农用运输车检测系统通过鉴定

为增加对农用运输车的检测能力，黑龙江省农业机械试验鉴定站研究设计了农用运输车检测系统。该系统的控制由一台主控电脑单独完成全，部数据通过微机自动采集。系统软件采用ＶＢ语言编程，程序简捷，优化程度高，运行可靠，易于操作。 该系统于２０００年１２月通过了黑龙江省农业委员会组织的鉴定。鉴定认为，该系统的测试项目及测试精度符合ＧＢ７２５８－１９９７标准的规定，检测系统工位布局设计合理，集中式控制自动化程度高，保证了操作的方便性和测试数据的准确性，数据自动化处理系统先进、可靠，尤其是对三轮农用运输车过桥装置…     

一种葡萄苗木嫁接机器人的结构设计

【目的】传统的人工嫁接方式或少数育苗企业采用的半自动嫁接机均存在自动化程度低、工作过程费时费力等问题,增加了人工成本,技术人员流失也比较严重,因此果木育苗行业亟需研制自动嫁接装备。【方法】课题组以葡萄苗木自动嫁接方案为研究对象,提出了一种嫁接机器人的设计方案,对其机械结构进行了研究,并采用三维数字化软件SolidWorks对嫁接机器人进行三维建模。该装置的总体结构主要包括砧穗匹配系统、切削接合装置、蜡封收集装置,三台装置在同一工作平台上协调工作。其中,砧穗匹配系统包括砧木供苗装置和穗木供苗装置,两装置均设有视觉检测系统,可对砧木、穗木进行特征信息的采集,并完成两者之间的自动匹配;切削接合装置用于对匹配好的砧木与穗木进行切削和快速接合,并将接合完成的嫁接苗转移至蜡封收集装置,以进行后续的操作;蜡封收集装置可对嫁接苗进行蜡封、降温、收集处理。【结果】该装置具有自动化程度较高、可节省大量时间与人力等优点,能较好地解决传统人工嫁接及半自动嫁接机存在的问题,有利于促进我国未来葡萄种植产业的发展。     

基于玉米根系保护的株间除草机器人系统设计与试验

针对株间机械除草时末端执行器存在损伤玉米根系风险的问题,提出了一种基于玉米根系保护的除草铲土上避苗除草模式,并设计了一套智能株间除草机器人系统。该机器人系统由机器人移动平台、除草装置、视觉检测系统和控制系统组成。其中视觉检测系统采用YOLO V4网络模型来检测玉米苗和杂草;除草装置是基于除草铲空间立体运动轨迹设计,使得除草铲可以完成土上和土下2种避苗除草作业模式。田间试验表明,在机器人移动平台前进速度为1.2km/h时,玉米苗和杂草的检测率分别为96.04%和92.57%,且2种除草模式的除草率均高于81%。除草铲土上避苗除草模式的平均伤根率为3.35%,相较于除草铲土下避苗除草模式降低了36.40个百分点。结果证明该除草机器人系统运行稳定,且除草铲土上避苗除草模式具有较优的玉米根系保护性能。     

麦秸-塑膜复合覆盖对玉米产量及土壤物理参数的影响研究

结合地膜覆盖与麦秸覆盖的保墒、生态效应,将2者集成麦秸-塑膜复合系统,分析了不同覆盖方式下的玉米生育进程、产量、耗水量、提高土壤有机质的水平等方面的指标。研究结果表明:覆膜和麦秸塑膜复合覆盖生育期较麦秸覆盖和无覆盖处理提早10 d,其耗水量相对较小,具有节水、减少无效蒸发的作用。与无覆盖处理相比,覆膜处理耗水量减少38.6 mm,复合覆盖处理耗水量减少44.0~59.6 mm;覆膜处理水分利用效率提高41.0%,复合覆盖处理水分利用效率提高20.8%~30.1%。与播种前相比复合覆盖土壤有机质含量提高8.62%~14.94%,对增加土壤有机质含量,提高麦草利用有积极作用,解决了秸秆覆盖技术在推广应用中常遇的"冷环境+低出苗+低产量"的问题。     

基于电化学和虚拟仪器的土壤重金属检测系统研究

采用超声波辅助提取法对土壤样本进行快速前处理,以铋膜修饰丝网印刷电极作为传感器,结合差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法对土壤浸提液中的铅和镉进行精确测量。检测仪器以Lab View平台软件为工作核心,结合MSP430单片机、恒电位电路、I/V转换电路、电磁阀和蠕动泵等硬件设备实现了对土壤浸提液的自动进样、电化学分析以及排液清洗等铅和镉的操作。针对实际土壤样本测量时可能产生的误差,分别采用了概率统计算法以及多次标准添加法加以消除。系统检测限分别达到2.6μg/L和1.8μg/L。对不同地区采集到的多个土壤样本进行分析,结果表明该系统具有检测精度高、重现性好、速度快、功耗低等优点,适合对农田土壤重金属进行快速检测和评估。     

景观高度异质区土壤有机质时空变化特征分析

基于GIS和环境相关法,构建了集传统统计学、空间趋势分析、时间稳定性评估、结合辅助信息的地统计混合模型联合的景观高度异质区土壤属性时空变化研究模型,并利用该联合模型揭示了北京市密云县土壤有机质时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,构建的时空联合模型能够较好地体现景观高度异质区土壤有机质时空变化细节特征;土壤有机质以中等稳定为主,且随着时间的推移,随机部分占土壤有机质空间变异的比例越来越大;不同时期土壤有机质含量空间分布格局一致;高土壤有机质含量区域的土壤有机质随时间呈减小趋势,低区与之相反,且高土壤有机质含量区变幅大,而低土壤有机质含量区变幅小;影响密云县土壤有机质时空变异的因素主要为土壤质地和土地利用方式。     

基于反射光谱特性的土壤有机质含量测定仪改进设计

阐述了利用有机质的反射光谱特性对土壤有机质含量测定的原理及方法,并设计了测定仪器的总体设计方案、光路系统及仪器的硬件.为了进一步减小测量误差、提高仪器总体性能,在以前研究的基础上对光路系统的设计进行了改进--增加了另外3路光信号以反映土壤光谱在600 nm处的弓曲差,研究了不同土样处理方法对土壤有机质含量测量精度的影响.结果表明:在仪器中引入弓曲差信息后,仪器的测量精度得到了进一步提高,测量误差从7.69%减小到3.76%.     

基于微波多普勒法的施肥质量流量检测系统研究

为了实现施肥量的精确检测,本文构建了基于微波多普勒雷达以及振动干扰抑制方法的肥料质量流量检测系统。由多普勒信号经过快速傅里叶变换处理获得肥料颗粒速度和浓度。定义速度和浓度乘积为传感器输出值,并使用最小二乘法建立传感器输出值和肥料质量流量的线性回归模型。通过对信号的统计规律进行分析,将功率谱的5倍平均值用作区分振动干扰和流量信号的阈值。在实验平台上,使用2种复合肥进行了检测,实验结果表明,肥料质量流量最大检测值可达2629.9g/min,检测相对误差不大于5％。此外,将检测系统安装在施肥机上,在水泥路上使用第3种复合肥进行了测试,由于振动影响,检测系统最大检测误差达到21.57%。使用提出的振动干扰抑制方法进行处理后,肥料质量流量检测范围在1429.1~2976.9g/min之间,相对误差不大于10.04％。因此,结合振动抑制方法,微波多普勒法的质量流量检测系统能够精确检测实验平台上和施肥机上不同肥料的质量流量。     

基于Proteus的同步器倾斜性检测系统设计

为了满足同步器总成检测要求,文章设计了一套基于同步器齿毂齿套倾斜性检测系统。文章不仅完成同步器倾斜性检测系统机械结构、硬件、软件的设计,还介绍了所研制的计算机和单片机控制的汽车同步器总成倾斜量检测系统、检测原理及试验仿真。此外,还提出基于Proteus的系统开发方法,应用Proteus进行原理图设计,根据Proteus中的电子元件特性模拟了检测系统的微位移传感器,并利用Proteus与Keil的联合调试进行仿真分析,得出仿真数据。相比于其他检测装置,该系统在检测精度和自动化方面更臻完美。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱的土壤钾素检测

为满足大田土壤钾素养分在线检测的迫切需要,设计了一种基于激光诱导击穿光谱原理的土壤养分在线检测的系统平台装置,并开展了土壤养分快速测定的实验研究,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析土壤钾素养分含量的可行性与准确度进行了探索。实验表明,土壤钾元素的特征谱线在波长766.49 nm和769.90 nm处,钾素养分含量与特征谱线强度呈正相关,但当钾素质量分数大于0.3%时,存在明显自吸收现象,谱线强度与样本质量分数呈非线性关系。为了消除土壤光谱检测的基体效应,选定土壤样本锂元素为内标元素,对土壤钾元素等离子光谱特征谱线进行内标校正处理。利用土壤样本钾元素的敏感特征波长766.49 nm和769.90 nm处的光谱强度对土壤钾元素含量进行二元线性建模分析,建模曲线拟合效果良好,模型决定系数达到0.933 7,相对均方根误差仅为0.276 1。利用该实验系统,土壤钾素养分最低检测限为212μg/g,初步具备土壤钾素养分在线检测的要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。