南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循不及其有效性的研究：III.降雨入 …

南亚热带高温多雨,年降雨量大而分布不均,台风雨季节降雨强度大,全年降雨多集中４～９月,占全年的８０％以上,因而大大地增加了降雨所起的地表径流,径流也主要集中在多雨季节,特别是在５～８月,占全年降雨径流量的９０％左右,形成了南亚热带坡地独特的地表径流特征,南亚热带的降雨入渗对表土层的影响较大,在暴雨过程中,０～３０ｃｍ土层水分易产生饱和,因而易产生地表径流,从而减少水分入渗,这对作物生长产生不利的影     

柴庄水文站测站特性分析

通过1994-2016年水文资料分析柴庄站测站特性，结果表明，汾河上游赵城站与支流东庄站控制了柴庄站81.8%的径流量，柴庄站多年平均径流量主要分布在7～10月，占全年60.6%。柴庄站断面年际间冲淤变化较大，1994-2016年间总趋势为逐年下切，至2011年断面已接近基岩，2011年以前断面年内冲淤变化较大，以涨冲落淤为主，但全年总趋势为冲刷，2011年后年内冲淤基本平衡，年际变化较小。1994～2016年间柴庄站水位流量关系线逐渐由全年多条发展为全年1条。柴庄站2011～2016年水位流量关系曲线符合合并定线要求。     

胡椒养分含量状况的研究

胡椒大，中量元素的含量在不同树龄中有所不同，幼龄期以氮最高，其Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ３：Ｋ２Ｏ：Ｃａ：ｍＧＯ １：０．１５：０５３－０．９：０．２２－０．３８：０．１５－０．３０；成年龄则为Ｋ２Ｏ最高，Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ３：Ｋ２Ｏ：Ｃａ：Ｍｇ为１：０．１３：１．３２：０．４４：０．１６。     

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高寒草甸植被生育期耗水量和耗水规律的分析

用１９９１～１９９３年在高寒草甸地区植被生育期测定的土壤水分资料，联系土壤水分平衡方程，讨论高寒草甸植被生育期的耗水量和耗水规律的特征，结果表明，草甸地区植被生育期５月２０日～９月１５日，３年平均耗水量约为３６１．０ｍｍ；全年牧草地上净初级生物量与耗水量具有一定的相关性；植被生育期内气温、降水的协调配合能提高牧草地上净初级生物量。５～９月，植被耗水量变化量单峰型曲线，３年平均表明，７月耗水量最高，５月最低。     

芝麻秆还田防治水稻病虫、杂草及提高土壤肥力效应的研究

１９９１～１９９２年的试验结果表明，利用芝麻秆还田，晚稻病虫、杂草危害明显减轻，稻谷产量增加１７．０９％～３０．３４％，稻田土壤肥力亦有所提高。为水稻病虫、杂草的生物防治提供一条新途径。     

三峡库区大宁河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征

利用三峡库区大宁河流域及其周边共21个雨量站8a的日降雨量资料,按照日降雨量侵蚀力模型,在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS9．0支持下,分析了该流域降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征。研究表明,该流域年均降雨侵蚀力R值在空间分布上与流域高程变化一致。随着流域高程变化,侵蚀力R值呈现上游迅速降低,中游平缓到下游增大的趋势,最高和最低侵蚀力R值分别位于流域西北部的高楼站附近和西南部的福田站附近;降雨侵蚀力R值的年际分配差异明显,最大年R值为最小年R值的2．16倍;降雨侵蚀力R值的季节分布呈单峰型,集中程度高,5—9月上半月占全年的90．4％,全年R值的高峰出现于7月份和8月份上半月,占全年的38．8％。     

樟子松树干液流的时空变异性研究

应用热脉冲技术，对内蒙古自治区乌兰察布盟中旗的主要造林树种樟子松的液流变化进行了1年的观测，对液流量的日变化、各位点液流及全年液流量的变化进行了深入地研究。结果表明：樟子松在正常生长状态下，树干液流量日进程呈现单峰型曲线，全天总液流量为25．61L，全年总液流量为3423．35L；樟子松木质部不同部位输水能力差异较大，液流速度最大的位点位于形成层外5～10mm处；樟子松单位边材面积日累计液流量Qs为1．56m^3／m^2左右，整个过程呈现“S”形。     

福建闽江上游不同林地类型土壤水库蓄水量动态变化

研究不同林地类型土壤水库蓄水量变化，以期加深对森林土壤水库理水机理的认识。以裸露地为对照，封山育林地、杉木林地和木荷林地为研究对象，对其土壤水库的蓄水功能及其动态变化进行研究。结果表明：土壤水库月蓄水量大小顺序为对照〈封山育林地〈杉木林地〈木荷林地，封山育林地、杉木林地和木荷林地月蓄水量的最大值和最小值分别比对照高22．45％，32．83％，34．53％，53．51％，70．09％，79．60％。对照不同层次蓄水量的月变化都远大于林地，林地中以木荷林地的变化量最小。除了封山育林地，杉木林地、木荷林地和对照不同土层的蓄水量随深度的增加呈逐渐增大趋势，但它们土壤水库0～40cm．土层蓄水量变化都远较底层80～100cm大，对水分的调节能力比底层强。     

浙江中部丘陵山区山斑鸠繁殖习性研究

本文研究了浙江中部丘陵山区山斑鸠Streptopelia orientalis L.的繁殖习性，结果表明：山斑鸠繁殖期在每年的4月下旬至9月上旬，其繁殖高峰则在5月至7月。求偶行为主要表现为雄鸟对雌鸟的求偶鸣叫及“点头”两种方式。两性亲鸟均参与筑巢，筑巢期约为7d。交尾必定发生在雄鸟的求偶行为之后，但交尾成功率约占有30％。定数产卵，窝卵数2。由两性亲鸟不间断轮流孵卵，孵化期约为17－18d。出雏率为83．33％，雏鸟平均体重为6．45g。两性亲鸟共同育雏，分巢内育雏和巢外育雏两种方式，巢内育雏期约为19d，巢外育雏期约为10d，之后幼鸟才能独立活动、取食等。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.