均值;由此可知Xgwm299是与籽粒相关的一个分子标记,其Ⅱ型等位变异是粒重相关的优良等位变异。该研究...     

利用功能标记揭示新疆小麦改良品种与地方品种的遗传变异

揭示新疆小麦改良品种与地方品种在主要农艺性状相关基因上的遗传变异对进一步改良和利用新疆育成品种具有重要意义。本研究利用52个功能标记对136份新疆小麦改良品种和地方品种分析发现, 与适应性相关的矮秆等位变异Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b、半冬性生长习性相关等位变异Vrn-D1b、T1BL·1RS易位系, 与品质相关的高脂肪氧化酶活性等位变异TaLox-B1a、低多酚氧化酶活性等位变异Ppo-D1a、低黄色素含量等位变异Psy-A1b以及与高粒重等位变异Hap-H (TaSus-2B)仅分布在改良品种中, 而且光周期不敏感等位变异Ppd-D1a (77.6%)、优质麦谷蛋白亚基Dx5+Dy10 (35.4%)和硬质等位变异Pin-D1b (25.0%), 以及高千粒重等位变异TaCwi-A1a (63.3%)、Hap-4A-T (Tacwi-4A) (33.8%)、Hap-5D-C (TaCWI-5D) (93.7%)、Hap-2 (TaGS1a) (77.9%)、TaGS-D1a (78.5%)、TaGS5-A1b (50.0%)和TaTGW6-A1a (92.1%)在改良品种中分布频率明显高于地方品种。大部分优异等位变异分布频率随着育种时期的推进呈现不连续性上升趋势。在适应性与品质相关基因方面, 春性改良品种的优异等位变异频率高于冬性改良品种。功能标记分析显示改良品种的遗传多样性高于地方品种。136份新疆小麦资源被聚为改良品种和地方品种两类, 改良品种被进一步聚为冬性和春性两类, 说明新疆改良品种与地方品种间存在明显的遗传差异。本研究鉴定的优异等位基因和等位基因组合为进一步改良新疆小麦品种提供了重要信息。     

河北省小麦品质相关基因的KASP标记检测

为了加速小麦品质改良,利用高通量KASP标记检测1970年以来河北省审定的小麦品种153份,这些功能标记包括检测1RS/1BL和1RS/1AL易位系、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基、籽粒硬度、提高籽粒蛋白含量和促进直链淀粉合成,以及与籽粒品质颜色相关基因的KASP标记,共计22个。结果表明,1RS/1BL和1RS/1AL易位系占比分别是43.14%和9.15%;5个标记检测高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基,Glu-A1位点Glu-Ax1和Ax2*亚基占比分别是39.22%和11.76%,Glu-B1位点Bx7OE亚基占比1.96%,Glu-D1位点1Dx5+1Dy10亚基占比13.07%。3个标记检测小麦籽粒硬度基因,Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b和Pinb-B2b等位变异,占比分别是5.88%、70.59%和35.95%;没有检测到与提高籽粒蛋白含量和促进直链淀粉合成有关的基因Gpc-B1和Wx-B1的优异等位变异;检测了10个与籽粒品质颜色有关的基因Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Psy-A1、Psy-B1、Psy-D1/Sr25、Zds-A1、Lox-B1、TaLyc-B1、TaPds-B1和TaPod-A1,优异等位变异占比分别是69.93%、7.19%、27.45%、9.15%、100.00%、15.03%、75.82%、71.90%、25.49%和25.49%,其中Ppo-D1位点的优异等位变异呈逐年下降的趋势。综上所述,KASP标记可高效检测小麦品质相关基因的优异等位变异,在河北省小麦品质改良中有很好的应用前景。     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

一个水分胁迫应答蛋白与小麦抗旱性的关系及其基因的定位

分析与小麦抗旱性密切相关的水分胁迫应答蛋白, 定位蛋白基因并挖掘与其连锁的分子标记对小麦抗旱分子辅助选择具有重要意义。在一年两点田间全生育期抗旱性鉴定基础上, 以-0.5 MPa PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理小麦幼苗48 h, 并应用SDS-PAGE方法检测分子量约66.2 kD的水分胁迫应答蛋白, 分析其表达与小麦抗旱性的关系。在128个小麦品种(系)中, 检测出67份表达该蛋白, 另61份未表达该蛋白; 前者的平均抗旱指数为1.00, 而后者为0.80, 有极显著差异(P<0.01), 且各抗旱性等级中表达该蛋白的品种比例随着抗性等级的降低而减小。利用晋麦47×西农2208杂交后代230个F₃株系进行遗传分析, 发现该蛋白表达由1对显性基因控制; 目的基因与位于小麦5AS染色体上的5个SSR标记(Xgwm129、Xgwm304、Xbarc56、Xbarc117和Xbarc197)连锁, 位于邻近标记Xbarc56和Xbarc117之间, 遗传距离分别为2.2 cM和2.9 cM。用这两个紧密连锁标记检测128个小麦品种(系), 有67个品种(系)与晋麦47具有相同的标记位点, 其中86.6%的品种(系)(58/67)在水分胁迫后表达目标蛋白。该约66.2 kD的水分胁迫应答蛋白与小麦的抗旱性密切相关, 与其紧密连锁的分子标记可为小麦抗旱分子辅助选择提供依据。     

Integration of marker-assisted selection for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting with selection for grain-filling rate in breeding of white-kernelled wheat for the Chinese environment

Few Chinese high yielding white-grained wheat cultivars possess sufficient dormancy to avoid pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). Because the field evaluation of PHS is difficult, the identification of informative molecular markers is a priority for improving the level of dormancy. In this report, the effectiveness of phenotypic and genotypic selection was compared. Four microsatellite loci Xbarc57, Xbarc294, Xbarc310 and Xbarc321, mapped on the short arm of chromosome 3A, were used for selection in white-grained wheat F₅ lines which were also selected on the basis of their grain filling rate (GFR). One of these (later designated cv. Zhongmai911) was further selected on the basis of its allelic constitution at the four SSR loci. This cultivar combines a high level of PHS resistance with high grain yield. The results suggested that rapid GFR and PHS resistance can be bred simultaneously.     

小麦穗发芽抗性相关Vp1基因启动子的分离及功能验证

成熟期穗发芽严重影响小麦产量和品质。Vp1是调节胚发育, 促进胚成熟和休眠的重要转录因子, 对小麦种子休眠和穗发芽抗性具有重要作用。本研究分离了普通小麦B基因组Vp1基因的启动子, 生物信息学预测结果表明, 其含有9个脱落酸响应元件ABRE、2个DREB和6个MYB干旱响应元件、3个赤霉素响应元件GARE、1个水杨酸响应元件TCA-E、2个茉莉酸甲酯响应元件TGACG-motif、4个SKn-1和1个RYREPE胚乳特异表达元件。采用5′端缺失的方法, 构建了系列含Vp1启动子不同区段融合GUS报告基因的瞬时表达载体和植物表达载体。通过基因枪转化小麦愈伤组织, 瞬时表达结果显示, Vp1启动子在无诱导的情况下不能启动GUS基因表达, 在低温、ABA、GA、PEG和NaCl诱导后可以启动GUS基因表达, 表现诱导表达特性, 且其诱导表达强度随启动子缺失片段长度变短而减弱。利用Gateway方法成功构建了6个启动子各缺失片段类型的植物表达载体, 并通过农杆菌介导转化四倍体小麦Stewart, 获得转基因植株。该启动子可有效启动GUS基因在转基因植株的花药、糊粉层、穗轴及根中表达, 其他组织中没有表达。当启动子片段大于660 bp时, 外源ABA可诱导启动子启动GUS基因在转基因植株茎节中的表达。     

四个小麦抗穗发芽分子抗性标记有效性的验证与评价

成熟期穗发芽是一种世界性灾害, 严重影响小麦品质和产量。本试验利用已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的标记, 即STS标记MST101、STMS标记wmc104、QTL位点Xgwm155与Vp1B3, 结合穗发芽率分析,对95份中国小麦地方品种和历史品种的穗发芽抗性进行筛选, 旨在从中筛选出抗穗发芽品种, 并对这4个分子标记的有效性进行比较, 筛选出可用于种质资源筛选和分子标记辅助育种的高效分子标记。结果表明, Vp1B3和Xgwm155与穗发芽抗性相关, 而MST101和wmc104与穗发芽抗性无关。比较而言, Vp1B3更能有效地用于筛选穗发芽抗性品种, 但将Vp1B3和Xgwm155结合起来筛选抗穗发芽小麦品种, 会提高选择效率。     

Identification of genomic regions associated with seed dormancy in white-grained wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes is stimulated by cool and wet weather and leads to a decline in grain quality. A low level of harvest-time seed dormancy is a major factor for PHS, which generally is a larger problem in white-grained as compared to red-grained wheat. We have in this study analyzed seed dormancy levels at the 92nd Zadok growth stage of spike development in a doubled-haploid (DH) white wheat population and associated variation for the trait with regions on the wheat genome. The phenotypic data was generated by growing the parent lines Argent (non-dormant) and W98616 (dormant) and 151 lines of the DH population in the field during 2002 and 2003, at two locations each year, followed by assessment of harvest-time seed dormancy by germination tests. A genetic map of 2681 cM was constructed for the population upon genotyping 90 DH lines using 361 SSR, 292 AFLP, 252 DArT and 10 EST markers. Single marker analysis of the 90 genotyped lines associated regions on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5B, 6B, and 7A with seed dormancy in at least two out of the four trials. All seven putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were contributed by alleles of the dormant parent, W98616. The strongest QTLs positioned on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A and 7A were confirmed by interval mapping and markers at these loci have potential use in marker-assisted selection of PHS resistant white-grained wheat.     

Detection of chromosomes carrying genes for seed dormancy of wheat using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat represents a major constraint to the production of high‐quality grain. Genetic variation for tolerance to PHS is associated with seed dormancy. The present study was initiated to detect homologous chromosome variation associated with seed dormancy genes in a PHS tolerant cultivar ‘Zenkojikomugi’ (Zen) and ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method. The most striking effect on variation in seed dormancy was associated with chromosome 3A, and followed by group 4 chromosomes. These chromosomes of Zen increased dormancy compared with the respective CS homologues. Chromosomes 2D and 7D of Zen, and 6A of CS seemed to contribute smaller positive effects on dormancy. Chromosomes 2A of CS and Zen, as well as 3B, were equally effective in enhancing dormancy. The chromosome 3 A factors were independent of the grain‐colour gene R‐A1 because Zen was found to carry the white‐grained R‐A1a allele, which was identical to that of CS, and there was no difference in dormancy between the reciprocal F₁ seeds.     

红粒小麦Tamyb10单倍型检测及其与穗发芽抗性的关系

穗发芽是影响小麦品质和产量的重要因素之一,通常红粒小麦比白粒小麦具有较高的穗发芽抗性。转录因子Tamyb10是R-1基因的强候选基因,其表达与否和表达水平决定小麦籽粒颜色。为阐明Tamyb10单倍型与红粒小麦穗发芽抗性的关系,利用已开发的Tamyb10基因分子标记,检测119份来自不同麦区的红粒小麦材料,发现Tamyb10基因(Tamyb10-A1、Tamyb10-B1和Tamyb10-D1位点)可分成7类单倍型,分别是baa、aba、bba、aab、bab、abb和bbb。Tamyb10-D1对穗发芽抗性影响最大,Tamyb10-B1次之,Tamyb10-A1作用最小。Tamyb10单倍型没有明显的地域分布特点,但在东北春麦区,Tamyb10单倍型bbb与红粒品种的高穗发芽抗性相关。     

Mapping and validation of PCR-based markers associated with a major QTL for seed dormancy in wheat

Seed dormancy is one of the important factors controlling pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance in wheat. We identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed dormancy on the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A (4AL) via simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic mapping using doubled haploid lines from a cross between Japanese PHS resistant variety ‘Kitamoe’ and the Alpine non-resistant variety “Münstertaler” (K/M). The QTL explained 43.3% of total phenotypic variation for seed dormancy under greenhouse conditions. SSR markers flanking the QTL were assigned to the chromosome long arm fraction length 0.59–0.66 on the basis of chromosome deletion analysis, suggesting that the gene(s) controlling seed dormancy are probably located within this region. Under greenhouse conditions, the QTL explained 28.5 and 39.0% of total phenotypic variation for seed dormancy in Haruyutaka/Leader (HT/L) and OS21-5/Haruyokoi (O/HK) populations, respectively. However, in field conditions, the effect was relatively low or not significant in both the K/M and HT/L populations. These markers were considered to be widely useful in common with various genetic backgrounds for improvement of seed dormancy through the use of marker-assisted selection. Further detailed research using near isogenic lines will be needed to define how this major QTL interacts with environmental conditions in our area.     

Vp1 expression profiles during kernel development in six genotypes of wheat, triticale and rye

During the last few decades, the physiological and genetic background of dormancy, and correlated pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) have been intensively investigated. Special attention has often been paid to genetic factors that may explain and predict PHS susceptible behaviour. A major candidate is the Vp1 gene which is involved in embryo development and maturation as well as in dormancy establishment. In this study, Vp1 gene expression during kernel development was studied in wheat, triticale and rye as a potential biomarker for selecting PHS tolerant varieties in cereal breeding programs. Plants of known PHS tolerant and PHS susceptible varieties were grown under controlled conditions from flowering until harvest ripeness. During that period, kernels were regularly harvested for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Calibrated and normalized relative Vp1 expression levels were obtained in an RT-qPCR assay. During kernel development, Vp1 expression levels generally showed a typical peak during the soft dough stage, after which they decreased and remained low until harvest maturity. Differences in Vp1 expression levels could be observed between the PHS susceptible and PHS tolerant varieties of wheat, with the PHS tolerant variety showing higher levels of relative Vp1 expression compared to the PHS susceptible variety. In triticale, however, this difference was only seen once and could not be confirmed in further experiments. It seems that the Vp1 gene in triticale behaves in a similar way as in rye, in which no specific trends could be observed.