采用DSC对低毒脲醛树脂固化特性的研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对不同固化体系下的低毒脲醛(UF)树脂的固化特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:在不同固化体系下,低毒UF树脂的固化反应起止温度和所需的活化能是不同的。在固化体系C下,低毒UF树脂的固化反应的起始温度低,放出的热量多,固化反应所需活化能最低,说明固化体系C对低毒UF树脂的固化反应促进效果较好。     

稻草中密度纤维板用改性脲醛树脂的研究

对比三聚氰胺、二甲基硅油、硅树脂和偶联剂KH-550四种改性剂改性的脲醛(UF)树脂性能的差别及其对稻草中密度纤维板性能的影响,并进行经济评价,最终确定适用于稻草纤维板的改性UF树脂的工艺条件,同时借助于红外光谱(FT-IR)和差热扫描分析(DSC)研究最佳改性UF树脂的结构和固化特性.结果表明,三聚氰胺改性脲醛(MUF)树脂不论是对树脂性能、板性能改善还是从成本分析方面均为稻草纤维板最佳的胶黏剂,FT-IR显示出与未加三聚氰胺相比,加入三聚氰胺后树脂的羟甲基含量降低了10 %,DSC分析则表明其峰值温度有较大幅度的提高,但放出的热量较少.加入三聚氰胺改性的UF树脂其表面张力变小.     

聚酰胺-胺添加比例对超支化聚合物改性脲醛树脂的影响

将聚酰胺-胺作为改性剂添加至低摩尔比脲醛树脂(UF树脂)中,以提高低摩尔比UF树脂的固化速度,增强树脂的胶合强度。通过在UF树脂合成过程中添加不同比例的聚酰胺-胺,考察聚酰胺-胺对不同摩尔比UF树脂的影响,包括树脂性能和所制备板材的力学强度。结果表明:聚酰胺-胺添加比例为2%~3%时,UF树脂的固体含量增加、固化时间缩短、固化温度降低,并且这种优势在低摩尔比UF树脂中的改善效果更为显著。改性后的UF树脂制备板材的内结合强度增大,即使是摩尔比为1.1的UF树脂,所制板材的内结合强度也远大于国标要求。聚酰胺-胺改性UF树脂在固化特性和所制板材性能上的优异表现可以在保证板材力学性能的前提下明显提高板材生产效率,降低生产能耗,这种改性是非常有前途的。     

利用时域核磁共振研究脲醛树脂的固化过程

利用时域核磁共振(TD-NMR),测试加入氯化锌(ZnCl2)固化剂时,脲醛树脂(UF)的固化过程,旨为胶黏剂固化研究提供新的方法。试验结果表明:通过简单操作TD-NMR,可以快速地得到UF树脂固化过程的弛豫时间分布谱图;在100～120℃范围内,ZnCl2水解生成盐酸,UF树脂分子间发生缩聚反应;当温度高于140℃时,固化反应基本结束。     

超低甲醛释放脲醛树脂制备与固化结构表征

通过加入改性剂合成超低甲醛释放的脲醛树脂(UF),利用红外和核磁共振研究UF的结构和在不同固化体系下固化后的结构。结果表明,所合成UF树脂中游离甲醛含量低于0.1%;所压制的胶合板甲醛释放量低于0.5mg/L,符合GB/T 9846.3—2004中E_0级要求;胶合板的胶合强度满足Ⅱ类板的要求。红外(FT-IR)分析UF树脂有多种官能团特征吸收峰的存在。核磁分析表明,在不同固化体系下,固化后UF树脂的各种结构含量有所不同。对UF树脂及其固化后的结构分析,为日后开发结构合理,性能更优良的超低甲醛释放UF树脂提供了依据。     

液化木基热塑性酚醛树脂的固化反应动力学

利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了液化木基热塑性树脂(PWF)的固化特征及其动力学,用热重法(TG)和傅立叶红外光谱技术(FT-IR)研究了固化后PWF的热降解性能和结构特征,并对比研究了传统热塑性酚醛树脂(PF)的固化反应,旨在为确定新型PWF的固化工艺提供依据.结果表明,六次甲基四胺(HMTA)用量对固化反应的表观活化能影响较大,HMTA与树脂质量比为100:10时,表观活化能较低,为107.76kJ/mol,低于相同条件下PF的表观活化能(141.35kJ/mol);HMTA用量对固化反应级数几乎没有影响,反应级数恒定在0.95,与PF的固化反应级数相同.最大固化速率温度和升温速率(Tp-β)外推法求得PWF固化工艺温度在135～137℃.PWF和PF的热重曲线变化趋势在30 ～ 291℃完全相同,两者在200℃以前几乎不发生失重现象,当温度超过200℃后,两者皆有轻微的失重,PWF和PF的热降解温度分别为291和296℃.IR结果证明固化后PWF和PF的结构相似.     

利用动态热机械分析仪对低毒脲醛树脂性能的研究

利用动态热机械分析(DMA)对不同固化体系下3种低毒UF树脂固化物的力学性能进行了研究。试验结果表明:不同固化体系下3种低毒UF树脂固化物的力学性能不同。对于UF-1,使用氯化铵为固化剂,树脂交联固化程度要高于其他两种固化体系,固化物储存模量最高。对于UF-2来说,在3种固化体系下,固化物的储存模量之间相差不是很大。对于UF-3,在第2种固化体系条件下,固化物的储存模量最大,损耗角正切最小。因此在实际应用过程中,针对不同的低毒UF树脂胶黏剂需要选择与之相匹配的固化体系,才能达到最佳的固化效果和胶接强度。     

固体核磁共振法对低甲醛释放脲醛树脂化学结构的研究

在采用液体核磁对3种低甲醛释放脲醛树脂化学构造进行分析的基础上,利用13CCP/MASNMR对脲醛树脂固化产物的化学结构进行了研究.结果表明,不同固化体系下,3种低甲醛释放脲醛树脂胶黏剂的固化历程不同,固化后树脂的结构有所差别.不添加固化剂时,脲醛树脂的固化交联反应程度低,固化产物中羟甲基含量高,甲醛释放量也随之增加.加入固化剂后,促进了羟甲基的固化交联反应,脲醛树脂固化产物中羟甲基含量普遍降低.3种固化体系下,UF-3羟甲基含量最高;在氯化铵为固化剂的条件下,UF-2羟甲基含量最低,为0.0582;不添加固化剂和复合固化体系条件下,UF-1羟甲基含量最低,分别为0.0784和0.0713.不同固化体系对不同种类脲醛树脂的固化效果不同,固化后树脂的结构不同,其力学性能和甲醛释放能力也不同.     

应用DSC研究脲醛树脂胶和异氰酸酯胶混合液的固化过程

本文以差热扫描量热法（DSC）分别研究了脲醛（UF）胶、聚异氰酸酯（PMDI）胶以及它们的混合液的加热固化过程。结果表明，PMDI和UF在105－110℃发生放热固化反应。此外，PMDI与水在120－125℃发生剧烈的放热反应。MPMDI的反应活性受介质酸度影响较大，介质pH值越低，PMDI的反应性越小，或几乎被抑制。     

温度对木质素基酚醛树脂纤维固化行为的影响

为了研究温度因素对木质素酚醛树脂纤维固化性能的影响,在盐酸和甲醛质量比为1∶1的凝固浴条件下,设置不同固化升温速率和固化温度进行实验。采用FT-IR、TG、DSC、力学性能测试等方法对材料性能进行表征,探讨不同温度对纤维机械性能、热性能、表面形貌等指标的影响规律,分析木质素酚醛树脂纤维的固化行为。研究结果表明:纤维原丝经过凝固浴后,在实验条件下内部材料继续发生交联反应,最终得到的固化后纤维直径均比原丝粗;固化升温速率增加能够提高固化反应的反应程度,使得热稳定性提高;升温速率过快会导致力学性能下降,固化温度高则木质素酚醛树脂纤维表面光洁度较高;随着固化温度升高,纤维的机械性能下降。最适于纤维原丝的固化温度参数为升温速率20℃/h、固化温度170℃,此条件下得到的固化纤维拉伸强度达178.24 MPa,断裂伸长率为1.49%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.