马铃薯茎尖培养脱毒与种质资源试管保存的研究

采用MA+BAP0. 1～0. 5毫克/升+GA0. 5毫克/升+NAA0. 01毫克/升培养基培养马铃著茎尖效果很好,生产出无PVX,PVY 等5种病毒10个品种的试管苗67株和脱毒种薯。此外还有500个品种(系)获得了试管苗。试管保存种质资源选用MS 培养基效果好。试管内装入15ml 培养基较适宜,培养基中加入脱落酸和甘露醇能抑制试管苗生长,对延长保存期有一定效果,其中以4%的甘露醇效果最佳,存放550天试管苟存活率仍在36%,比对照高1倍多。采用塑料薄膜封闭试管口,代替棉塞,也能延长保存期。总之:经上述几方面改进,在常温条件下,可使试管苗继代保存期由过去的1年转管3～4次,延长到1～1. 5年转管1次。     

马铃薯种质资源保存试验

通过低温保存,添加渗透调节剂及生长抑制剂和微型薯诱导的方法,对马铃薯种质资源试管苗的保存效果进行了研究。结果表明,使用低温(4℃)保存和在MS培养基基础上添加浓度为50mg·L-1的生长抑制剂比久(B)9,可以使试管苗保存时间长达8～10个月,且苗茎叶健壮,有试管薯形成,保存效果较好;MS基础上添加浓度为0.01%～0.1%渗透调节剂甘露醇也能达到较好的保存效果;通过微型薯诱导保存得到试管薯的诱导率为15%～80%,但保存后期易造成试管苗死亡。     

马铃薯试管薯诱导因子研究

以马铃薯栽培品种Favorite、Atltantic和克新 1号脱毒试管苗为材料 ,着重研究了离体条件下外源激素、碳源以及活性炭对试管薯形成和发育的影响。结果表明 :①加入一定浓度的外源激素 ,利于提高试管薯的产量和质量 ,其诱导效应依次为BA >BA +CCC >CCC >无外源激素 ;②诱导试管薯对碳源纯度要求不高 ,食用白糖替代蔗糖完全可能 ;③活性炭能够明显提高试管薯前期的形成和发育。     

马铃薯组培中不同因素对诱导试管薯的影响

以马铃薯米拉、威芋3号脱毒试管苗为材料进行试管薯诱导因素研究。结果表明:散射光与适当低温(17±1℃)条件对米拉试管薯形成、结薯数量与平均鲜重均有极显著的促进作用;米拉基部节段较顶芽培养的试管苗有利于试管薯的形成和膨大;培养基(MS+8%白糖)中同时添加5 mg.L-1 6-BA与250 mg.L-1 CCC能显著增加威芋3号试管薯结薯数量与鲜薯产量,而单独添加5 mg.L-1 6-BA或KT虽能显著提高试管薯的大薯率,但平均结薯数量却显著降低,而不添加任何激素的培养基,对威芋3号试管薯的诱导效果较差。     

生根粉剂诱导马铃薯脱毒试管苗生根研究

1　前　言在马铃薯脱毒试管苗生根培养中 ,通常添加ＢＡ做生根诱导 ,在生产中 ,为了缩短培养时间 ,降低生产成本 ,我们使用生根粉 (四川省兰月科技开发公司生产 )代替ＢＡ诱导试管苗生根。本试验的目的是比较添加生根粉剂和ＢＡ不同处理对马铃薯试管苗生根、生长及结薯情况的影响 ,探讨使用生根粉代替ＢＡ诱导试管苗生根的可行性。2　材料与方法2 1　试验材料津引薯 8号脱毒试管苗。2 2　试验方法2 2 1　生根诱导培养基处理 :使用ＭＳ液体培养基 ,10 0 0ｍｌ加入活性炭 2ｇ ,蔗糖 30ｇ ,ｐＨ值 5 8,做两个对照处理 :①ＭＳ 生根粉…     

马铃薯试管薯诱导影响因素分析

以马铃薯栽培品种‘Favorita’脱毒试管苗为材料,研究了离体条件下外源激素、活性炭以及光照对试管薯形成和发育的影响。结果表明:加入一定浓度的外源激素,有利于提高‘Favorita’试管薯的产量和质量,其诱导效应依次为矮壮素(CCC)>多效唑(PP333)>CCC+6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)>丁酰胺(B9)>6-BA>无激素;活性炭能够明显提高试管薯前期的形成和发育;8 h/d散射光照比全黑暗试管薯重量和大薯率都有提高;全黑暗使试管薯发生提前,结薯集中,但不利于试管薯的增重。     

马铃薯试管薯工厂化生产优化试验

为使马铃薯试管薯工厂化生产,对试管薯生产参试进行了优化。试验结果表明:在2MS培养基中壮苗,是获得试管薯高产的必要前提。在诱导培养基MS+6BA0.5 mg/L+8%白糖液体培养基上黑暗处理2周后放入自然光下培养可提高试管薯的产量。当容器使用220 mL培养瓶时,诱导培养液量为50 mL为宜,并且每瓶放入20个茎段效果最好。试管苗去掉顶部后进行试管薯生产可提高成苗率和试管薯产量。     

脱毒马铃薯试管苗直接移栽结薯研究

在日光温室中 ,以蛭石为无土栽培基质 ,脱毒马铃薯试管苗直接移栽 ,生产微型薯 ,通过炼苗提高成活率 ,调控温湿度促壮苗 ,及时培土提高结薯率 ,水肥适宜促薯块膨大。平均单株结薯率达到 4 2粒 株 ,由于长期生长 ,单薯重增加到 6 8g ,提高了脱毒薯 1～ 2个等级 ,试管苗直接结薯不仅解决了扦插伤口二次污染的问题 ,而且产量提高了 4 9 6 9% ;效益提高了 16 9 15 %。     

几种因素对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响

以马铃薯品种鄂薯5号脱毒试管苗为材料,试验了激素、光照、碳源、生长部位、培养方式对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明,室温为18℃的条件下,结薯与切段苗龄有关,基部切段结薯情况好于顶部切段,用暗培养,培养方式为液体时,培养基中添加4mg·L-1激素6-BA,糖浓度为8%,试管薯诱导效果较好。     

马铃薯试管结薯的光周期诱导效应研究

以马铃薯品种米拉脱毒试管苗为材料,采用6个不同的光周期处理进行试管薯诱导,以研究光周期对马铃薯试管薯的诱导效应。研究结果表明:不同暗期处理对试管薯结薯个数影响不显著,以8h和12h/d暗处理产量较高;叶绿素含量和块茎淀粉含量与暗期长短均呈负相关,α-淀粉酶活性与暗期长短均呈正相关;叶绿素含量、块茎淀粉含量与经济产量成显著的正相关。同时随着暗处理时数的延长,薯形和薯皮色均发生了显著的变化。     

The effect of the inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis on the coumarin-induced tuberization and growth of excised axillary shoots of potato sprquts (Solanum tuberosum l.) culturedin vitro

The inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis; chloramphenicol, para-fluorophenylalanine, actinomycin D, and 5-fluorouracil were evaluated for their effectiveness in inhibiting coumarin-induced tuberization, tuber growth, and the inhibition of.root and shoot growth of excised axillary shoots of potato sprouts culturedin vitro. To date, it has been demonstrated that both kinetin and coumarin readily effect 100 percent tuberization of the shoots culturedin vitro. The results of the present study demonstrate that with the exception of 5-fluorouracil, the inhibitors significantly inhibited the coumarin-induced. tuberization, tuber growth, and root growth whereas in previously published data by Palmer and Smith (6), the inhibitors merely delayed kinetin-induced tuberization. It is suggested that both protein and nucleic acid synthesis are required for the coumarin-induced tuberization processes, and the mode of action of coumarin is distinctly different from that of kinetin.     

In vitro induction of potato tuberization by organic acids

Summary Potato microtubers are usually induced in media containing growth regulatory, typically cytokinins and growth retardants. However, since these substances may imbalance the physiology of the cultured explants and cause adverse carry-over effects on the subsequent performance of the microtubers, the potential acid-induction of in vitro-mass tuberization was investigated as an alternative. For this purpose, a range of explant types (stolons, single-node or apex-containing multinodal sections), organic acids (acetic, propionic, ascorbic, acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid), and photoperiods (continuous dark, 8 or 16 h photoperiod) were established. Gellified medium or raft membranes on liquid medium were also tested. Although variations due to explant type, photoperiod, organic acid supplemented, and medium type were found, all organic acids tested under the different experiments caused tuberization. Multiple tuber formation or bigger tubers did not develop on multinodal explants. In terms of tuberization rate and mean tuber weight, gellified medium performed better than liquid medium with rafts. The recently established role of the salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids on tuberization is corroborated by our system. The results with the acetic, propionic and ascorbic acids show that in vitro hormone-free tuberization can be easily and rapidly achieved.     

Interaction between jasmonic and gibberellic acids on in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets

Summary A reverse of the delaying effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) was observed in in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets when the medium contained 0.8×10⁻⁵ M jasmonic acid (JA). The promoting effect of JA seemed to be correlated with the initial absence of growing roots, probably through direct activity of JA in microtuber-producing buds in the stoloniferous shoots. This is based on the fact that JA did not inhibit root growth a posteriori. Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) synthesized by roots did not interfere with the previous activity of JA in tuberization. The absence of a JA promoting-effect on tuberization of previously-rooted plantlets could be related to the capacity of potato roots to synthesize endogenous GAs which might antagonize the JA effect on buds of stoloniferous shoots.     

离体培养条件下植物生长物质对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

在全黑暗诱导结薯培养条件下,培养基（MS＋8．0％蔗糖）中添加5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）对诱导马铃薯（cv．Mira）试管苗或其茎段结薯所需的时间,结薯率和结薯数量没有促进作用;它们虽能略微提高试管薯的平均鲜重,但与对照比较,此影响未达到显著水平（LSD0.05）。在16h／d光周期或8h／d光周期加暗期光间断诱导结薯培养条件下,无论培养基中蔗糖含量为2．0％或8．0％,外源添加2．0NAA、2．0ABA、5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）等植物生长物质均不能诱导试管苗茎段结薯（cv．I－1085）。由此表明,离体培养条件下,外源添加上述植物生长物质不是诱导马铃薯块茎形成的必需因子。对此试验结果作了比较详细的讨论。     

Development of amylose-free (amf) monoploid potatoes as new basic material for mutation breeding in vitro

Summary For the induction and selection of double mutants with altered starch composition, a uniform (homohistont) amylose-free (amf) monoploid as basic plant is of vital importance. Therefore, newamf monoploids had to be developed via prickle pollination. And 26 monoploids were obtained which were screened in vitro for vigour, leaf size and for the percentage of monoploid cells. The number of monoploid cells was underestimated at about 28%. Seven vigorous monoploids were tested in vitro for tuberization capacity, which varied from 0 to 100%. After regeneration in vitro, 0 to 3.7 adventitious shoots per leaf explant were formed. The tuberization capacity of these shoots varied from 0 to 48. Twoamf monoploids were selected which were vigorous and tuberized well in vitro. They are the basis for the application of an in vitro mutation breeding protocol that should lead to the induction and selection of new starch mutants in potato.     

In vitro tuberization of potato sprouts as affected by ethrel and gibberellic acid

Summary In vitro tuberization of etiolated potato sprouts was considerably advanced by a dose of 50 ppm ethrel (2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid). The adition of ethrel also increased the number of tubers, produced shorter and thicker stolons and reduced root development. Some of these effects are opposite to those induced by gibberellic acid which is known to retard tuberization and to promote elongation. When both substances were simultaneously supplied to the medium, they showed a clear antagonistic interaction.     

Effect of three anti-gibberellin growth retardants on tuberization of induced and non-induced Katahdin potato leaf-bud cuttings

Katahdin potato plants were grown in a growth chamber undernoninducing conditions and treated with three anti-gibberellin growth retardants. Other plants were sprayed with gibberellic acid and placed in aninducing growth chamber adjusted to promote tuber induction. Treatments were repeated the following week. After final treatment, apical, sub-apical, medial and basal leaf-bud cuttings were taken from each plant and placed in a mist chamber. After two weeks, cuttings were examined for tuberization. Two of the retardants were associated with approximately 3 and 2 fold increases in tuberization over the non-induced control. Although induced control cuttings exhibited almost complete tuberization, application of gibberellic acid to plants grown under identical conditions, reduced tuberization 14 fold. Tuberization response of induced control cuttings was unaffected by stem location. In non-induced control and quaternary ammonium compound-treated cuttings, basal cuttings tuberized significantly better than those taken from higher on the stem. This pattern was eliminated for plants treated with the triazole compound. Below-ground portions of donor plants were also examined and showed a significant increase in average rhizome number and total rhizome length associated with inducing conditions. Tuber number of donor plants was also increased for those plants grown under inducing conditions or treated with the triazole compound under noninducing conditions.     

Light and genotype effects on in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets

Summary In vitro tuberization responses of eleven clones of potato were evaluated under different photoperiods and light intensities. No growth regulators were added to the medium to avoid the potential modification of the response to the environmental stimuli. Plantlets were grown on MS medium containing 3% sucrose for four weeks under long days (16 h). Tuberization was induced by short days (8 h). Five photoperiodic combinations and three light intensity treatments were applied. Light applied after the tuber induction phase delayed or inhibited tuber initiation (at proper photoperiods both at 111 and 55 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensities at 24/15 °C day/night temperature). Darkness following the induction stage accelerated and synchronized tuber initiation after high light intensity. However, these effects of dark treatment depended on light intensity applied in short days before dark treatment. There was an interaction between the duration of darkness applied in photoperiodic treatments and the light intensity applied in short days on tuber initiation. No relationship was observed between the maturity groups of clones tested and their tuber initiation responses. Tight interaction (P≤0.01) of treatments and clones was proved by statistical analysis. Reliable tuberization and high rate of tuberization (1.20–1.52) can be reached using these hormon-free systems.