近期激光对植物生长调节效应的研究进展

分析了激光对植物生长调节效应的研究进展,发现研究明显具有以下特点:早期研究主要集中在激光预处理种子对种子萌发、幼苗生长发育、生理生化效应的影响以及激光处理机制的初步讨论;近年来的研究集中于激光处理对环境胁迫下植物生理生化效应影响,环境胁迫因子涉及增强UV-B辐射、干旱与冷冻,其中多数研究集中于激光对增强UV-B辐射下植物生理生化效应的影响,发现激光能增强植物抗UV-B辐射损伤,提高植物抗干旱逆境及抗冷冻能力,并对其作用机理及机制进行了探讨。今后可围绕全球生态环境变化背景下,激光处理对植物生理生化效应的影响进行研究,并深入研究激光影响的分子生物学机制机理。     

土壤中的钼及其植物效应的研究进展

从土壤中钼的含量和分布、土壤钼的存在形态、有效钼和有效性、钼的吸附和解吸、土壤钼的迁移和淋洗、植物中的钼及对钼的吸收、钼在植物体内的移动、钼在植物体内的生物功能及植物中钼缺乏和中毒等方面综述了土壤中的钼及其植物效应的研究进展。     

生物炭改良盐碱地效果及其对植物生长的影响研究进展

土壤盐碱化被视为限制全球土壤生产力、粮食安全和生态系统的重要因素,全球有大面积的盐碱地,因而又是最重要的边际土地资源。近年来,生物炭在改良土壤结构、提高土壤肥力以及固碳减排等诸多领域中表现出极大的应用潜力。研究表明,生物炭的施用能够改善盐碱地土壤理化性质、提高碳含量和促进植物生长,可作为盐碱地改良的有效措施使用。然而,生物炭对盐碱地土壤改良和对植物生长的影响机理较为复杂,有待深入的研究。本文梳理了当前国内外生物炭改良盐碱地土壤结构、化学性质、养分有效性、生物活性的效果及其对植物生长影响的研究进展,在系统分析生物炭改良盐碱地土壤的机制基础上,对生物炭改良盐碱地的应用潜力进行了展望,以期为生物炭在盐碱地改良上的高效利用提供参考。     

砷对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

砷(As)对植物具有剧毒、致畸和致突变效应,是植物生长的非必需元素,严重影响植物的光合作用,而光合作用对植物生存至关重要.本文从植物的外部毒害症状、叶绿体超微结构、光合色素、光合速率和光合作用过程等方面综述了As对植物光合作用的影响,并展望了As对植物光合作用影响的研究方向.     

土壤,植物,水样中大量,微量和超微量元素仪器分析法的研究进展

本文对用ＩＣＰ分析法分析土壤、植物及水中大量、微量和超微量元素进行了探索。结果表明，双聚束质量分析装置对土样中近７０个元素、水样中５０多个元素具有高分辨率；同时还阐述了增加植物样元素测定种类的几个新方法。     

水分对沙生先锋植物生长的影响

结合荒漠地节水灌溉试验，对具有典型代表性的3种沙生先锋植物进行了土壤含水量，植株相对含水量以及生物量的测定，进一步掌握了沙生植物极其抗旱的特性，总结了水分对沙生植物生长的影响。     

植物动力2003对土壤微量元素和pH值的影响

本文报道了植物动力2003 中的微量元素、稀土元素的成分和含量,研究了在恒温条件下,植物动力2003 对北京褐土表土、生土、东北黑土和广东红壤中微量元素和土壤pH 值随培养时间的变化。结果表明:PP2003 原液中含有多种元素。其中主要有中量元素硫和微量元素锌,其含量分别为16180mg/L 和12550mg/L。施用PP2003 后可以提高土壤的缓冲能力,使土壤pH 值变化缓慢,保持相对稳定。对土壤中交换态微量元素含量变化的影响则随土壤类型不同而异。     

Effect of earthworm on growth of late succession plant species in postmining sites under laboratory and field conditions

Earlier studies of postmining heaps near Sokolov, Czech Republic (0–46 years old) showed that massive changes in plant community composition occur around 23 year of succession when the heaps are colonized by the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffm.) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny). The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the introduction of earthworms into a postmining soil enhances growth of late succession plant species. In a laboratory experiment, earthworms significantly increased biomass of Festuca rubra and Trifolium hybridum grown in soil from a 17-year-old site. The biomass increase corresponded to a significant decrease in pH and an increase in oxidable C, total N, and exchangeable P, K, and Ca content. A second laboratory experiment showed higher biomass production of late successional plant community (Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris, Centaurea jacea, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, and Trifolium medium) in soil from late successional stage (46 years old); the introduction of earthworms into soil from an early successional stage (17 years old) increased biomass production. In a field experiment, introduction of L. rubellus to enclosures containing a 17-year-old soil not colonized by earthworms significantly increased the biomass of grasses after 1 year. The results support the hypothesis that colonization of postmining areas by earthworms can substantially modify soil properties and plant growth.     

Promotion of plant growth by an auxin-producing isolate of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize (Zea mays L.) roots

A plant-growth-promoting isolate of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize roots was found to be capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPYA) in vitro in a chemically defined medium. It was selected from among 24 endophytic yeasts isolated from surface-disinfested maize roots and evaluated for their potential to produce IAA and to promote maize growth under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions. The addition of l-tryptophan (L-TRP), as a precursor for auxins, to the medium inoculated with W. saturnus enhanced the production of IAA and IPYA severalfold compared to an L-TRP-non-amended medium. The introduction of W. saturnus to maize seedlings by the pruned-root dip method significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth of maize plants grown under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions in a soil amended with or without L-TRP. This was evident from the increases in the dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots and also in the significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of in planta IAA and IPYA compared with control plants grown in L-TRP-amended or non-amended soil. The plant growth promotion by W. saturnus was most pronounced in the presence of L-TRP as soil amendment compared to seedlings inoculated with W. saturnus and grown in soil not amended with L-TRP. In the glasshouse test, W. saturnus was recovered from inside the root at all samplings, up to 8 weeks after inoculation, indicating that the roots of healthy maize may be a habitat for the endophytic yeast. An endophytic isolate of Rhodotorula glutinis that was incapable of producing detectable levels of IAA or IPYA in vitro failed to increase the endogenous levels of IAA and IPYA and failed to promote plant growth compared to W. saturnus, although colonization of maize root tissues by R. glutinis was similar to that of W. saturnus. Both endophytic yeasts, W. saturnus and R. glutinis, were incapable of producing in vitro detectable levels of gibberellic acid, isopentenyl adenine, isopentenyl adenoside or zeatin in their culture filtrates. This study is the first published report to demonstrate the potential of an endophytic yeast to promote plant growth. This is also the first report of the production of auxins by yeasts endophytic in plant roots.     

Promotion of plant growth by phytohormone-producing endophytic microbes of sugar beet

Three plant-growth-promoting isolates of endophytic bacteria from sugar beet roots produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro in a chemically defined medium. The three isolates were selected from 221 endophytic bacteria isolated from surface-disinfected beet roots and evaluated for potential to produce IAA and to promote beet growth under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions. The inoculation of roots of beet by three selected bacteria isolates significantly increased plant height fresh and dry weights and number of leaves per plant, as well as levels (p < 0.01) of phytormones compared with control plants. In the glasshouse test, the three selected bacterial isolates were recovered from inside roots in all samplings, up to 8 weeks after inoculation, indicating that the roots of healthy beet may be a habitat for these endophytic bacteria.     

基于L系统虚拟植物生长模型的研究

器官是植物形态构建的关键因子。本文从虚拟植物生长工作基本原理,并从基于L系统技术来虚拟植物的生长出发,针对植物形态结构的复杂,虚拟植物生长的各器官之间存在着很强的交互性和协调性,及目前虚拟植物模型构建方法可能带来的非结构化等问题,提出了利用L系统构建虚拟植物模型的技术,结合油菜生长的具体实际,虚拟植物的生长;最后对虚拟植物各个器官之间的关系和不同环境的适用性等方面进行了展望。     

苹果树根际促生细菌种群分析

利用选择性培养基, 对多年生苹果树根际与连作幼树根际促生细菌进行了分离和测数, 并采用BOX-PCR技术进行聚类分析。结果表明: 多年生苹果树根际细菌总量及固氮细菌、解磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌、拮抗细菌4类根际促生细菌的数量均高于连作幼树根际。在多年生苹果树根际, 硅酸盐细菌的数量最大, 解磷细菌和固氮细菌的数量次之, 拮抗细菌的数量最小; 在连作幼树根际, 解磷细菌的数量最大, 硅酸盐细菌和固氮细菌的数量次之, 拮抗细菌的数量最小。从两种土壤中获得的促生细菌分离株的BOX-PCR图谱最大的相异百分数都在1.25以上, 说明这些细菌分离株的遗传进化距离比较接近。在细菌BOX-PCR图谱相异百分数为0.25的水平上, 多年生苹果树根际促生细菌分为79个聚类群, 其中固氮细菌18个聚类群, 解磷细菌29个聚类群, 硅酸盐细菌19个聚类群, 拮抗细菌18个聚类群; 连作幼树根际促生细菌分为46个聚类群, 其中固氮细菌15个聚类群, 解磷细菌19个聚类群, 硅酸盐细菌8个聚类群, 拮抗细菌9个聚类群。多年生苹果树4类根际促生细菌的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均高于连作幼树根际, 而优势度指数低于连作幼树根际。与连作幼树相比, 多年生苹果树根际促生细菌具有丰富的种属多样性。     

应用PGPR菌肥减少烤烟生产化肥的施用量

利用从烤烟根际筛选的抗生菌、固氮菌、解磷菌和解钾菌菌株制成PGPR菌肥,进行田间完全区组随机试验,研究其在减施化肥的条件下对烤烟产量质量的影响。试验地土壤类型为黄棕壤,种植烤烟品种为云烟89,菌肥施用量30 kg hm-2,于烤烟移栽时溶于生根水中一起施入。共设4个处理,分别是(1)常规施肥同时施用PGPR菌肥;(2)NPK肥为常规施肥的80%同时施用PGPR菌肥;(3)常规施肥;(4)NPK肥为常规施肥的80%。结果表明,施用菌肥的二处理与未施用菌肥的二处理相比,施用菌肥不同生长期烤烟根际放线菌的数量显著降低17%～27%(p<0.05),根际微生物生物量碳含量提高3%～16%,现蕾期根际解磷菌的数量显著提高24%(p<0.05),并可提高烤烟的抗病性,烤后烟外观质量好。处理(2)与处理(4)比较,现蕾期烤烟根际氮、钾、铜、锌、硼和铁6种元素的有效性提高4.46%～28.87%,而磷、钙、镁和锰4种矿质元素的有效性降低2.63%～30.19%,烤烟产量和净产值分别提高7.53%和30.05%。处理(2)与处理(3)比较,烤烟产量和净产值分别提高4.52%和24.68%。使用PGPR菌肥可适当减少化肥用量,为可持续生产优质、无公害烟叶的有效途径之一。     

Effect of some pesticides on plant growth,root nodulation and chlorophyll content of chickpea

Different concentrations, viz. 5, 10 and 25 ppm of aldicarb, carbofuran, phorate fensulfothion and fenamiphos were observed for their pesticidal effects on chickpea plant in terms of various plant growth parameters such as plant length as well as weight, pod numbers, root-nodulations and chlorophyl content. Significant improvement in plant growth was noted in lower concentrations such as 5 and 10 ppm of different pesticides but 5 ppm concentration proved highly effective and non-phytotoxic. The phytotoxic effect was noted in those plants treated with 25 ppm concentration of all the pesticides. Carbofuran was found to be most effective for improvement of over all plant growth and fensulfothion the least.     

植物生长延缓剂对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用研究

试验研究不同浓度的植物生长延缓剂比久(B9)、矮壮素(CCC)和多效唑(PP333)溶液对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用结果表明,B9、CCC及PP333处理万寿菊穴盘苗的最佳浓度分别为2500mg/kg、0.3%和60mg/kg,适宜浓度分别为1000~2500mg/kg、0.1%~0.3%、10~60mg/kg。3种延缓剂最佳浓度处理对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用60mg/kg PP333处理>0.3?C处理>2500mg/kg B9处理,且60mg/kg PP333处理成本最低。当CCC处理浓度>1.0%时万寿菊穴盘苗出现药害现象。     

Non-streptomycete actinomycetes as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters

Among soil microorganisms, bacteria and fungi and to a lesser extent actinomycetes, have received considerable attention as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Within actinomycetes, Streptomyces spp. have been investigated predominantly, mainly because of their dominance on, and the ease of isolation from, dilution plates and because of the commercial interest shown on the antibiotics produced by certain Streptomyces spp. Many of non-streptomycete actinomycetes (NSA) taxa are therefore rarely reported in literature dealing with routine isolations of biocontrol agents and/or plant growth promoters from plant and soil. It is clear that special isolation methods need to be employed in routine isolations to selectively isolate NSA. Some interesting information exists, albeit in relatively few reports compared to that on other microorganisms, on the biological activities of NSA, especially in relation to their mechanisms of action in the biological control of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and plant growth promotion. This review presents an overview of this information and seeks to encourage further investigations into what may be considered a relatively unexplored area of research. Certain soil environmental factors, especially in horticultural systems, could be manipulated to render the soil conducive for the biological activities of NSA. A variety of NSA isolated by selective methods have not only shown to be rhizosphere competent but also adapted for an endophytic life in root cortices. Some of the NSA, including endophytic strains that have shown potential to suppress soil-borne fungal plant pathogens, are able to employ one or more mechanisms of antagonism including antibiosis, hyperparasitism and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes. Strains of NSA promote plant growth by producing plant growth regulators. Enhancement of plant growth by the antagonists are considered to help the host by producing compensatory roots that mask the impact of root diseases.