抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群的选育及其交互抗性研究

采用浸渍法,在室内用吡虫啉对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,经过15代的连续汰选,获得抗性指数为14.34倍的抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群。对9种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性测定结果表明,该种群对拟除虫菊酯类如高效氯氟氰菊酯(抗性指数12.76倍)和溴氰菊酯(10.24倍),有机磷类如氧乐果(7.95倍)、辛硫磷(5.44倍)和甲胺磷(5.32倍)以及吡虫啉·高效氯氰菊酯混剂(8.90倍)均产生了不同程度的交互抗性,而对氨基甲酸酯类如灭多威(3.15倍)、有机氯类如硫丹(1.64倍)以及阿维菌素·辛硫磷混剂(2.31倍)等无明显的交互抗性。     

棉铃虫抗甲氧虫酰肼种群对12种杀虫剂的交互抗性

利用室内筛选获得的甲氧虫酰肼中等抗性种群(R, 30.57倍)和敏感种群(S),采用浸叶法测定了棉铃虫对12种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果表明抗性种群对虫酰肼产生了13.57倍的中等水平交互抗性;对茚虫威的抗性倍数为3.05倍,无明显交互抗性;而对辛硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、虫螨腈、虱螨脲、氟啶脲、氟铃脲和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性倍数在0.50 ~2.36倍之间,无交互抗性。试验结果提示,在棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗药性治理中,轮换使用与甲氧虫酰肼没有交互抗性的杀虫剂将可有效延缓其抗药性发展。     

使用农药混剂是抗性治理策略中的一项措施

使用农药混剂是抗性治理策略中的一项措施Ｓ．Ｗ．Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ（Ｃｉｂａ－Ｇｅｉｇｙ）引言使用过的几种治理抗性方法，都已在不同程度上获得成功。这些方法一般都是以某种农药轮用的形式为基础。在本专业领域和科研机构中，经常讨论使用农药混剂对抗性发展可能产生...     

棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯及其复配剂的抗性趋势与交互抗性

在70％的高选择压下,分别用溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号(50％辛硫磷·甲基对硫磷·三氟氯氰乳油,即含三氟氯氰菊酯的复配药剂)对室内饲养了12代未经农药处理的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(H(?)bner)敏感品系进行了抗性筛选。结果,经连续筛选至第12代的LD_(50)值与筛选前第1代的LD_(50)值比较,抗溴氰菊酯种群对溴氰菊酯的抗性为136.7倍,属高抗水平;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对三氟氯氰菊酯的抗性为9.5倍,抗凯明2号种群对凯明2号的抗性为3.4倍,均属低抗水平。用8种常用杀虫剂分别对这3个种群在停止上述杀虫剂筛选2代后进行了交互抗性分析。结果表明,3个种群平均对8种杀虫剂的抗性倍数中,对溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威的抗性极显著高于其余5种杀虫剂;3个种群的平均抗性倍数之间差异极显著,顺序依次为抗溴氰菊酯种群>抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群>抗凯明2号种群;以平均抗性倍数表示的抗性种群与杀虫剂的交互作用有以下几个结果:①高抗溴氰菊酯的种群对氰戊菊酯和灭多威有极显著的交互抗性,但对三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号仍反应敏感。②抗三氟氯氰菊酯和抗凯明2号的2个种群对溴氰菊酯有极显著的交互抗性;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对灭多威和氰戊菊酯有一定抗性,抗凯明2号种群对硫丹有一定抗性。     

防治棉铃虫的一些药剂

一般认为,我国当前防治棉花棉铃虫的药效较好的杀虫剂有菊酯类的氯氟氰菊酯(即功夫菊酯)、溴氰菊酯:氨基甲酸酯类的硫对威(即拉维因,thiodicarb)、灭多威、甲萘威;有机磷类的丙溴磷(profenofos)、甲基对硫磷、辛硫磷、对硫磷;有机氯类的硫丹等。主要用以上单剂有效成分混配的药剂有灭铃灵(氯氟氰菊酯、甲基对硫磷、水胺硫磷三元混混剂)、灭铃威(氯氟氰菊酯、甲基对硫磷、灭多威三元混剂)、新光一号(溴氰菊酯、辛硫磷、对硫磷三元混剂)、广杀灵(高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、对硫磷三元混剂)、多虫清(高效氯氰菊酯、丙溴磷二元     

棉铃虫对丙溴磷的抗性风险初探

棉铃虫继对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生严重的抗药性后,对久效磷、辛硫磷和甲胺磷等有机磷杀虫剂也已产生中等水平抗性。丙溴磷作为取代菊酯的轮用药剂在我国使用面积越来越大。作者通过田间棉铃虫种群对丙溴磷抗性测定和室内抗性选育,初步研究了棉铃虫对丙溴磷的抗性风险。     

棉铃虫对丙溴磷的抗性风险初探

棉铃虫继对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生严重的抗药性后,对久效磷、辛硫磷和甲胺磷等有机磷杀虫剂也已产生中等水平抗性.丙溴磷作为取代菊酯的轮用药剂在我国使用面积越来越大.作者通过田间棉铃虫种群对丙溴磷抗性测定和室内抗性选育,初步研究了棉铃虫对丙溴磷的抗性风险.     

农药桶混相容性及其测定

农药混用包括混剂使用和农药现混现用(即桶混tank mix)两种。混剂是指工厂里将两种或两种以上有效成分和各种助剂、添加剂等按一定比例混配在一起加工成某种剂型,直接施用。如丁西颗粒剂、甲敌乳油等。桶混是指在田间根据标签说明,把两种或两种以上不同农药分别按比例加入药箱中混合后使用。混剂虽然应用时方便,但它本身存在两个主要缺点:(1)     

二点叶螨对氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪及螨嗪菊酯混剂的抗药性

以兰州吐鲁沟公园金花忍冬植物上采集的二点叶螨为敏感种群,在室内盆栽菜豆苗上饲养繁殖后分别用氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪及螨嗪菊酯(甲氰菊酯 四螨嗪)混剂喷雾处理20代,获得二点叶螨抗氧乐果种群(抗性指数RF=35.84倍)、抗甲氰菊酯种群(RF=479.79倍)、抗四螨嗪种群(RF=67.26倍)以及抗混剂螨嗪菊酯种群(RF=26.75倍)。用生化法测定离体酶活性的结果表明,上述四个抗性种群的形成与体内羧酸酯酶、磷酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶的活力增加及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性降低有关。4个抗性种群对常用15种供试药剂交互抗性测定结果表明,氧乐果、甲氰菊酯与联苯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、水胺硫磷、久效磷、氰久合剂有交互抗性,甲氰菊酯还与螨蚧克有交互抗性;四螨嗪与三氯杀螨醇(RF=14.15倍)、齐螨素(RF=10.26倍)有交互抗性;螨嗪菊酯与双甲脒、氧乐菊酯有负交互抗性,RF值分别为0.85、0.71倍。     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性选育及交互抗性研究

用阿维菌素对小菜蛾进行室内抗性汰选,选择压为约杀死种群70％的剂量。连续施药7～8次即表现抗性趋势,汰选至11代,获得抗性指数为80.71的抗性种群(ABM-R)。ABM-R种群对所测试的有机磷杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷、有机氯类的硫丹、沙蚕毒素类的杀螟丹、氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威、微生物杀虫剂Bt、磺胺脲类衍生物丁醚脲、芳基取代的吡咯杂环化合物虫螨腈和昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆、虫酰肼无交互抗性(R/S为0.73～1.19),而对苯基吡唑类氟虫腈的敏感性却有所上升(R/S为0.22)。增效剂试验显示,PB和唧对ABM-S种群无增效作用,而对ABM-R种群增效作用显著,增效比分别为24.57和13.61,表明多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶在抗性机制中可能起重要作用。     

Field and laboratory selection of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) for resistance to insecticides

Response of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), to selection for resistance to insecticides commonly used to control this pest in Murcia (south-east Spain) was studied under field and laboratory conditions. In the field, plots within sweet pepper crops in commercial and experimental greenhouses were treated under different selection strategies: insecticide rotation versus formetanate reiteration, formetanate reiteration versus acrinathrin reiteration, and formetanate reiteration versus methiocarb reiteration. Thrips populations were sampled monthly and bioassayed against methiocarb, methamidophos, acrinathrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin and formetanate. In the laboratory, F occidentalis strains were selected against each insecticide for several generations. To evaluate cross-resistance, each selected strain was bioassayed with the other insecticides. Frankliniella occidentalis populations showed a rapid development of acrinathrin resistance, reaching high levels in field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate and methiocarb resistance were also observed, although development was slower and at moderate levels. Cross-resistances between acrinathrin/deltamethrin and acrinathrin/formetanate were detected under field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate/methiocarb cross-resistance was suspected in laboratory selections, but not in field assays. Simultaneous moderate resistance levels to the three specific insecticides against thrips (formetanate, methiocarb and acrinathrin) were shown in laboratory selection strains, indicating a general mechanism of resistance, probably metabolic.     

Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

The interactions between six insecticides (methiocarb, formetanate, acrinathrin, deltamethrin, methamidophos and endosulfan) and three potential synergists (piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM)) were studied by topical exposure in strains selected for resistance to each insecticide, and in a susceptible strain of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). In the susceptible strain PBO produced appreciable synergism only of formetanate, methiocarb and methamidophos. Except for endosulfan, PBO synergized all the insecticides to varying degrees in the resistant strains. A very high level of synergism by PBO was found with acrinathrin, which reduced the resistance level from 3344- to 36-fold. PBO slightly synergized the carbamates formetanate (4.6-fold) and methiocarb (3.3-fold). PBO also produced a high synergism of deltamethrin (12.5-fold) and methamidophos (14.3-fold) and completely restored susceptibility to both insecticides. DEF did not produce synergism with any insecticide in the resistant strains and DEM was slightly synergistic to endosulfan (3-fold). These studies indicate that an enhanced detoxification, mediated by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, is the major mechanism imparting resistance to different insecticides in F occidentalis. Implications of different mechanisms in insecticide resistance in F occidentalis are discussed.     

Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in houseflies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies

BACKGROUND: The housefly, Musca domestica L., continues to be a major pest of confined livestock operations. Houseflies have developed resistance to most chemical classes, and new chemistries for use in animal agriculture are increasingly slow to emerge. Five adult housefly strains from four Florida dairy farms were evaluated for resistance to four insecticides (beta‐cyfluthrin, permethrin, imidacloprid and nithiazine). RESULTS: Significant levels of tolerance were found in most field strains to all insecticides, and in some cases substantial resistance was apparent (as deduced from comparison with prior published results). At the LC₉₀ level, greater than 20‐fold resistance was found in two of the fly strains for permethrin and one fly strain for imidacloprid. Beta‐cyfluthrin LC₉₀ resistance ratios exceeded tenfold resistance in three fly strains. The relatively underutilized insecticide nithiazine had the lowest resistance ratios; however, fourfold LC₉₀ resistance was observed in one southern Florida fly strain. Farm insecticide use and its impact on resistance selection in Florida housefly populations are discussed. CONCLUSION: Housefly resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in Florida. Imidacloprid resistance is emerging, and tolerance was observed to both imidacloprid and nithiazine. If these insecticides are to retain efficacy, producer use must be restrained. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

陕西关中地区小麦田禾谷缢管蚜对7种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确陕西关中地区麦蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的抗药性现状,采用浸叶法测定了兴平、礼泉、凤翔、岐山、扶风地区麦田禾谷缢管蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、异丙威、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、氟啶虫胺腈等7种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,其中凤翔种群对高效氯氰菊酯达到高水平抗性(抗性倍数为72.5),岐山和扶风种群对该药产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为31.4、29.9);5个地区的禾谷缢管蚜对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、异丙威和阿维菌素的抗性水平较低,表现为敏感、敏感性下降或者低抗性;5个地区的试虫对氟啶虫胺腈均表现为敏感。分析认为,高效氯氰菊酯不适合用于关中地区禾谷缢管蚜防治,氟啶虫胺腈作为一种新型杀虫剂,可以在该虫防治中推广使用,吡虫啉、阿维菌素等其他几种杀虫剂可以在禾谷缢管蚜的防治中交替使用。     

Broad-spectrum insecticide resistance in obliquebanded leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Michigan

Nineteen insecticides, belonging to nine chemical classes, were bioassayed by dietary exposure against two strains of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, collected from Michigan apple orchards. Berrien is a putatively organophosphate-resistant strain from a commercial orchard with a history of insecticide use, and Kalamazoo a susceptible strain from an isolated and unsprayed orchard. The Berrien strain was moderately resistant (about 25-fold) to organophosphates such as azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos. Very low resistance (< 10-fold) was also observed to pyrethroids such as cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin and esfenvalerate, to the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide, and to the chlorinated pyrrole chlorfenapyr. Endosulfan and carbamates such as thiodicarb, methomyl and carbaryl had low intrinsic toxicities against both strains, with little difference in sensitivity between them. There was no resistance to spinosad. Emamectin benzoate was found to be the most toxic insecticide against C rosaceana, with slightly higher lethal doses required for the Berrien strain. Unexpectedly, Berrien exhibited a very high level of resistance (> 700-fold) to indoxacarb, which has never been used in Michigan to control this insect pest. The active metabolite of indoxacarb, DCJW, was considerably more toxic than the parent compound, but the resistance against DCJW was comparable to that seen with indoxacarb. This indicates that a failure to activate indoxacarb was not the mechanism of resistance in Berrien. The low level of resistance to several chemistries recorded in Michigan C rosaceana can be managed at this stage by adopting a rotation of chemistries having different modes of action.     

Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Resistance to three organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides was monitored from 1992 to 2000 in field populations of adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, from Pakistan using a leaf-dip method. There was generally a very high resistance to dimethoate and deltamethrin, and a moderate resistance to monocrotophos during 1992 to 1996. From 1997 to 2000, resistance to these insecticides dropped to low levels because of less reliance on them for whitefly control, and introduction of new chemistries with novel modes of action that had no cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Concurrently, whitefly resistance to acephate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin mostly remained low. An insecticide resistance management strategy is recommended that particularly emphasizes the rotation of still-effective insecticides from different chemical classes along with the use of novel chemicals and other tactics of integrated pest management.     

Genetics and mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in a field population of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) causes enormous losses in many economically important crops. The genetics of insecticide resistance has been extensively studied in several insect pests, but there is a lack of information on S. litura. Therefore, the genetics and mechanisms of the resistance of S. litura to deltamethrin were investigated. RESULTS: Bioassays at generation G1 gave resistance ratios of 9, 5, 41, 52 and 49 for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and triazofos respectively, when compared with the susceptible Lab-PK strain. Bioassays at G4 with a deltamethrin-selected population (Delta-SEL) showed that selection gave resistance ratios of 63 and 7 for deltamethrin when compared with the Lab-PK and UNSEL strains respectively. Cross-resistance to other insecticides tested was observed in the selected population. A notable feature of the Delta-SEL strain was that resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos and chlorpyrifos did not decline over the course of five generations. Synergism tests with microsomal oxidase (MO) and esterase-specific inhibitors indicated that the deltamethrin resistance was associated with MO and, possibly, esterase activity. Reciprocal crosses between the Delta-SEL and Lab-PK strains indicated that resistance was autosomal and incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one locus. CONCLUSION: Stability and dominance of resistance and cross-resistance suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce pyrethroid selection pressure.     

杀虫剂室内选育亚洲玉米螟抗药性及交互抗性的研究

用4种杀虫剂及1种混合剂以点滴法分别逐代处理敏感性亚洲玉米螟五龄幼虫,以选育其抗药性。至30代,该虫对速灭杀丁及呋喃丹产生_的抗性分别达40.3及30.2倍,而后经5—6代正常饲养,其抗性虽有所衰退,但仍明显,可认为已成为抗性品系;而用甲基对硫磷、甲基对硫磷+速灭杀丁混合剂及辛硫磷(24代)处理,其抗性仅分别达1.8、3.4及4.0倍,由于获得抗性不明显,将此三种试虫称之选育品系。抗性品系对多种药剂存在着明显的交互抗性;而选育品系对其选育剂的抗性虽不明显,但它却对另外的有些药剂产生了抗性。     

Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

BACKGROUND: The housefly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) are cosmopolitan pests of both farm and home environments. Houseflies have been shown to be resistant to a variety of insecticides, and new chemistries are slow to emerge on the market. Toxicities of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity were determined against adults from an insecticide‐susceptible laboratory strain of houseflies. The three most active semiochemicals were also evaluated against recently colonized housefly and stable fly strains. RESULTS: Nineteen semiochemicals classified as aliphatic alcohols, terpenoids, ketones and carboxylic esters showed toxicity to houseflies and stable flies. Rosalva (LC₅₀ = 25.98 µg cm^?2) followed by geranyl acetone and citronellol (LC₅₀ = 49.97 and 50.02 µg cm^?2) were identified as the most toxic compounds to houseflies. Permethrin was up to 144‐fold more toxic than rosalva on the susceptible strain. However, it was only 35‐fold more toxic to the insecticide‐tolerant field strain. The compounds generated high toxicity to stable flies, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 16.30 to 40.41 µg cm^?2. CONCLUSION: Quantification of LC₅₀ values of rosalva, citronellol and geranyl acetone against susceptible housefly and field‐collected housefly and stable fly strains showed that semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for fly control programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticide resistance in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Murcia (south-east Spain)

Thirty-nine field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were collected from different crops (sweet pepper, tomato, lettuce, artichoke, melon, cucumber, carnation, broad bean, peach and plum) in Murcia (south-east Spain). All populations were reared separately in the laboratory to obtain enough individuals for bioassays. Female thrips were bioassayed, using a standard topical application method, against methiocarb, methamidophos, acrinathrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin and formetanate. Methiocarb was the only insecticide that showed a high efficacy against F occidentalis at field dose rates. Acrinathrin and methamidophos were moderately effective, while endosulfan and deltamethrin were ineffective. Only moderate levels of resistance (Resistance Ratios at LC50 of 10-30) were detected for the selective insecticides methiocarb, formetanate and acrinathrin used against F occidentalis in crops where these insecticides are used intensively. This generalized and low level of resistance to these insecticides, coupled with a lack of efficacy for the three broad-spectrum insecticides, was observed even in intensively managed vegetable crops. Implementation of IPM strategies in Murcia has contributed to more successful insecticide anti-resistance management.