氯吡嘧磺隆除草活性及对不同玉米品种的安全性

采用农药室内生物测定法对氯吡嘧磺隆除草活性和对不同玉米品种的安全性进行了研究。在35 g/hm2（有效成分,余同）下,氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米田常见杂草苍耳、鸭跖草、反枝苋、香附子等的鲜重抑制率均在90%以上,对禾本科杂草无效,且与对照药剂烟嘧磺隆有很大的互补性。氯吡嘧磺隆对23种不同玉米品种的安全性差异显著,在140g/hm2下,饲玉7号、五岳18等5个品种较为敏感,株高抑制率均在9.85%以上;金海5号、鲁单981等12个品种敏感性略低,株高抑制率在4.31%～8.29%;郑单958、泰爆1号等6个品种耐药性较高,抑制效果不明显。氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米幼苗主根长抑制率存在较大差异,其IC50值由高到低依次为泰爆1号、强盛16、郑单958、农大108、五岳21、鲁单981、中玉9号、金海5号、西星雪中墨、农大0638、甜玉米。氯吡嘧磺隆在玉米与香附子、反枝苋之间的选择系数分别为16.11、13.18,显著高于对照药剂。结果表明氯吡嘧磺隆对部分常见阔叶杂草及莎草科杂草有较高的除草活性,并对大部分玉米品种安全。     

烟嘧磺隆对不同玉米品种的安全性测定

采用温室盆栽法比较了登海系列的几个玉米品种对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性差异。结果表明,以株高和鲜重抑制率为指标,各品种对药剂的敏感性差异显著;而且施药后不同品种叶绿素和根系活力的变化与生理形态上的药害差异表现出一致性趋势。     

淮安市玉米粗缩病大发生情况调查

淮安市2004年玉米种植面积8.53万hm2,有30个左右的玉米品种,以农大108、澄海11号、郑单958、登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号为主体种植品种.2004年玉米粗缩病发生面积1.9万hm2,占种植面积的55.36%,其中春玉米40%面积发生粗缩病,病株率平均5.6%,夏玉米61.5%面积发生粗缩病,病株率平均15.9%.以农大108、登海11号、郑单958及西玉3号抗病性较好,而登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号、中科1号、浚单18号抗性很差,病株率最高达44.3%,由于品种结构、冬季气候、昆虫种群变化等原因,导致粗缩病逐渐上升为玉米的主要病害.因此,研究分析其发生动态、制定综合防治对策,对有效控制其发生危害、保证玉米的优质高产非常重要.     

干旱胁迫下不同玉米品种的耗水特性及其水分利用效率的差异

通过盆栽控水对12个玉米杂交品种的耗水量、生物学产量及其水分利用效率(WUE)进行测试,结果表明:12个品种的耗水量、干物质积累和WUE存在显著或极显著差异,其中郑单958、掖单13、陕单911这3个品种属于高水分利用效率、高产、耗水型品种;中单2号属于高水分利用效率、中产、中等耗水型品种;农大60、陕单902属于高水分利用效率、中产、节水型品种;户单1号、掖单19、沈单10号这3个品种属于中等水分利用效率,生物产量表现一般、节水型品种;户单4号、陕单9号和丹玉13这3个品种属于低水分利用效率、生物学产量较低、节水型品种。     

麦谷宁生测方法及其对玉米的安全性研究

选用种植面积较大且抗逆性较强的玉米品种农大 108为指示植物 ,研究了麦谷宁的玉米沙培试验方法。结果表明 ,浸种催芽 ,播种后先盖覆沙量的一半后加药 60mL,再盖沙至 2 cm厚 ,于 2 5℃黑暗培养 3d,可获得满意的结果。回归分析表明 ,麦谷宁浓度的对数与玉米主根长抑制率相对应的机率值成很好的线性关系 ,r2 均大于 0 .90。就大面积种植的 16个玉米品种对麦谷宁的敏感性测定结果表明 ,掖单 12对麦谷宁较敏感 ,农大 3138对麦谷宁耐药力最强 ,各品种对麦谷宁的 IC50 值均大于 7.38μ g· kg-1,感性介于烟嘧磺隆和氯磺隆之间     

潍安市玉米粗缩病大发生情况调查

淮安市2004年玉米种植面积8．53万hm^2．有30个左右的玉米品种，以农大108、澄海11号、郑单958、登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号为主体种植品种。2004年玉米粗缩病发生面积1．9万hm^2．占种植面积的55．36％，其中春玉米40％面积发生粗缩病，病株率平均5．6％，夏玉米61．5％面积发生粗缩病，病株率平均15．9％。以农大108、登海11号、郑单958及西玉3号抗病性较好，     

不同玉米品种抗蚜性研究

通过田间试验,研究安徽淮北玉米产区33个常用玉米品种对玉米蚜的抗虫性。结果表明:不同玉米品种的抗蚜性差异很大。33个供试玉米品种的相对抗蚜性排序依次为:苏玉10﹥浚单20﹥郑单23﹥蠡玉13﹥秦龙14﹥先玉335﹥郑单958﹥鲁单6018﹥苏玉20﹥金赛6850﹥中农大311﹥迪卡1号﹥中科11、申源213﹥皖玉17、东单80﹥鲁单661、弘大8号、滑玉13﹥安农8号﹥浚单18、农乐988﹥齐单1号、济单8号﹥益丰29﹥中农大236﹥中迪985﹥蠡玉35、蠡玉16﹥中科4号﹥农大108﹥登海3号﹥隆平206。其中抗性最强的苏玉10与抗性最弱的隆平206,相对抗蚜指数相差达20.2倍。     

不同玉米品种抗蚜性研究

通过田间试验,研究安徽淮北玉米产区33个常用玉米品种对玉米蚜的抗虫性。结果表明:不同玉米品种的抗蚜性差异很大。33个供试玉米品种的相对抗蚜性排序依次为:苏玉10﹥浚单20﹥郑单23﹥蠡玉13﹥秦龙14﹥先玉335﹥郑单958﹥鲁单6018﹥苏玉20﹥金赛6850﹥中农大311﹥迪卡1号﹥中科11、申源213﹥皖玉17、东单80﹥鲁单661、弘大8号、滑玉13﹥安农8号﹥浚单18、农乐988﹥齐单1号、济单8号﹥益丰29﹥中农大236﹥中迪985﹥蠡玉35、蠡玉16﹥中科4号﹥农大108﹥登海3号﹥隆平206。其中抗性最强的苏玉10与抗性最弱的隆平206,相对抗蚜指数相差达20.2倍。     

土曲霉DT2菌株固体菌剂修复烟嘧磺隆污染土壤研究

为解决玉米田烟嘧磺隆残留导致下茬高粱药害的问题,本研究通过单因素优化方法制备DT2固体菌剂,并采用室内盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,在土壤中添加烟嘧磺隆并施用菌剂DT2,确定了DT2固体菌剂对烟嘧磺隆残留土壤的修复效果和对高粱药害的缓解作用。研究结果表明,烟嘧磺隆降解菌土曲霉DT2固体发酵最佳条件为p H值7、接种量10%、发酵时间168 h,室温储藏90 d有效活菌数仍可达3.3×10⁸ cfu/g。室内盆栽试验结果表明,土壤中烟嘧磺隆浓度分别为0.023和0.046 mg/kg时,分别添加菌剂6.25和12.5 g/kg处理30 d后,可将烟嘧磺隆对高粱株高的抑制率由26.95%和49.23%分别降低至1.79%和2.24%;当土壤中烟嘧磺隆浓度为0.094 mg/kg时,添加菌剂25 g/kg处理40 d后,可将烟嘧磺隆对高粱株高的抑制率由51.39%降低至4.89%。当土壤中烟嘧磺隆浓度为0.046 mg/kg时,添加菌剂12.5 g/kg,药后10 d,土壤烟嘧磺隆残留率下降56.42%,与对照差异极显著;药后30 d,土壤中烟嘧磺隆质量为0;DT2菌剂可...     

玉米田主要杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性

为明确我国玉米田杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,于2010—2011年自山东、吉林、四川、河北4省采集连续多年施用烟嘧磺隆的玉米田杂草种子样本121个,在温室内采用盆栽法测定了其对烟嘧磺隆的抗性。结果显示:4个杂草样本对烟嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中山东淄博张店区傅家镇高家村的牛筋草抗性种群的GR50为25.76g/hm2,是敏感种群(1.33g/hm2)的19.37倍,已产生明显的抗药性;四川彭山县谢家镇岳油村的稗草、河北大城县广安镇夏屯村的虎尾草和河北邯郸的狗尾草分别产生了6.14、5.43和5.65倍的低水平抗性;其余杂草样本均无明显抗性。同一杂草不同采集地点的敏感样本对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性存在差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.