Biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato using antagonistic fungi,plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure

BACKGROUND: Biocontrol achieved by a single biocontrol agent is generally inconsistent under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to increase the competitiveness and efficacy of biocontrol agents by using them together with cattle manure. RESULTS: The effects of antagonistic fungi [Aspergillus niger v. Teigh., Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom] and plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [Azotobacter chroococcum Beijer., Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Pseudomonas putida (Trev.) Mig.] were assessed with cattle manure on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kof. & White) Chitwood. Application of antagonistic fungi and PGPR alone and in combination with cattle manure resulted in a significant increase in the growth of nematode‐inoculated plants. The highest increase (79%) in the growth of nematode‐inoculated plants was observed when P. putida was used with cattle manure, followed by use of P. lilacinus plus cattle manure. Paecilomyces lilacinus resulted in a high reduction in galling and nematode multiplication, followed by P. putida, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. chroococcum and P. chrysogenum. The combined use of P. lilacinus with cattle manure resulted in a maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication. CONCLUSION: Application of P. lilacinus or P. putida with cattle manure was useful to achieve greater biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

取食不同猎物对黄带犀猎蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus croceovittatus可捕食多种害虫, 是农林业害虫生物防治的重要天敌昆虫?为评价黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor?果蝇Drosophila sp.?斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和棉蚜Aphis gossypii 4种猎物作为规模化饲养黄带犀猎蝽的食物来源的效果, 在室内温度(25±1)℃, 相对湿度(60±5)%, 光周期L∥D=14 h∥10 h条件下, 测定了分别取食上述4种猎物的黄带犀猎蝽生长发育和繁殖的相关生物学参数?结果表明, 黄带犀猎蝽以这4种猎物为食均可完成1个世代, 且可以继续繁殖, 但猎物种类对其相关生物学参数有显著影响?取食斜纹夜蛾的黄带犀猎蝽成虫获得率(69.9±7.6)%, 若虫总历期(70.3±0.6) d, 产卵前期(21.5±0.5) d, 卵期(20.0±0.1) d, 单雌产卵量(213.4±22.7)粒, 卵孵化率(76.5±3.6)%?其若虫死亡率较低, 成虫获得率较高, 若虫发育历期最短, 各发育阶段的黄带犀猎蝽体重最重?与黄粉虫组相比, 其成虫产卵前期显著缩短, 卵孵化率显著提高, 但成虫寿命较短?说明斜纹夜蛾幼虫可作为室内扩繁黄带犀猎蝽的猎物?     

3种寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育、繁殖和寿命的影响

白刺夜蛾Leiometopon simyrides是荒漠植物白刺的重要害虫, 为明确寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育的影响, 以便对其进行科学监测和防控，本研究在27℃下, 利用3种寄主植物(大果白刺、泡泡刺、唐古特白刺)饲养白刺夜蛾, 观察记录白刺夜蛾幼虫的取食量、各阶段的发育历期、存活率、羽化率、雌雄性比和成虫寿命等生物学特性, 同时测定各寄主植物叶片的营养和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明, 白刺夜蛾幼虫取食大果白刺叶片的总量最少, 取食唐古特白刺的量最多。取食唐古特白刺的白刺夜蛾幼虫发育历期最短, 其次为取食泡泡刺, 取食大果白刺时历期最长。取食泡泡刺和唐古特白刺后, 白刺夜蛾幼虫的存活率和羽化率较高, 取食大果白刺存活率最低, 且无成虫羽化。在唐古特白刺上, 白刺夜蛾雌虫占比较高, 成虫寿命较长。大果白刺的叶片总酚含量和简单酚含量最高, 各营养物质含量最低, 不利于白刺夜蛾的生长发育;唐古特白刺和泡泡刺酚类物质含量较低, 营养物质含量较高, 较适宜白刺夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。唐古特白刺为白刺夜蛾的最适宜寄主植物, 其次为泡泡刺。     

分区施用有机肥对苹果树体生长和叶片生理特性的影响

以三年生‘红将军’(Malus domestica cv.)为试材,砧木为平邑甜茶(Malus hupenensis Rehd.),采用分根盆栽法研究1/2根区定量灌水条件下,1/4、2/4和3/4根区分区施用有机肥对树体新梢生长动态、根系生长动态、叶绿素、叶片光合、蒸腾、气孔导度等指标的影响,以期确定苹果树有机肥最佳施用量和施用区域,为改善果园有机肥施用方法和施用量提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明:1/4根区施用30%有机肥处理新梢生长量最大,为14.2 cm;2/4根区施用20%有机肥处理的根系生长量最大,在整个生长季根系生长量为230.0 mm,叶绿素含量也显著高于其它处理;1/4施用30%、2/4施用20%或3/4施用10%有机肥处理的净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化和季节变化都显著高于其它处理,而蒸腾速率与其它处理差异不显著。1/4施用30%、2/4施用20%或3/4施用10%有机肥处理不仅能够保证树体正常生长发育,还可以节约有机肥用量、提高土壤的保肥保水效果。     

毒死蜱对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响

为探明毒死蜱对蚯蚓的影响,以赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida为受试生物,以人工土壤为试验基质,采用接触暴露法,研究了毒死蜱对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性以及对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:在有效试验条件下,毒死蜱对蚯蚓的14 d-LC50值为88.75 mg/kg(每千克干土中含毒死蜱有效成分毫克数,其余同);暴露28 d后,10、25、50、80及100 mg/kg处理组蚯蚓的平均体重与对照相比依次下降了9.8%、15.7%、17.5%、23.9%和27.0%,体重下降与药剂处理浓度之间高度相关,且除10 mg/kg处理组外均与对照差异显著(P0.01,r=0.984);毒死蜱10、25、50、80及100 mg/kg处理组对蚯蚓繁殖的抑制率分别为32.26%、80.97%、89.03%、89.68%和97.42%,繁殖抑制率与药剂浓度之间存在一定的相关性(P0.01,r=0.788);毒死蜱影响蚯蚓生长和繁殖的28 d最低可观测效应浓度(LOEC)值为25 mg/kg。     

不同食料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了红玉苹果、红元帅苹果、张掖2号苹果、沙果、苹果梨、早酥梨、杏对苹果蠹蛾［Cydia pomonella (L.)］生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同食料对苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雌成虫产卵量等有显著影响。幼虫取食沙果、早酥梨、红玉苹果最有利于其生长发育和繁殖;取食红元帅苹果和张掖2号苹果的影响居中;而取食杏和苹果梨对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫死亡率增加,幼虫期延长,蛹期延长,蛹重减轻,雌成虫寿命缩短,单雌产卵量降低。     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

Effects of soil and crop management practices and pedo‐hydrological conditions on the seedbank size of Galinsoga spp. in organic vegetable fields

Galinsoga quadriradiata and Galinsoga parviflora are very troublesome weeds in many organic vegetable crops in Europe. A very straightforward method to keep Galinsoga infestations under control is by targeting the Galinsoga seedbank. To identify cropping systems able to reduce the seedbank size in vegetable‐based cropping systems, the relationships between the seedbank size of Galinsoga species and prevailing soil/crop management practices and pedo‐hydrological conditions were investigated. Hereto, the seedbank of the 0–20 cm topsoil layer was sampled in 50 organic vegetable fields and analysed according to the seedling emergence method. Field history data were collected for the past 5 years, and physical, chemical and microbial soil quality was determined. Galinsoga quadriradiata was the most frequent and abundant Galinsoga species in the weed seedbank. The genus Galinsoga was present in 90% of the soil weed seedbanks of organic vegetable fields but displayed wide variation in abundance. Smallest Galinsoga seedbanks were found in fields that were predominantly tilled with non‐inversion implements or rotationally ploughed, and continuously cropped with competitive crops during the entire growing season (April 15‐November 15). Contrary to G. quadriradiata, seedbank size of G. parviflora was closely related to soil organic carbon content and sand fraction. Remarkably, soils with a low level of easily plant‐available phosphorus and concomitant high activity of arbuscular mycorrhizae had smaller G. quadriradiata seedbanks. To reduce Galinsoga infestations, fields should preferably be tilled without soil inversion, fertilised with organic amendments with low content of readily plant‐available phosphorus and cropped with competitive crops all season long.     

不同辣木种质资源对辣木瑙螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确辣木瑙螟Noorda blitealis对不同辣木资源的为害情况, 本研究在温度(28±1)℃, 相对湿度(75±10)%, 光周期L∥D=14 h∥10 h的条件下, 通过辣木瑙螟在6种辣木资源(‘中古2号’?北方辣木?狭瓣辣木?‘中古1号’‘PKM1’?多油辣木)上的生长发育情况, 建立种群生命表, 评价其在6种辣木资源上的生存适合度?结果表明, 取食6种辣木资源的辣木瑙螟均能完成世代发育, 其中取食多油辣木时平均世代周期最短, 为24.8 d, 取食其余资源的辣木瑙螟平均世代周期为26.3~27.0 d; 取食多油辣木的辣木瑙螟净增长率最高, 为97.24, 其次是取食‘PKM1’, 为50.25, 取食北方辣木时净增长率最低, 为42.55; 取食6种辣木资源的辣木瑙螟周限增长率都大于1, 表明种群数量呈几何级数增长, 其中取食多油辣木时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最高?从幼虫发育历期?预蛹期?蛹期?产卵前期?产卵期?单雌产卵量?蛹重?性比等数据综合来看, 辣木瑙螟在多油辣木上具有更高的生存适合度?     

玉米-大豆间作对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

为绿色防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,通过生命表研究玉米和大豆对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖能力的影响,同时室内测定草地贪夜蛾幼虫和成虫对玉米及大豆的产卵选择性和取食趋向性,并通过室内和田间小区试验研究玉米-大豆间作对草地贪夜蛾种群发生的影响。结果显示,取食大豆后草地贪夜蛾可以完成生活史,但与取食玉米相比,取食大豆会导致草地贪夜蛾发育迟缓,存活率降低,成虫期缩短,繁殖力下降和产卵天数减少;取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率均显著高于取食大豆的草地贪夜蛾种群,取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾种群的平均世代周期低于取食大豆的种群,但两者间差异不显著。与大豆相比,草地贪夜蛾幼虫和成虫均对玉米有明显的趋性。当玉米与大豆按照2∶2比例间作时,植株上的草地贪夜蛾着卵率为65.31%,显著低于玉米单作的着卵率。当大豆包围玉米和玉米与大豆按照2∶2比例间作时,玉米的被害率分别为86.67%和85.56%,均显著低于玉米单作的被害率。表明玉米与大豆按适度比例间作可以显著降低草地贪夜蛾的发生和为害。     

温度对白茨粗角萤叶甲生长发育及繁殖的影响

本研究在6个恒温(18、21、24、27、30、33℃)条件下,观察并记录了白茨粗角萤叶甲Diorhabda rybakowi卵、幼虫与蛹的发育历期和存活率,以及成虫的寿命和繁殖力。结果表明,卵和幼虫的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,发育速率随之加快。白茨粗角萤叶甲的卵、幼虫期、蛹、成虫产卵前期和世代的发育起点温度分别为(10.4±0.8)(12.2±0.7)(8.7±0.9)(16.4±0.8)℃和(8.6±0.9)℃,有效积温分别为(97.9±4.8)(158.2±7.9)(212.1±11.5)(158.6±13.6)日·度和(838.0±43.9)日·度。在低温18℃和高温33℃条件下,白茨粗角萤叶甲幼虫的存活率均降低,成虫的羽化率在33℃高温下显著降低,而卵的存活率高于幼虫期的存活率。白茨粗角萤叶甲生长发育和繁殖的最适温区为21℃相似文献   

Effects of acid extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.)wastes from the food industry on the growth of some crops and weeds

The effects of acid extracts of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot ( Daucus carota L.) juice wastes from the food industry on the growth of five species of crops and four weeds were examined. The acid extract of the tomato juice waste promoted the shoot and root growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage, corn, and radish, but not the growth of oat seedlings. The extract did not promote the shoot growth of weeds tested, and it inhibited the root growth of the weeds that included barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola Ohwi), southern crabgrass ( Digitaria ciliaris Koel.) and Japanese barnyard millet ( Echinochloa utilis Ohwi). The carrot juice waste was also examined as another waste from the food industry. The effect of the acid extract of carrot juice waste showed significant promoting effects on the root growth of Chinese cabbage; however, the effects on other plants were lower than that of tomato juice waste. It also did not inhibit the growth of weeds. These results suggested that the acid extract from tomato juice waste is useful as plant-growth substances because they have a promoting effect on the shoot and root growth of crops, and an inhibitory effect on the root growth of some weeds.     

人工饲料对黄带犀猎蝽生长发育、繁殖及捕食效能的影响

为评价人工饲料饲养对广泛分布于我国南方的黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus bifidus的生长发育、繁殖和控害能力的影响,在室内条件下测定取食不同胶囊人工饲料的黄带犀猎蝽若虫生长发育和繁殖的相关生物学参数,并比较取食斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明,以斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲喂的黄带犀猎蝽若虫可完成完整世代并继续繁殖,其成虫获得率为15.0%,若虫总发育历期为107.6 d,雌、雄成虫体重分别为113.8 mg和84.7 mg,产卵前期为31.3 d,单雌产卵量为117.3粒,卵期为24.5 d,卵孵化率为90.8%;而取食胶囊人工饲料内容物为黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor匀浆液和混合匀浆液的黄带犀猎蝽若虫不能完成完整世代。取食斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型和Holling III型功能反应模型,使用斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲养的黄带犀猎蝽对猎物的捕食效果和搜寻效应未受到明显影响,表明该人工饲料可用于黄带犀猎蝽的规模化扩繁。     

无患子皂苷对甜菜夜蛾的影响及其化学成分分析

为明确无患子皂苷对甜菜夜蛾的控制作用,本试验分别用添加无患子皂苷(0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16 mg/g)的混毒饲料喂养甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫,测定甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率、幼虫发育历期、蛹重、化蛹率、卵孵化率、性比等指标。采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS)分析无患子皂苷中的主要化学成分。结果表明,喂饲后72 h,取食4 mg/g混皂苷饲料的甜菜夜蛾幼虫开始死亡,其幼虫存活率随皂苷浓度的升高而降低;相比空白对照组,取食4 mg/g混皂苷饲料的幼虫,其幼虫期延长8.55 d(P<0.05),蛹重降低了41.13%(P<0.05),化蛹率下降46.43%(P<0.05)。取食0.5 mg/g以及2 mg/g混皂苷饲料的幼虫其卵孵化率分别比空白对照降低9.61%、16.12%;取食混有皂苷的饲料会扰乱甜菜夜蛾的性比,其中混入2 mg/g皂苷的处理对其性比影响最大,雌性比为25.00%。从无患子皂苷中鉴定出10种皂苷类化合物,共鉴别出6种常春藤型三萜皂苷,3种齐墩果酸型三萜皂苷,1种大戟烷型三萜皂苷。     

光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。     

水稻锯齿叶矮缩病毒对褐飞虱生长发育和生殖的影响

为明确水稻锯齿叶矮缩病毒（rice ragged stunt virus,RRSV）对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长发育和生殖的影响,分别比较带毒褐飞虱与未带毒褐飞虱的若虫发育历期、成虫寿命、性比、翅型及产卵量,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术分析RRSV侵染后褐飞虱体内卵黄原蛋白（vitellogenin,Vg）与其受体（vitellogenin receptor,VgR）以及海藻糖代谢途径中相关基因表达量的情况。结果显示,带毒褐飞虱的若虫历期显著高于未带毒褐飞虱的若虫历期,分别为17.56 d和15.90 d;带毒褐飞虱的成虫寿命、雌虫比例和短翅比例均高于未带毒褐飞虱的,但两者间均无显著差异;带毒褐飞虱较未带毒褐飞虱单雌日产卵量显著提升,分别为11.26粒和6.45粒;带毒褐飞虱的Vg、VgR和海藻糖转运蛋白基因（trehalose transporter,TRET）表达量均显著高于未带毒褐飞虱的。表明RRSV侵染会显著延长褐飞虱若虫发育历期,同时可能通过上调Vg、VgR以及TRET的表达量以促进褐飞虱生殖。     

阶段性极端高温对七星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确极端高温天气对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata生长发育和繁殖的影响,通过模拟田间高温发生情况,设置6h极端高温(36℃和39℃)与不同持续时间(1d和3d)对七星瓢虫卵和成虫进行胁迫,以25℃恒温饲养处理为对照,观察统计其发育历期、存活率、繁殖力及子代孵化率。结果表明,在相同高温胁迫模式下,七星瓢虫成虫的耐热性要明显高于卵,如在39℃处理1d后,卵和成虫的存活率分别为52.09%和93.94%;处理温度越高,高温持续时间越长,七星瓢虫卵的存活率越低,36℃处理1、3d和39℃处理1、3d后卵的存活率依次为71.31%、62.87%、52.09%和24.98%。七星瓢虫卵经39℃处理3d后,其孵化1龄幼虫的发育历期为2.77d,显著长于对照组(2.11d),其余龄期幼虫的发育历期、整个幼虫期和蛹期与对照组均无显著差异,说明七星瓢虫发育前期经历极端高温可能会导致其发育后期生长加速,出现生长补偿现象。卵期受极端高温的影响要显著大于成虫期,卵和成虫在39℃处理1d后的单雌产卵量分别为42.67粒和139.79粒;所有高温处理组的子代卵孵化率均显著低于对照组(85.42%),介于0~64.13%之间。另外,各高温处理组的种群趋势指数在5.26~56.02之间,均低于对照组(78.76)。表明夏季极端高温天气频发可能导致七星瓢虫种群数量减少,不建议此时期在田间释放七星瓢虫卵进行害虫防控。     

Effects of antagonistic fungi,plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone and in combination on the reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis> and growth of tomato

Antagonistic fungi (Aspergillus niger CA and Penicillium chrysogenum CA1), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Burkholderia cepacia 4684 and Bacillus subtilis 7612) and AM fungi (Glomus intraradices KA and Gigaspora margarita AA) were assessed alone and in combination for their effects on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of antagonistic fungus, PGPR, or AM fungus alone or in combination significantly increased the length and shoot dry mass of plants both with and without nematodes. The increase in shoot dry mass caused by Gl. intraradices KA in plants without nematodes was greater than that caused by PGPR or antagonistic fungi. Similarly, the increase in shoot dry mass caused by Bu. cepacia 4684 in plants with nematodes was greater than that caused by P. chrysogenum CA1. Application of Bu. cepacia 4684 caused a 36.1% increase in shoot dry mass of nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 (32.4%), A. niger CA (31.7%), Gl. intraradices KA (30.9%), Gi. margarita AA (29.9%) and P. chrysogenum CA1 (28.8%). Use of Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA caused a highest (65.7%) increase in shoot dry mass in nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 plus A. niger CA (60.9%). Burkholderia cepacia 4684 greatly reduced (39%) galling and nematode multiplication, and the reduction was even greater (73%) when applied with A. niger CA. Antagonistic fungi had no significant effect on root colonization caused by AM fungi. Applying Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA may be useful in the biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato.     

光周期对黏虫生长发育和生殖的影响

为明确光周期对黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)生存繁殖的影响,于室内研究了5种不同光周期对其世代生长发育和生殖的影响。结果显示:不同光周期对黏虫孵化率、1～4龄幼虫历期以及蛹重没有显著影响,对卵期、幼虫期以及蛹期的影响相对较小;对幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、成虫存活率以及成虫期影响显著,且随着光照时数的增加均呈现单峰趋势,光照时数为12 h时均达最高,全黑暗条件下最低;当光照时数大于8 h时,随着光照时数的增加,黏虫产卵前期逐渐降低。光周期为12 L∶12 D时黏虫世代发育历期最长,为49.4 d,存活率最高,为86.5%;全黑暗和全光照条件下的世代发育历期最短,分别为37.2 d和37.7 d;全黑暗条件下的世代存活率最低,只有6.4%,全光照条件下为25.3%。在5种光周期下黏虫均没有出现生长发育停滞现象,但全黑暗和全光照条件下黏虫出现了明显的死亡现象。研究表明光周期为12 L∶12 D为室内饲养黏虫种群最适光周期,全黑暗和全光照对其生长发育和生殖影响显著。