Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts (Lumbricidae)

Summary Microbial respiration, microbial biomass and nutrient requirements of the microflora (C, N, P) were studied in the food substrate (soil taken from the upper 3 cm of the mineral soil of a beech wood on limestone), the burrow walls and the casts of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny). The passage of the soil through the gut caused an increase in soil microbial respiration of about 90% over a 4-week period. Microbial biomass was increased only in freshly deposited casts and decreased in aging faeces to a level about 10% lower than in soil. Microbial respiration of the burrow walls was only increased over a shorter period (about 2 weeks). The microflora of the soil and the burrow walls was limited by P, whereas in earthworm casts, microbial growth was limited by the amount of available C. In aging faeces the P requirement of the microflora increased and approached that of the soil. Immobilization of phosphate in earthworm casts is probably caused by mainly abiotic processes. C mineralization by soil microflora fertilized with glucose and P was limited by N, except in freshly deposited casts. Ammonium, not nitrate, was responsible for this process. N dynamics in earthworm casts are discussed.     

施肥对河北荆芥生长生理及产量和药用品质的影响

为明确药用植物荆芥人工栽培的适宜施肥模式,提高人工栽培荆芥的产量和质量,采用单因素随机区组设计的田间试验,研究了不同施肥处理荆芥的生长、生理、产量和有效成分总黄酮含量的变化。试验设置高、中、低量有机肥(腐熟鸡粪)和与有机肥氮磷钾含量相等的高、中、低量化肥及不施肥对照共7个处理。测定了不同施肥处理不同生育时期荆芥叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白质和不同部位的总黄酮含量,并在收获期测定了不同处理荆芥的干物质产量。结果表明,在该试验条件下,施用有机肥和化肥的荆芥产量和光合色素含量均显著高于对照,有机肥或化肥的3个水平间差异显著,均为高水平>中水平>低水平,有机肥和化肥两种肥料的同一水平间差异不明显;施用有机肥促进荆芥茎、叶、穗中总黄酮的积累,其含量以低水平>中水平>高水平,施用无机肥降低荆芥茎、叶、穗中的总黄酮含量;有机肥高水平处理整株产量和总黄酮量都高于对照及其他处理,差异达显著水平。根据研究结果认为,氮磷钾无机肥料可显著提高荆芥的产量,但降低其总黄酮含量和药用品质,而有机肥料(腐熟的鸡粪)可显著提高荆芥产量,且荆芥中总黄酮含量也较高。因此建议在进行河北省荆芥的人工栽培时,重施有机肥料,最佳有机肥(腐熟的鸡粪)的施用量为15 750 kg.hm 2。     

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对叶菜产量和环境效应的影响

针对叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例及对经济效益和环境效应综合评价较缺乏等问题,本研究采用田间试验,对包心菜和小青菜进行等氮水平下不同比例有机肥替代化肥处理,包括:纯化肥氮(0M),25%、50%、75%和100%有机肥替代化肥(25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M),研究不同处理下蔬菜产量、经济效益、土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放。结果表明, 25%M处理下包心菜和小青菜产量均达最高,且与0M处理相比包心菜和小青菜的产量分别增加15.0%(P0.05)和16.3%(P0.05)。25%M比0M处理经济效益分别增加11.7%和5.4%,但在50%M、75%M和100%M处理下经济效益为负增长。25%M处理下,氨挥发累积排放量在包心菜和小青菜季分别为42.1kg·hm~(-2)和12.9kg·hm~(-2),比0M处理分别降低23.4%(P0.05)和41.6%(P0.05); 0M和25%M处理间氧化亚氮累积排放量无显著差异, 25%M处理在包心菜和小青菜季的氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为0.74 kg·hm~(-2)和3.06 kg·hm~(-2);与25%M处理相比, 50%M、75%M和100%M处理下氧化亚氮排放分别增加33.7%～60.8%(P0.05)、50.0%～134.3%(P0.05)和56.8%～185.6%(P0.05)。基于此,提出叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的适宜替代比例在25%左右时可实现最佳的增效减排效果。     

添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的影响及激发效应

为了探讨长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化对添加牛粪的响应特征及添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的激发效应,以始建于1986年的长期定位试验为平台,通过室内恒温培养的方法研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥(不施肥,CK;常量有机肥,SMA;常量化肥,SMF;常量有机无机配施,1/2(SMA+SMF))潮土有机碳矿化、土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分(微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳)含量的变化特征。结果表明:无论添加牛粪与否,长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化过程均符合一级动力学方程,而牛粪的添加显著增加了长期不施肥、长期单施化肥和长期有机无机配施土壤的有机碳矿化速率常数,增长幅度分别为21.74%、35.00%和45.00%;添加牛粪提高了长期不同施肥潮土有机碳、微生物量碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,却显著降低了可溶性有机碳含量;牛粪对长期不施肥、长期施用常量有机肥、常量化肥和常量有机无机配施潮土有机碳矿化的正激发效应分别达到了48.56%、3.60%、48.43%和3.92%,且对长期不施肥及长期施用常量化肥潮土的激发效应显著高于对长期施用常量有机肥及长期有机无机配施土壤;冗余分析显示添加牛粪对长期不同施肥土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应与土壤活性组分碳氮比呈正相关,与土壤养分含量呈负相关。该研究不仅为合理施用有机肥和实现农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,还有利于实现农业资源再利用及其效益最大化。     

施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

施用有机肥是循环农业的典型措施,能够净化环境、保证食品安全、加强土壤的可持续利用。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站长期设施蔬菜地为研究对象,试验已进行6年,共设单施有机肥、有机无机配施与无机肥3种施肥处理。结果表明:施用有机肥处理的土壤有机C含量显著高于有机无机配施和无机肥处理107.02%、171.71%;干筛分析表明有机肥处理下的土壤非水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(WMD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值均显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥65.68%、4.18%和16.80%、8.26%;湿筛结果也表明有机肥处理下的土壤水稳性团聚体WMD、GMD值显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥41.12%、34.78%和77.78%、63.16%;0~20 cm耕层有机肥处理增加了土壤分散系数,而20~40 cm耕层有机肥处理显著降低了土壤分散系数。在蔬菜有机栽培中单施有机肥可增加土壤有机C、非水稳性团聚体、水稳性团聚体及耕层下微团聚体含量,是改良土壤结构的有效措施。     

砂姜黑土长期施肥对小麦生长的影响研究

砂姜黑土20年长期定位施肥试验研究结果表明,不同施肥处理对小麦产量的影响明显,各处理产量为Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ>CK,单施化肥有利于培育大蘖壮苗,利用增穗增粒对提高产量有一定作用,但因提高土壤肥力作用较小而难以高产。单施有机肥培肥作用明显,但其养分释放缓慢,影响小麦对养分的吸收,且生育前期营养生长不良,群体不足,小麦增产幅度较小。有机肥与化肥配施养分供应平衡,群体动态、产量结构合理,是砂姜黑土地区小麦持续高产和土壤培肥的有效措施,但应同时重视K肥施用。     

Effect of different types of organic fertilizers on the chemical properties and enzymatic activities of an Oxisol under intensive cultivation of vegetables for 4 years

The effects of different types of organic fertilizers on the chemical and enzymatic properties of an Oxisol were studied after being fertilized for four consecutive years (26 crops) in a greenhouse under intensive cultivation of vegetables. Seven treatments, consisting of five types of organic fertilizer treatments, one "sequential application" (SA) treatment, and a chemical fertilizer treated plot were compared. The organic fertilizers used were dairy cattle dung compost (DCDC), hog dung compost (HDC), chicken dung compost (CDC), pea residue compost (PRC) and soybean meal (SBM). After 4 years of cultivation, the soils were analyzed for their chemical properties and enzymatic activities. The microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), basal respiration and nitrification rate were also measured. The results showed that the SBM significantly lowered the soil pH, and that the HDC and DCDC raised the soil pH. The SBM and CDC resulted in the lowest soil electrical conductivity. The SBM had no significant effect on soil organic C and total N contents when compared with the CF plot. However, the DCDC resulted in the highest contents of soil organic C and total N. The organic fertilizers applied did not significantly affect the soil available copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and nickel. The effects of the different organic fertilizers on soil enzymatic activities depended on the types of organic fertilizers applied. The SBM and CDC often resulted in a lower microbial C (or N) and respiration rate, while in contrast DCDC and PRC resulted in high measurements. Most of the measured soil enzymatic activities in the SBM treatment, except for acid phosphatase, were the lowest. Differing contents of different heavy metals in the organic fertilizers resulted in different Mehlich III extractable heavy metal contents in the soils. From the point of view of the soil chemical and enzymatic properties, SBM is not an appropriate organic fertilizer for continuous application to an Oxisol.     

有机培肥对旱地土壤养分有效性和酶活性的影响

为了探明有机培肥对旱地土壤肥力的影响,为建立旱地土壤改良技术体系提供依据,在渭北旱塬进行了4年有机培肥定位试验,设置3个秸秆还田量水平9 000 kg/hm2 （SH）、6 000 kg/hm2 （SM）、3 000 kg/hm2 （SL）和3个有机肥施用量水平22 500 kg/hm2（MH）、11 250 kg/hm2（MM）、5 250 kg/hm2（ML）处理,不施有机肥作为对照（CK）。结果表明,连续进行有机培肥第4年冬小麦收获后,各处理060 cm土层土壤有效养分和活性碳含量大小顺序均为:MM, SM＞SH, MH＞ML, SL＞CK,各培肥处理速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮和活性碳含量较对照提高幅度分别为13.27%～161.77%（P0.05）、7.51%～25.01%（P0.05）、10.52%～41.87%（P0.05）和64.15%～92.42%（P0.05）,两种培肥措施间无显著差异;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著高于CK（P0.05）,提高程度因还田量和施肥量的多少而异,以SM 和MM处理效果最显著,过氧化氢酶活性较CK变化不明显。说明旱地秸秆还田和施有机肥对提高土壤养分有效性、土壤活性有机碳和酶活性有显著效果。     

Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems: Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching

Organic farming is rapidly expanding worldwide. Plant growth in organic systems greatly depends on the functions performed by soil microbes, particularly in nutrient supply. However, the linkages between soil microbes and nutrient availability in organically managed soils are not well understood. We conducted a long-term field experiment to examine microbial biomass and activity, and nutrient availability under four management regimes with different organic inputs. The experiment was initiated in 1997 by employing different practices of organic farming in a coastal sandy soil in Clinton, NC, USA. Organic practices were designed by applying organic substrates with different C and N availability, either in the presence or absence of wheat-straw mulch. The organic substrates used included composted cotton gin trash (CGT), animal manure (AM) and rye/vetch green manure (RV). A commercial synthetic fertilizer (SF) was used as a conventional control. Results obtained in both 2001 and 2002 showed that microbial biomass and microbial activity were generally higher in organically than conventionally managed soils with CGT being most effective. The CGT additions increased soil microbial biomass C and activity by 103-151% and 88-170% over a period of two years, respectively, leading to a 182-285% increase in potentially mineralizable N, compared to the SF control. Straw mulching further enhanced microbial biomass, activity, and potential N availability by 42, 64, and 30%, respectively, relative to non-mulched soils, likely via improving C and water availability for soil microbes. The findings that microbial properties and N availability for plants differed under different organic input regimes suggest the need for effective residue managements in organic tomato farming systems.     

The earthworm population of a winter cereal field and its effects on soil and nitrogen turnover

The earthworm population in a winter cereal field in Ireland was studied over a 3-year-period and its effects on soil and N turnover were assessed. The mean annual population density was 346–471 individuals m^-2 and the mean biomass was 56.9–61.2 g m^-2. Twelve species were recorded, the most abundant being Allolobophora chlorotica followed by Aporrectodea caliginosa, and 242 mg at 5°C to 713 mg at 10°C in the case of juvenile Lumbricus terrestris. Gut contents (dry mass of soil) comprised 6.7–15.5% of the A. caliginosa live mass, and 9.7–14.7% of the Lumbricus terrestris mass. Annual soil egestion by the field population was estimated as 18–22 kg m^-2. Tissue production ranged from 81.7 to 218.5 g m^-2, while N turnover resulting from mortality was calculated as 1.5–3.9 g m^-2 depending on the year and the method of calculation. Earthworms were estimated to contribute an additional 3.4–4.1 g mineral N to the soil through excretion, mucus production, and soil ingestion. Independent estimates of N output via mucus and excretion derived from ¹⁵N laboratory studies with Lumbricus terrestris were 2.9–3.6 g m^-2 year^-1.     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

Impact of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes in an Oxisol

Summary The influence of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) populations was evaluated in an Oxisol. Surface-soil losses in excess of 7.5 cm were generally associated with significant decreases in the numbers of total and active VAM propagules and in the symbiotic effectiveness of the active propagules. Surface-soil removal not exceeding 7.5 cm was associated with decreased propagule abundance without adverse effects on VAM colonization of roots and symbiotic effectiveness of the fungi. The extent of VAM colonization of roots and the degree of symbiotic effectiveness observed at this level of simulated erosion were significantly higher than those observed in the soil not subjected to simulated erosion. This stimulation is attributed to the removal of antagonistic biotic factors as the top 7.5 cm of soil was removed. It is concluded that propagules lost during erosional soil losses must be replaced before legumes grown on relatively highly weathered and severely eroded tropical soils could appreciably benefit from the VAM symbiosis.Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3234     

Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on some soil properties

Abstract

NPK was applied to a Haynie, very fine, sandy loam as 89.6 MT/ha (40 T/ac) of OF (organic fertilizer as feedlot manure at 45% water content) and as MF (mineral fertilizer) with nutrients equivalent to the manure during 18 months.

Organic fertilizer increased soil organic matter content 0.25% more than the MF and 0.2% more than the control. Organic fertilizer increased the CEC 0.3 m.e./100 g more than the MF and 0.4 m.e./100 g more than the control. Organic fertilizer increased exch. Mg by 32 kg/ha while MF decreased exch. Mg slightly.     

Soil partitioning effect of an earthworm burrow system

Summary Through the simulation of an earthworm burrow system and the calculation of the shortest pathway from the bottom of the system to the surface, using a succession of burrows, it is shown that the borrow system leads to a partition of soil space. The characteristics of the resulting heterogeneity, the size of this partitioning and the length of the shortest pathways are discussed with regard to the functional relationship between the burrow system and the soil.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M. S. Ghilarov     

绿肥压青对粉垄稻田土壤微生物量碳和有机碳累积矿化量的影响

绿肥压青还田是调控现代集约化稻田土壤逆境的重要手段,为评估绿肥压青下粉垄耕作对稻田土壤微生物量碳和土壤有机碳累积矿化量的影响,设置早稻粉垄耕作与常规耕作2种耕作模式,不施肥和同等肥力条件下施化肥、单倍绿肥配施化肥和双倍绿肥配施化肥4种施肥处理,晚稻免耕常规施用化肥,开展双季稻周年大田应用试验。结果表明:单倍绿肥压青下,粉垄耕作能提高稻田土壤微生物量碳含量,可达常规耕作的2倍,能有效增加微生物对土壤碳素的利用率。增加绿肥压青量会提高粉垄耕作稻田土壤有机碳累积矿化量和矿化潜力,与施用化肥相比,单倍绿肥压青下早晚稻分别增加1.6%～32.8%和0.6%～16.6%,双倍绿肥压青下分别增加58.6%～70.9%和29.6%～38.4%。粉垄单倍绿肥压青会降低免耕晚稻齐穗期、收获期土壤呼吸强度,较常规耕作分别降低33.4%和38.7%,较粉垄耕作其他处理降低8.5%～31.4%。单倍绿肥压青下粉垄稻田土壤代谢商较常规耕作累积降低65.5%,与常耕相比,粉垄双倍绿肥压青和粉垄单一化肥的土壤代谢商分别累积增加20.3%和159.2%,粉垄双倍绿肥压青可有效缓解土壤代谢商的提升。微生物量碳含量与有机碳矿化激发效应呈负相关,绿肥压青还田下相关系数达0.44;累积矿化量和代谢商呈极显著正相关,粉垄耕作下相关系数达0.59。可见,绿肥粉垄耦合的模式可作为一种增加稻田土壤微生物量碳含量、减少部分生育时期土壤呼吸强度,增强土壤碳库稳定性及碳固持的重要调控技术措施。     

有机肥替代部分无机肥对华北农田土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为研究对象,2012~2015年连续4年研究了有机肥替代部分无机肥对土壤中养分含量、土壤酶活性和作物产量的影响。结果表明：1)0.3M处理(70％无机肥＋3000 kg/hm2有机肥)和0.5 M处理(50％无机肥＋6000 kg/hm2有机肥)与NPK处理(单施无机肥)相比都提高了土壤中全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,且0.5 M高于0.3 M,说明有机肥替代无机肥的比例越高,土壤中全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量就越高。2)土壤中脲酶活性大小顺序NPK>0.3 M>0.5 M>CK,蔗糖酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性为0.5 M>0.3 M>NPK,说明有机肥可以显著提高蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性。3)小麦4年累计产量0.3 M处理比NPK处理提高5.95％,0.5 M处理比NPK处理降低0.94％,;玉米4年累计产量则是0.3 M比NPK处理降低1.27％,0.5 M处理比NPK处理降低2.00％。综上所述,本研究表明,有机肥替代30％无机肥处理能够保证粮食产量,有机肥替代50％无机肥处理更能提高土壤肥力。     

有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用

以在山东禹城试验区持续近20年的定位试验为依据，对长期施用有机肥、无机肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的土壤养分演变进行了系统总结。结果表明，在同等施肥情况下，有机肥不但在增加土壤有机营养，改善土壤有机质质量等方面具有极其显著的作用，而且随着年限的增长，在增加土壤速效养分方面，有机肥的效果也逐渐超过无机肥。     

Assessing the organic phosphorus status of an Oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna using 31P NMR spectroscopy

³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, P fractionation, and a P sorption experiment were used to follow the changes in P in the A horizons (0–10 cm) of acid savanna soils, Colombia, after little P fertilization and 15 years' continuous growth of a grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and a grass/legume (B. decumbens+Pueraria phaseoloides) pasture. Ready P supply as analyzed by Bray P was low under native savanna (1.3 mg kg^-1 soil) and responded moderately on pasture establishment. Concurrently, the affinity of the soil for inorganic P declined slightly after pasture establishment. ³¹P NMR spectroscopy revealed that P associated with humic acids was dominated by monoester P followed by diester P. Smaller proportions were observed for phosphonates, teichoic acid P, orthophosphate, and pyrophosphate. P associated with fulvic acids had lower proportions of diester P and higher contents of orthophosphate. Under native savanna the reserves of labile organic P species (phosphonates and diester P including teichoic acid P) associated with humic and fulvic acids were 12.4 and 1.1 kg ha^-1, respectively, and increased to 18.1 and 1.8 kg ha^-1 under grass pasture, and to 19.5 and 2.3 kg ha^-1 under grass/legume pasture. These data emphasize the importance of labile organic P species in the P supply for plants in improved tropical pastures, and further indicate that humic acid P in particular responds to land-use changes within a relatively short time-scale. Earthworm casts were highly abundant in the B. decumbens+P. phaseoloides plot and were enriched in labile organic P species. We conclude that earthworm activity improves the P supply in soil under tropical pastures by creating an easily available organic P pool.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响

采用土柱栽培与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响。结果表明,有机肥可促进小麦根系的生长和根系在深层土壤中的分布,使小麦根系的总鲜重和深层土壤根系鲜重明显增加;提高不同土层、特别是深层土壤中根系的活力,使小麦生长后期保持较高的根系吸收养分的能力。有机肥可促进根系对氮、磷、钾的吸收和向子粒中的转移,使氮、磷、钾在子粒中的分配量增加;而且能抑制根系的膜脂过氧化作用,使不同土层小麦根系SOD活性提高、MDA含量降低,从而延缓了根系的衰老。     

Nitrogen mineralization and reorganization in casts of the geophagous tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae)

Summary Mineral N concentrations ranged from 133.1 to 167.8 g g^-1 dry soil in fresh casts of the endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus fed on an Amazonian Ultisol; this was approximately five times the concentration in non-ingested soil. Most of this N was in the form of NH _inf4 ^sup+ . N also accumulated in microbial biomass, which increased from a control value of 10.5–11.3 to 67.5–74.1 g g^-1 in fresh casts. During a 16-day incubation, part of the NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N was nitrified and/or transferred to the microbial biomass. Total labile N (i.e., mineral+biomas N) decreased sharply at first (ca. 50% in the first 12 h), and then more slowly. The exact fate of this N (microbial metabolites, denitrification, or volatilization) is not known. After 16 days, the overall N content of the casts was still 28% higher than that of the control soil. Incubation of the soil before ingestion by the earthworms significantly increased the production of NH _inf4 ^sup+ in casts. We calculate that in a humid tropical pasture, 50–100 kg mineral N may be produced annually in earthworm casts. Part of this N may be conserved in the compact structure of the cast where the cast is not in close contact with plant roots.