Damping-off of sugar beet caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis

Rhizoctonia cerealis was isolated from diseased sugar beet seedlings collected from crops in Ireland. In pathogenicity tests, isolates of R. cerealis from beet seedlings, and from sharp eyespot lesions on wheat crops, caused severe damping-off of sugar beet. Isolates from beet seedlings also caused symptoms of sharp eyespot on wheat.     

Bacillus sp. L324-92 for Biological Control of Three Root Diseases of Wheat Grown with Reduced Tillage

ABSTRACT Strain L324-92 is a novel Bacillus sp. with biological activity against three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum, that exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity and grows at temperatures from 4 to 40 degrees C. These three root diseases are major yieldlimiting factors for wheat in the U.S. Inland Pacific Northwest, especially wheat direct-drilled into the residue of a previous cereal crop. Strain L324-92 was selected from among approximately 2,000 rhizosphere/rhizoplane isolates of Bacillus species isolated from roots of wheat collected from two eastern Washington wheat fields that had long histories of wheat. Roots were washed, heat-treated (80 degrees C for 30 min), macerated, and dilution-plated on (1)/(10)-strength tryptic soy agar. Strain L324-92 inhibited all isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups, and Pythium species tested on agar at 15 degrees C; provided significant suppression of all three root diseases at 15 degrees C in growth chamber assays; controlled either Rhizoctonia root rot, takeall, or both; and increased yields in field tests in which one or more of the three root diseases of wheats were yield-limiting factors. The ability of L324-92 to grow at 4 degrees C probably contributes to its biocontrol activity on direct-drilled winter and spring wheat because, under Inland Northwest conditions, leaving harvest residues of the previous crop on the soil surface keeps soils cooler compared with tilled soils. These results suggest that Bacillus species with desired traits for biological control of wheat root diseases are present within the community of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms and can be recovered by protocols developed earlier for isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species effective against take-all.     

Impact of wheat cultivation on microbial communities from replant soils and apple growth in greenhouse trials

ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to assess the impact of short-term rotations of wheat on microbial community composition and growth of apple in soils from replant orchard sites. Soils from two orchards were cultivated with three successive 28-day growth cycles of 'Eltan', 'Penewawa', or 'Rely' wheat in the greenhouse and subsequently planted to 'Gala' apple seedlings. Cultivation of orchard replant soils with any of the three wheat cultivars enhanced growth of apple relative to that achieved in untreated soils. Improved growth was associated with a marked reduction in apple root infection by species of Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were below damage threshold levels in these orchard soils; however, apple seedlings grown in wheat-cultivated soils had significantly lower root populations of Pratylenchus spp. than did seedlings grown in untreated soils. Growth of apple in 'Penewawa'-cultivated soils often was superior to that observed in soils planted with 'Eltan' or 'Rely'. In untreated orchard soils, fluorescent pseudomonad populations isolated from soil and the apple rhizosphere were dominated by Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype C and Pseudomonas syringae. Cultivation of replant soils with wheat induced a characteristic transformation of the fluorescent pseudomonad population, and Pseudomonas putida dominated the population of this bacterial group recovered from wheat-cultivated replant orchard soils. Results from this study suggest that use of short-term wheat cropping sequences during orchard renovation could be useful in management of replant disease and that this disease-control option may operate, in part, through modification of the fluorescent pseudomonad community.     

小麦纹枯病菌的分子检测

小麦茎基部可寄居多种真菌,并可导致发褐、坏死等症状,与小麦纹枯病相混淆.为准确诊断小麦纹枯病,根据江苏省小麦茎基部常见寄居菌禾谷丝核菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、长蠕孢菌Helminthosporium spp.、交链孢菌Alternaria spp.、小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici和禾谷镰刀菌Fsarium graminearum rDNA的ITS区段序列差别,设计合成了2对特异性扩增引物(DNF77 DNR554,DNF81 DNR564)用于小麦纹枯病菌检测.2对引物均能从小麦纹枯病菌株扩增到特异性的分子片段,说明设计的特异性引物可以用来检测小麦纹枯病菌.采集田间具有小麦纹枯病症状、茎基部变褐及健康麦苗,进行病原菌分离,同时提取这些麦苗茎基部DNA,利用上述2对引物进行扩增.结果表明,仅从能分离到禾谷丝核菌的麦组织中扩增到约480bp的特异性条带.说明设计的特异性引物可以对田间小麦纹枯病进行早期、快速分子诊断.     

2%三唑醇·戊唑醇种衣剂对小麦纹枯病菌麦角甾醇含量的影响

分别用三唑醇原粉、戊唑醇原粉和2%三·戊种衣剂(1.2%三唑醇＋0.8%戊唑醇,质量分数)处理小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis后,采用皂化处理样品法提取并用高效液相色谱法测定其体内的麦角甾醇含量。结果表明,随着药剂浓度升高,麦角甾醇的含量逐渐降低,说明药剂浓度越高抑制作用越强。当药剂有效成分浓度为5.0 μg/mL时,7 d后对病菌的抑制率分别为60.4％、63.8％、63.8%。药剂处理浓度相同时,菌丝麦角甾醇的含量高低顺序为:三唑醇处理＞三·戊种衣剂处理＞戊唑醇处理。说明药剂处理菌丝后其体内麦角甾醇的合成受到抑制,从而导致其含量显著降低。     

利用荧光定量PCR检测禾谷丝核菌的相对生物量

小麦纹枯病是以禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)侵染为主的小麦土传病害。为建立检测禾谷丝核菌在寄主小麦(Triticum aestivum)中的相对生物量的可靠方法,促进小麦抗纹枯病机制的研究,本研究克隆了禾谷丝核菌肌动蛋白基因RcActin的部分(3′端)cDNA,并设计了RcActin的特异引物。该引物不仅能区分禾谷丝核菌与寄主小麦,还能区分全蚀病菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)、根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等常见小麦土传病害的病原菌,表明该引物能用于小麦纹枯病的分子检测,也能用于相对表达量的测定。利用相对定量法,以RcActin相对于寄主管家基因的相对表达量作为禾谷丝核菌相对生物量的指标,结果表明,此方法能准确反映禾谷丝核菌在寄主中的相对生物量和对小麦纹枯病抗性程度进行快速鉴定。     

吡唑醚菌酯在小麦不同生育期病害防治中的应用

为探讨吡唑醚菌酯对小麦不同生育期病害的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici及赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的室内抑制活性;通过种子发芽盒试验,测定了吡唑醚菌酯不同药种比包衣处理对小麦种子发芽的影响;采用菌土混合法,测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯种子处理悬浮剂(FS)对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效;同时测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(SC)对小麦白粉病、锈病及赤霉病的田间防效。结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌、根腐病菌、全蚀病菌和赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.404、5.862、0.193和1.372 mg/L。25℃条件下,5%吡唑醚菌酯FS不同药种比对济麦22鲜重及干重均有一定的促进作用;10℃下,对小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显示出一定的促进作用。5%吡唑醚菌酯FS苗后20 d对小麦纹枯病的防效在74%以上,药种比1∶50时防效达99.02%;5%吡唑醚菌酯SC按3000 mL/hm     

四川柑桔根腐病病原真菌种类研究

 本文报道四川柑桔根腐病的病原真菌12种,其中腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)、寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica)、柑桔褐腐疫霉(P. citrophthora)、德氏腐霉(Pythium debaryanum)和腐霉-1(Pythium sp.-1)等5种为主要种群,其余7种为次要种群。     

小麦纹枯病菌中的dsRNA及其与菌株生物学特性的相关性

对采集自我国山东、河南、江苏、安徽4省的21株小麦纹枯病菌菌丝中的dsRNA进行了检测,研究了dsRNA条带与菌株菌落形态、生长速度、对小麦的致病力等生物学特性之间的相关性。结果表明,从16个菌株中检测到dsRNA条带,dsRNA的大小和数量存在丰富的多样性。致病力测定结果表明这21个小麦纹枯病菌菌株的致病力差异显著。目前暂未发现小麦纹枯病菌中dsRNA的类型和数量与菌株的菌落形态、生长速度及致病力等性状存在明显的相关性,但是致病力较弱的菌株中dsRNA条带的多样性更丰富。本研究为今后发掘小麦纹枯病菌中的低毒真菌病毒作了初步的探索。     

戊唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌的抑菌作用

戊唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis具有极高的抑菌作用,EC50值仅为0.048 9 μg/mL。经戊唑醇处理后,小麦纹枯病菌除菌体形态发生显著变化外,致病力亦随处理浓度的提高而明显减弱。戊唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌的菌核萌发无抑制作用,但对菌体的线性生长有强烈的抑制活性。菌体经戊唑醇处理后,发生电解质渗漏。     

草地早熟禾对腐霉枯萎病的抗性评价

研究了温室条件下45份草地早熟禾材料对腐霉枯萎病的抗病性差异.结果表明,不同接种条件下草地早熟禾的发病率存在显著差异:传统的土壤接种法造成草地早熟禾的发病率最高,可达39.2％;改进的土壤接种法测定的发病率明显低于传统的土壤接种法.相同试验条件下品种间抗病性差异显著,不同的试验条件下同一品种表现出的抗病性不一致,具有相对稳定的特征.温室效果评价获得的高抗品种有:‘公园’、‘午夜’、‘肯塔基,、‘开鲁坦,、‘纳苏’和‘特拉内尔’等,高感品种有:‘莫桑斯克’、‘菲尔京’、‘雪狼’等.     

河南省小麦纹枯病菌对三唑酮的敏感性

正小麦纹枯病是一种世界分布的土传真菌病害。近年来该病在我国冬小麦种植区发生普遍,已成为小麦高产、稳产的重大障碍~([1])。河南省是我国小麦主产区之一,近几年小麦纹枯病的发生面积连续在300万hm~2左右,危害严重~([2])。目前,尚未发现高抗纹枯病的小麦品种,控制该病害主要依靠药剂种子处理结合春季喷雾来进行,所用药剂包括井冈霉素和以三唑酮为代表的三唑类化学药剂。随着     

Infection of potato and wheat by isolates of Rhizoctonia solani and R. cerealis

Isolates of Rhizoctonia were obtained from potato crops with stem canker or black scurf and from cereal crops with sharp eyespot. Those with many nuclei per cell, wide cells, darkening colonies and fast growth were assigned to R. solani ; those with two nuclei per cell, narrow cells, pale colonies and slow growth were assigned to R. cerealis . Only R. solani was obtained from potatoes and only R. cerealis from cereals. On young plants in the glasshouse, the isolates of R. solani infected potato substantially but not wheat; R. cerealis infected wheat substantially and potato slightly. This host preference was shown at temperatures between 10 and 25°C in growth rooms. R. solani on potato caused more disease with increasing temperature; no trend with temperature was observed for R. cerealis on wheat.     

小麦纹枯病流行预测的研究

作者根据小麦纹枯病在冬麦区发生具有明显阶段性的特点,利用1984～1993年连续10年在纹枯病常发区山东省文登市的多品种、多地点的病情系统调查数据,采取统计学和流行学相结合的方法,组建了具有预测秋苗冬前发病率和返青后生长期病情指数的回归模型。并通过对小麦纹枯病普遍率和病情指数相关性的研究,将二阶段的模型耦联,完成对小麦整个生长期的病害流行动态全过程的预测。     

Identification of a uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. by pathogenicity, hyphal anastomosis and RAPD analysis

Finnish and Norwegian uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp, isolates. originating from roots of nursery grown conifer seedlings suffering from root dieback, and having Ceratobasidium perfect state, were tested for pathogenicity and genetic related ness. All tested isolates of this pathogen considerably reduced the root system development of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings resulting in death or stunted growth. The uninucleate isolates anastomosed readily with each other producing a killing reaction. In a RAPD-PCR analysis, the uninucleate isolates had different banding patterns from our reference isolates, two Finnish binucleate isolates (AG-I and R. sp.) and standard tester isolates of genus Ceratobasidium representing anastomosis groups AG-A, AG-C, AG-E, AG-G and AG-I. UPGMA analysis clustered the uninucleate isolates together at a greater similarity than 75% while the binucleate isolates formed distinct clusters and were 10-25% similar to the uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. Hyphal anastomosis and DNA data suggest that the uninucleate Rhizocionia sp. is an homogeneous group and distinct from the tested binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates.     

In vitro suppression of fungal root pathogens of cereals by Brassica tissues

The superior growth of wheat following Brassica crops compared to that following non- Brassica crops may be due to the suppression of soilborne fungal pathogens by volatile isothiocyanates (ITCs) released in the soil during hydrolysis of glucosinolates contained in Brassica tissues. We investigated the effects of volatile compounds released from the root, shoot and seed meal tissues of canola ( Brassica napus ) and Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ) on the mycelial growth of five soilborne pathogens of cereals— Gaeumannomyces graminis var . tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Pythium irregulare and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Three isolates of each species, originally collected from the roots of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley grass ( Hordeum leporinum ) in southern Australia, were exposed to volatiles released in vitro when sterile water was added to freeze-dried Brassica tissues. The root and shoot tissues of both Brassica species were more suppressive at flowering than maturity and mustard tissues were generally more suppressive than canola. The degree of fungal suppression by the various Brassica tissues was related to the concentration and type of isothiocyanates released, which varied with Brassica species, tissue age and tissue type. There were significant differences in the sensitivity of the fungal species and among isolates of each species. Gaeumannomyces and Rhizoctonia were generally the most sensitive to the volatiles released, Pythium and Bipolaris the least. The results indicate that the effectiveness of fungal suppression by Brassica crops will depend upon the species, age and type of Brassica tissue, which influence the type and concentration of isothiocyanates evolved, and the sensitivity of the pathogen.     

Population Dynamics of Bacillus sp. L324-92R(12) and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RN(10) in the Rhizosphere of Wheat

ABSTRACT Bacillus sp. L324-92 is suppressive to three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused by several Pythium species. Populations of strain L324-92R(12), a rifampicin-resistant mutant of L324-92 applied as a seed treatment, were monitored in the rhizosphere and spermosphere of wheat and compared with populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RN(10), a known, rhizosphere-competent, biocontrol agent. In growth chamber studies, the population sizes of L324-92R(12) on roots of wheat were approximately 1,000-fold smaller than those of 2-79RN(10) at 5 days after planting, but, thereafter, they increased while those of 2-79RN(10) decreased until the two were equal in size at 45 days after planting. In the field with winter wheat, the population sizes of L324-92R(12) on roots were at least 10-fold smaller than those of 2-79RN(10) during the fall (November 1993) and early spring (March 1994). Thereafter, the population of L324-92R(12) remained constant or increased slightly, while the population of 2-79RN(10) decreased until the two were roughly the same at 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/plant over the period of 150 days (April 1994) until 285 days (harvest) after planting. In growth chamber studies, strain L324-92R(12) remained confined to root sections within 3.5 cm below the seed, whereas 2-79RN(10) was recovered from all root sections ranging from 0.5 to 6.5 cm below the seed. In the field on winter wheat, both strains were recovered from root sections down to 5.0 to 6.5 cm below the seed at 75 days after planting (mid December), but only 2-79RN(10) was recovered at this depth at 90 days after planting. Both strains were recovered from the seed remnants 6 months after planting in the field. Both strains also were recovered from inside the roots and shoots, but population sizes of strain 279RN(10) were greater than those of L324 92R(12).     

Identification and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. Isolated from Apple Roots and Orchard Soils

ABSTRACT Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from the roots of apple trees and associated soil collected in orchards located near Moxee, Quincy, East Wenatchee, and Wenatchee, WA. The anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from apple were determined by hyphal anastomosis with tester strains on 2% water agar and, where warranted, sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and restriction analysis of an amplified fragment from the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were used to corroborate these identifications. The dominant AG of R. solani isolated from the Moxee and East Wenatchee orchards were AG 5 and AG 6, respectively. Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. were recovered from apple roots at three of four orchards surveyed and included isolates of AG-A, -G, -I, -J, and -Q. In artificial inoculations, isolates of R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 caused extensive root rot and death of 2- to 20-week-old apple transplants, providing evidence that isolates of R. solani AG 6 can be highly virulent and do not merely exist as saprophytes. The effect of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. on growth of apple seedlings was isolate-dependent and ranged from growth enhancement to severe root rot. R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 were isolated from stunted trees, but not healthy trees, in an orchard near Moxee, WA, that exhibited severe symptoms of apple replant disease, suggesting that R. solani may have a role in this disease complex.     

禾谷丝核菌对戊唑醇的抗性及抗药性菌系生物学特性

在含戊唑醇PDA平板培养基上，对禾谷丝核菌进行逐代处理，以诱导其抗药性菌系；比较抗性和敏感菌系的生物学特性，测定抗性菌系对其它杀菌剂的交互抗性。结果表明，选育至35代，对戊唑醇抗性达33．4倍。抗戊唑醇菌系与敏感亲本菌系相比，其菌丝生长速率、菌丝干重、菌核产生速率、菌核数及干重均存在差异。抗性菌系较敏感菌系对冬小麦幼苗的致病力减弱，但小麦返青后抗性菌系引起的发病率和严重度均较敏感菌系增强。戊唑醇抗性菌系对三唑酮、丙环唑、井冈霉素、福美双、噁醚唑和咯菌腈6种药剂分别产生了31．2、22．8、16．9、15．8、15．5和1．6倍的交互抗性。     

中国小麦纹枯病化学防治研究进展

随着秸秆还田等耕作栽培措施的推广,中国小麦纹枯病发生日趋严重,对小麦的高产、稳产造成了很大威胁。由于缺乏免疫及高抗病性小麦品种,生产中对纹枯病一直采用播期拌种及春季喷雾相结合的化学防治方法。文章总结了当前中国小麦纹枯病的发生现状及主要病原;评述了三唑类药剂对纹枯病菌的毒力及对纹枯病的防治效果,介绍了生产中小麦纹枯病菌对三唑类药剂的抗药性现状及机理,分析了三唑类药剂对小麦的安全性;同时阐述了井冈霉素、甲基立枯磷及其他种类药剂在小麦纹枯病综合防治中的应用;指出小麦纹枯病化学防治的发展方向应是将生防菌剂同化学药剂相结合,实现生物防治与化学防治的协同应用。