Equine stereotypic behaviors: Causation,occurrence, and prevention

There are strong suggestions that equine stereotypies are connected to poor welfare and a suboptimal management and/or stabling environment. Different forms of equine stereotypic behaviors have been described. Crib biting, weaving, and box walking are considered the most prevalent. Several studies have been conducted to establish links between the underlying causes and potential function of such behaviors. Both experimental and epidemiological studies have indicated management factors specifically feeding practices, housing conditions, and weaning method as crucial in the development of stereotypies in stabled horses. Some neurological studies on equine stereotypy demonstrated some forms of central nervous system dysfunction as being associated with the performance of stereotypic behaviors. Different researchers hypothesized that the functional significance of stereotypies is that they reduce stress in captive environments and should thus be considered as a coping mechanism. In contrast, the owner's perspective is often that a stereotypic horse has a “stable vice” that needs to be stopped, and different kinds of methods have been developed to control or regulate stereotypic behaviors. However, if the stress-reducing hypothesis is correct, controlling stereotypic behaviors particularly by physical and surgical approaches without addressing the underlying causes is of great concern to the horse's welfare. Although there is ongoing uncertainty about the exact function, the growing knowledge about causation should be applied: under all circumstances prevention is better than cure.     

Abortions and twin pregnancies in thoroughbreds: Rate of occurrence, treatments and prevention

Twin pregnancies recorded in German Thoroughbred mares were responsible for premature termination of 2.5% of 27 465 pregnancies between 1967 and 1992, and constituted 38.5% of all 1788 abortions (6.5% of all pregnancies) recorded over the same time. Over time, the rate of twin pregnancies dropped from 2.7% before 1984 to 1.7% thereafter (P<0.001). During the last 20 years several methods of treatment of early detected twin pregnancies were evaluated. Crushing of one embryo in 69 cases gave best results when conducted between Days 21 to 26 of pregnancy, resulting in 80% single gestations continuing. Curtailing food intake during early twin pregnancies to enforce regression of the weaker conceptus is difficult to manage. However, reducing feed intake for one cycle prior to breeding in three mares with histories of frequent twin pregnancies resulted in five single pregnancies in five attempts.     

Toxoplasmosis in cats: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention

The clinical and parasitologic features of toxoplasmosis, serologic diagnosis, treatment, transmission and prevention are discussed.     

副猪嗜血杆菌病的预防、控制和治疗

副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilusparasuis)几乎存在于每一个商业性养猪场,主要侵袭猪上呼吸道。此外,副猪嗜血杆菌强毒株可能会引发相关病理变化,如格     

浅谈猪弓形虫病诊断与防制

1 病原学 龚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)属真球虫目(Eucoccidiida)艾美亚目(Eimeriina)弓形虫属(Toxoplaxma).弓形虫在发育的不同阶段,形态各异,在中间宿主人和各种动物(包括猫)的各种组织细胞中有速殖子和包囊两种形态,在终末宿主猫的肠上皮细胞内有裂殖体、配子体和卵囊三种形态.     

猪痢疾的诊断与防治

凌源市XX年2月28日某猪场142号母猪突然排浆液粘性血便，相继各群缓慢发病，累计发病5 58头，发病率28．88％（5 58／1 932），死亡67头，死亡率3．47％（67／1 9 32）；主要病理变化是大肠黏膜水肿、出血；细菌分离培养出一株致病性猪痢疾蛇形螺旋体（Serpulina hyodysenteriae）；人工感染试验复制出相同症状、病理变化、病原体的病猪4头，确诊为猪痢疾（Swine dysentery）。兔、豚鼠亦可人工发病。痢菌净可做为首选药，对该病预防和治疗。     

Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology,immunity, treatment and prevention

Pneumonia in foals caused by the bacterium Rhodococcus equi has a worldwide distribution and is a common cause of disease and death for foals. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarise recent developments pertaining to the epidemiology, immune responses, treatment, and prevention of rhodococcal pneumonia of foals. Screening tests have been used to implement earlier detection and treatment of foals with presumed subclinical R. equi pneumonia to reduce mortality and severity of disease. Unfortunately, this practice has been linked to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant R. equi in North America. Correlates of protective immunity for R. equi infections of foals remain elusive, but recent evidence indicates that innate immune responses are important both for mediating killing and orchestrating adaptive immune responses. A macrolide antimicrobial in combination with rifampin remains the recommended treatment for foals with R. equi pneumonia. Great need exists to identify which antimicrobial combination is most effective for treating foals with R. equi pneumonia and to limit emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. In the absence of an effective vaccine against R. equi, passive immunisation remains the only commercially available method for effectively reducing the incidence of R. equi pneumonia. Because passive immunisation is expensive, labour-intensive and carries risks for foals, great need exists to develop alternative approaches for passive and active immunisation.     

浅论生种的发生与防除

近年来,在为数不少的现行生产用品种中屡屡发生大量生种,个别季节个别品种甚至相当严重,如在秋蚕期繁育932、871等品种的各级蚕种,生种发生率可达70％以上,一般情况下也在10％以上,由此造成的损失是难以估量的。我们通常把蚕蛾所产的卵分成滞育卵和不滞育卵两种,其中,滞育卵又称黑种,而生种是不滞育卵的一种。蚕卵的滞育特性,既受遗传基因的控制,又受环境条件的影响。因此,我们可以通过人为控制环境条件,创造有利于蚕种生产的环境,向着有利于蚕种生产的方向变化,为生产滞育特性稳定的优质蚕种服务。下面拟就生种的发生机理及相关条件以及防止措施,谈谈自己的粗浅认识。     

梨树金缘吉丁虫禄丰县发生情况及防治措施

禄丰县近年梨园发生吉丁虫危害,幼虫蛀食树干,使整株树死亡,海拔1850米左右的和平镇老果园,死亡率达到了2.8%,经过三年的防治,取得较好的效果,危害较轻的果树,经防治后又重新长好。     

乳源县桑树病虫害发生原因及防治对策

近年乳源县因各种原因导致桑树病虫害发生较为严重,影响了桑叶的产量和蚕茧减产。本文论述了乳源桑树主要病虫害发生的种类和危害情况,提出了对乳源桑树病虫害的综合防治对策。     

绵羊链球菌病的诊断及防治

羊链球菌病是由溶血性链球菌引起的一种急性热性传染病，多发于冬春寒冷季节（每年11月至次年4月），给养殖场户造成较大的经济损失。     

犬旋毛虫病的捡疫、预防及治疗

犬旋毛虫病是由旋毛虫引起的人畜共患病.本病对人体的危害较大,严重时可致人死亡.成虫(肠旋毛虫)寄生在犬的肠内,幼虫(肌旋毛虫)寄生在肌肉组织中且形成包囊.摄食了生的或未煮熟的含旋毛虫包囊的肉均可造成感染;此外,切过生肉的刀、砧板均可能偶尔黏附有旋毛虫的包囊,亦可能污染食品,造成感染.该病分布于世界各地,宿主包括人、猪、狗、鼠、猫等100余种动物,甚至鲸也可以感染旋毛虫病.     

獭兔魏氏梭菌病的诊断及防治

徐州生物高等职业学校兔场饲养獭兔400余只,2005年6月,该场发生一种急性下痢、高传染性、高死亡率的疾病,死亡40余只,兔龄均在3月龄左右。病兔一旦出现腹泻,1～2天内即死亡。开始误诊为兔球虫病,并立即用抗球虫药治疗,结果,疫情未能得到有效控制,发病兔不断增加。后诊断为兔魏氏梭菌病。     

2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention

This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs, an important zoonosis. Clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs relate to development of renal disease, hepatic disease, uveitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Disease may follow periods of high rainfall, and can occur in dogs roaming in proximity to water sources, farm animals, or wildlife, or dogs residing in suburban environments. Diagnosis is based on acute and convalescent phase antibody titers by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with or without use of polymerase chain reaction assays. There is considerable interlaboratory variation in MAT results, and the MAT does not accurately predict the infecting serogroup. The recommended treatment for optimal clearance of the organism from renal tubules is doxycycline, 5 mg/kg p.o. q12h, for 14 days. Annual vaccination can prevent leptospirosis caused by serovars included in the vaccine and is recommended for dogs at risk of infection.