黑岱沟露天煤矿优势植物叶片及枯落物生态化学计量特征

以准格尔黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦区8种优势种植物的叶片及对应叶片枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、不同植被类型与NP限制率的关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑。结果表明,不同植物叶片C、N、P、K的变化范围分别为418.2~564.1、7.19~33.21、0.82~2.37、4.98~32.77 g kg-1。不同植物叶片的生态化学计量学特征N∶P、P∶K、N∶K、C∶N、C∶P、C∶K比变化范围分别为7.16~22.45、0.036~0.23、0.70~4.55、14.92~64.44、218.54~557.36、12.78~121.14。该地区3种植被类型钾含量差异显著,草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木林和灌木林。不同植被类型植物叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(18.86)草本(15.44)乔木(14.68),说明该区灌木林主要受P含量的限制,草本和乔木植物主要受N、P含量共同限制,该地区植被恢复应该以灌木为主。     

准格尔旗矿区不同植物叶片的生态化学计量学研究

以不同恢复年限下煤矿复垦区3种共有植物油松、沙棘、苜蓿的叶片作为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、植物养分状况及不同植物与氮磷限制率的关系,以期为该复垦区植物的选择及复垦效果评价提供科学合理的建议与参考。结果表明:矿区植物叶片碳、氮、磷含量平均值分别为488.33,24.87,1.39 g/kg,三种植物叶片碳含量随着恢复年限的增加均有所增加,其中油松叶片碳含量显著高于沙棘和苜蓿叶片碳含量（p < 0.05）,沙棘和苜蓿叶片氮含量显著高于油松叶片氮含量（p < 0.05）;矿区植物叶片C∶N,C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为26.76,374.72,18.32,在生活型方面三种植物叶片N∶P大小表现为灌木>草本>乔木,油松生长受到氮元素的限制,沙棘和苜蓿生长受到磷元素的限制;植物叶片氮含量与磷含量、C∶N,C∶P和N∶P呈极显著相关（p < 0.01）。该研究结果有助于进一步了解准格尔旗矿区碳、氮、磷元素在不同植物间的相互作用规律与机制,对指导矿区植被恢复中树种选择有一定意义。     

平朔矿区露天煤矿排土场复垦类型及微地形对土壤养分的影响

研究土地复垦类型及微地形对土壤养分的影响对于指导土地复垦实践,控制复垦土地水土流失等具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。以平朔露天煤矿排土场为例,借助数理统计方法分析评价复垦类型与微地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向)对土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷及速效钾含量的影响。结果表明:(1)复垦类型对各项土壤养分含量影响较为显著,不同的复垦类型中,各项土壤养分含量排序均为耕地林地草地;其中,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷及速效钾含量,耕地分别为草地的2.15~2.68倍,林地的1.48~1.78倍,对于土壤有效磷,耕地中的含量为71.24mg/kg,为草地的11倍,林地的4倍;(2)坡度与土壤养分含量之间存在显著的相关性(p0.05),而高程、坡向与土壤养分含量的相关性较弱,表明排土场复垦区土壤养分受坡度影响较大,而受高程与坡向的影响较小;(3)复垦类型与坡度的交互作用对土壤养分含量产生一定的影响:同一复垦类型的不同坡度的土地养分含量存在差异,耕地的土壤养分含量随着坡度的增大在降低;同一坡度,不同的复垦类型条件下,土壤养分差异显著,总体趋势为耕地林地草地。     

大型露天煤矿废弃地生态重建的理论与方法

根据1986～2000年对平朔安太堡露天煤矿土地复垦的系统研究,论述了原地貌土地整治中不曾涉及和以往中小型露天矿废弃地复垦中很少涉及的重要理论与方法(1)大型露天矿区生态系统演变的阶段、类型、过程对效益的影响.(2)大型露天矿区土地利用结构调整及耕地总量动态平衡.(3)大型露天矿区未来空间待复垦土地适宜性评价单元类型的划分.(4)大型露天矿区时空变动地貌的水土保持布局模式.(5)大型露天矿区土地复垦与生态重建规划的方法.     

煤矿塌陷区不同充填模式土壤特征及修复评价

采集了安徽省淮南市大通煤矿塌陷区中化工垃圾充填(B)和煤矸石充填(C)两种充填修复模式以及作为对照区的人工混交林地(A)的表层土样,分析了其理化性质及这些土样中Cr,Cd, Cu,Pb, Hg的赋存特征,并对修复效果进行了评价。结果表明:(1)速效磷含量为:A区 >B区 >C区;碱解氮含量为:C区 >A区 >B区;重金属和交换性Na⁺为B区高于其他区域, B区土壤碱化度(ESP)高达22%。(2)研究区内土壤普遍呈碱性,碱解氮和速效磷严重缺乏,土壤肥力:A区 >C区 >B区。(3)土壤重金属污染:A区为轻度,B区属于中、重度,C区污染程度不一。重金属Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb总量不同程度超过淮南土壤背景值。(4)土壤修复效果C区优于B区,B区存在突出问题,亟待改善。     

浸提剂pH值对煤矸石和煤泥污染物浸出特性的影响研究

为了研究煤矿外排固体废物的污染特征及其潜在生态危害,采用6种不同pH值的浸提剂对贵州4个煤矿区的煤矸石、煤泥和原煤进行了振荡浸提试验,探讨了浸出液的pH、EC和Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd6种重金属含量随浸提剂pH值的变化规律。结果表明,随着浸提剂的pH值逐渐升高,浸出液的pH值也逐渐升高,其EC逐渐下降,当pH值大于4.0以后逐步趋于稳定;所有重金属在强酸性环境中浸出量较大,并随pH值的增大呈下降趋势,浸出液中Fe、Mn的浓度普遍较高。3类样品中,煤矸石在酸性条件下其重金属的潜在浸出能力强,环境污染风险大。     

Comparisons of Various Chemical Extracts as Quantity Factors to Determine Metal-Buffering Capacity of Soils

Applicability of various chemical extracts was investigated as quantity (Q) factors to determine cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) desorption quantity–intensity (Q/I) relationships in soils. The metal extracts were sums of sequential metal fractions (except the residual fraction) using Tessier's (TSE) and Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) procedures and various single chemical extracts: 1.0 M potassium nitrate (KNO₃), 1.0 M magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO₃)₂], 1.0 M magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), and 0.11 M acetic acid (CH₃COOH) solutions. Water-extractable metal was applied as a fixed intensity (I) factor. The TSE or BCR metal fractions were significantly correlated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals, and all the metal desorption Q/I curves were linearly fitted. However, most of metal BC values estimated by using the single chemical extracts were very low and did not have consistent trends for target metals. Only 0.11 M CH₃COOH-extractable metals might be reliable. Therefore, TSE and BCR metal fractions can be applicable to replace DTPA-extractable metals, and 0.11 M CH₃COOH-extractable metals might also be useful.     

Measurement of Indoor Sulfur Dioxide Emission from Coal–Biomass Briquettes

The coal–biomass briquette is an alternative fuel that replaces low-grade coal. It is expected that the use of coal–biomass briquettes will effectively reduce the indoor concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emitted during raw coal combustion. In this study, indoor concentrations of SO₂ emitted from combustion of either coal–biomass briquettes or low-grade coal in households in Nanchuan, which is in the rural area of Chongqing City, China, were measured. The acidic gases were collected using passive samplers, and the samplers were taken to the laboratory for extraction and measurement. The SO₂ concentrations resulting from the use of coal–biomass briquettes were clearly reduced compared with those resulting from the use of low-grade coal. The concentrations of SO₂ to which the inhabitants (housewives) of the houses were exposed were also measured, and were found to be less with coal–biomass briquettes. Although with coal–biomass briquettes exposure concentrations still exceeded the World Health Organization guideline for SO₂ (125 μ g m^?3), indoor air pollution and adverse effects on human health caused by SO₂ could be decreased by substituting coal–biomass briquettes for low-grade coal as a domestic fuel.     

Application of a Gaussian Plume Model to Determine the Location of an Unknown Emission Source

A concept called equipotential pollution source is introduced assuming that the Gaussian Plume model completely describes the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. For a given wind direction and atmospheric stability category, wherever an emission source might lie on the curve, the ratio of the concentrations at chosen sampling sites lying in the downwind direction would bne the same. A method is developed to describe the curve. The point of intersection of two such curves gives the location of the unknown source. It is discussed that simultaneous control of pollutants with known and unknown sources would ensure better adaption of the Gaussian Plume model and hence better results. The method might be effective in the determination of a transboundary emission source.     

矿区煤炭开发与水土保持生态建设关系分析

以神东矿区煤炭开发为例,介绍了煤炭开发引发的生态问题:增加新的水土流失;危害地表植被、地表水资源和地下水资源;影响大气环境、水环境。阐述了煤炭开发对生态环境建设的促进作用:带动了当地的水土保持生态环境建设和保护;促进当地农副产品基地建设和土地利用结构的调整;减少了农业人口,减轻了人们对土地的依赖;增强了当地群众生态环境保护和建设的意识。     

有机无机不同用量配施对煤矿复垦土壤氮素利用及矿质氮含量的影响

采煤塌陷新复垦土壤有效氮含量低而有机无机培肥过程中氮有效性变化尚不明确,依托定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市水峪煤矿采煤塌陷复垦土壤),设置8个不同处理包括3个有机无机不同用量配施处理(鸡粪与化肥1∶1氮量在100,150,200 kg/hm~2配施,表示为MF100、MF150、MF200),与单施不同用量化肥氮(0,100,150,200 kg/hm~2,表示为IF0、IF100、IF150、IF200)相比较,以不施肥为对照(CK)。通过测定玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率及作物收获后土壤剖面矿质氮含量,确定适合该矿区复垦土壤施肥处理和最佳氮肥用量,从而为高产高效培肥矿区复垦土壤提供科学理论依据。结果表明:(1)施氮量为150 kg/hm~2的等养分条件下,MF150比IF150玉米籽粒产量提高了12.45%,差异显著(P0.05);同时MF150处理与IF200、MF200处理间差异均不显著(P0.05)。(2)玉米地上部吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加,且等氮量条件下,鸡粪和化肥配施能显著提高玉米吸氮量(P0.05),增幅为39.45%～41.46%。(3)等氮量条件下,鸡粪和化肥配施较单施化肥处理能显著提高氮肥回收率;不同施肥模式的氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量的增加呈现下降趋势;IF100处理氮肥农学利用率最高为24.08 kg/kg,并且该处理与MF150无显著差异,而等氮量下MF150较IF150处理的氮肥农学效率显著增加(提高了49.56%)。(4)作物收获后0—40 cm土壤剖面矿质氮含量随土层深度而增加,但是等氮量各施肥处理间无显著差异,40—60 cm剖面中单施化肥氮各处理矿质氮残留量较配施各处理提高了约18%。总之,MF150施肥处理不仅提高作物产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率,而且土壤剖面矿质氮残留较少,可作为培肥该矿区复垦土壤或与本试验土壤类型相似的低产农田的推荐施肥量。     

煤炭开采对水资源的影响及对策探讨

山西省是煤炭资源大省,也是水资源严重短缺的省份。在煤炭开采的同时,给水资源带来了不可低估的影响。从煤炭开采对地下水、地表水及水质三个方面的影响进行了分析,提出了坚持依法办矿科学开采、加强煤矿生产水资源论证制度、开展煤炭开采对水资源影响的监测与评价、加大煤矿矿坑排水综合利用力度、建立煤炭开采对水资源影响的补偿机制等对策措施。     

Development of Standard Procedures for a Simple,Rapid Test to Determine Wheat Color Class

Growing conditions, kernel characteristics, and genetics affect wheat kernel color. As a result, red and white wheats sometimes cannot be differentiated by visual examination. Soaking wheat kernels in a sodium hydroxide solution enhances the difference in color; red wheat turns a darker red, and white wheat turns straw‐yellow. Previously, when NaOH was used for wheat determination of color class, only a visual assessment was made under arbitrary conditions, many times not suitable for field work. In the present work, visible reflectance spectroscopy and visual assessments were used to optimize NaOH (2 mL/g of wheat) soak time (10 min), concentration (5M or 20%), and temperature (60°C). The optimal procedure will provide users who are not laboratory trained with inexpensive, safe procedures to definitively assign wheat color class in the shortest time in field locations. Calibration and prediction of several wheat cultivars using partial least square regression were used to validate the optimal test procedure. The test differentiated even rain‐bleached wheat and cultivars that were difficult to classify visually. No distinct correlation occurred between predicted color value and the number of red genes.     

Comparison of Two Micrometeorological Methods to Determine Ammonia Volatilization from Lagoon Swine Effluent

Abstract

Three field experiments were conducted to compare the ability of two micrometeorological methods to estimate NH₃ loss from surface‐applied lagoon swine effluent. Both methods employed the use of glass tube NH₃ samplers. The perimeter mast method places glass tube NH₃ samplers on four masts on the perimeter of a circular plot. The center mast method places glass tube NH₃ samplers on one rotating mast fitted with a wind vane placed in the center of the plot. Each experiment consisted of two plots with radii of 7.62 m; one plot served as the treatment plot and received an application of 4,680 L of lagoon swine effluent, the other plot received no lagoon swine effluent and served to measure ambient atmospheric NH₃ levels. A strong linear 1:1 relationship (r²=0.97) existed between the vertical NH₃ flux measured from the treatment plot by the two methods, demonstrating similarities in flux measurements by the two methods.     

采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体碳氮分布对施肥的响应

为了揭示长期不同培肥措施下采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量的变化规律,通过干筛法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、单施化肥(CF)、有机肥与化肥配施(MCF)、生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤各粒级团聚体分布组成特征以及各团聚体有机碳氮含量的变化规律。结果表明,复垦土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,其中以3~2mm粒级团聚体含量最低,占团聚体总量2%~3%,以2~1mm粒级团聚体含量最高,占团聚体总量25%~31%。不同培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤团聚体分布特征无明显差异,但较未复垦生土明显降低了7mm和7~5mm团聚体含量。复垦8年土壤的平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)高于复垦4年土壤,分形维数(D)值低于复垦4年土壤。各培肥处理间以单施有机肥MWD、GMD值最高,D值最低。各培肥处理土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量随粒径减小递增,以0.5~0.25mm粒径团聚体最高,而有机碳储量以2~1mm粒级团聚体最高,分别占24.2%~33.8%和17.0%~33.1%。各处理间有机碳氮含量以单施有机肥处理最高,但不同处理间有机碳氮储量无显著差异。总体表明,采煤塌陷区复垦4年和8年土壤团聚体分布特征及碳氮储量无明显变化,单施有机肥可提高复垦土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量及团聚体稳定性。     

砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地水蚀输沙过程研究

选择淮北平原砂姜黑土区某煤矿2种不同开采方式(充填开采和非充填开采)工作面地表塌陷坡耕地,通过现场调查和采样分析,动态监测表层(0-10cm)土壤黏粒含量,研究黏粒含量在采煤塌陷坡耕地形成过程中的时空变化。同时在实验室应用人工模拟降雨试验,测定不同降雨强度(强降雨0.309mm/min,弱降雨0.147mm/min)和坡度(3°,5°和10°)处理下的坡面径流含沙量与土壤剥蚀率,探讨坡耕地水蚀输沙过程特征。结果表明:(1)研究区砂姜黑土黏粒含量为37%~46%,塌陷坡耕地坡面表土黏粒含量随时间推进呈缓慢下降。(2)雨强和坡度为影响砂姜黑土区坡耕地径流含沙量变化的主要驱动力。相同坡度,强降雨条件下水流含沙量为弱降雨时的10倍左右;坡度为3°和5°时的水流含沙量变化趋势一致,而坡度为10°时,试验不同时段的水流含沙量不稳定,尤其是强降雨条件下,在试验4min后水流含沙量急剧增加,至7min已达28.9g/L,为径流初期的15倍以上。(3)砂姜黑土与高原黄土、川中紫色土和南方红壤坡地土壤雨水侵蚀特征一致。但在耕作因素影响下,充填或非充填开采工作面地表塌陷坡耕地土壤流失量均较轻微。     

UV—B辐射增强对冬小麦生态系统呼吸速率和N2O排放日变化的影响

通过田间试验,应用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了土壤-冬小麦系统以及土壤的呼吸速率和N2O排放通量,研究了UV—B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统、土壤的呼吸速率和N2O排放日变化的影响。结果表明,土壤-冬小麦系统和土壤的呼吸速率存在着明显的日变化规律,UV—B辐射增强处理并没有改变其日变化规律,但对呼吸速率有抑制作用。在日温差较大的晴天,土壤-冬小麦系统和土壤的N2O排放通量也呈规律性日变化,UV—B辐射增强处理没有改变其日变化规律。在拔节至抽穗期,UV—B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统的日均呼吸速率、N2O排放通量和土壤的日均N2O排放通量均没有显著影响,但显著降低了土壤的日均呼吸速率;在开花期,UV—B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统和土壤的日均呼吸速率、N2O排放通量均没有显著影响;在灌浆期,UV—B辐射增强显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的日均呼吸速率、N2O排放通量和土壤的日均N2O排放通量,但对土壤的日均呼吸速率没有显著影响。     

地下采煤工程水土保持方案编制探讨

地下采煤工程具有弃渣量大、征地范围与采煤工程涉及范围相关悬殊、对地下水资源破坏大、地下采空区塌陷具有不确定性等特点。文章对水土流失防治责任范围确定、采煤工程对水循环系统的影响、采空区陷侵蚀等三个问题进行了探讨。     

粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土对麦田重金属元素分布影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法 ,研究了粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土的改良效果及Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和As等重金属元素在小麦各部位的积累与分布。结果表明 :粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土可以降低土壤容重、比重及土壤粘粒含量 ,增加孔隙和土壤渗透系数。被吸收的重金属元素主要分布在根系中 ,其次是叶片 ,在茎杆、叶鞘及籽粒中的分布极少。根系对Cd和As具有富集作用 ;籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、As随用灰量的增加而增加 ,Hg则减少 ,但在 3 6× 10 4kg/hm2 的用灰量范围内 ,5种重金属元素在籽粒及土壤中的含量均在安全标准之内     

化学物质对提高雨水利用率的应用研究进展1

就化学物质作为土壤改良剂和集雨材料对降雨径流调控、提高雨水利用率及防止水土流失方面的应用现状进行了论述,并对其应用过程需要解决的问题作了探讨。