Trace elements in surface soils from the mineralized area of Madison County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Duplicate, bulked surface soil samples, from sites 10m apart, were collected at 97 locations 1000 m apart on a regular grid measuring 8x11 km. Data were obtained for Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. One field sample was a good predictor of its nearby duplicate for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb, satisfactory for Ba, Be, Cr, Mn and Zn, but poorer for Cr, Li and V. Maps of the variation in precision of the field samples did not reveal any association between abandoned mine sites and high variability. The median coefficient of variation for trace elements in the field duplicates was between 8 and 19.5%. The duplicated field data were averaged to yield a mean soil metal concentration at each sample location. Concentrations of Ba, Be, Cr, Li, Sr and V were comparable with other published values for similar soils in Missouri. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher which was explained by pollution from mining activities. A graphical technique was used to calculate background levels for metals in the second group. Samples of forest litter were collected at 12 locations: Ag, Ba, Cd, Mn, Sr and Zn concentrations were higher in the litter whereas Li and V concentrations were higher in the subjacent mineral soil. Computer isoline maps of the distribution of elements revealed an association between areas of high soil Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn and abandoned mines or mineralized rocks.     

福建沿海农田土壤重金属污染与潜在生态风险研究

分析了取自福建沿海农田185件表层土壤样品的重金属含量与分布特征,采用连续提出的方法研究重金属元素的赋存状态。结果表明福建沿海稻田土壤中的Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为0.41mgkg-1、0.20mgkg-1、6.62mgkg-1、35.65mgkg-1、12.7mgkg-1、128.39mgkg-1、109.65mgkg-1和63.56mgkg-1。相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是Hg和Cd。有46%样品中的Hg含量高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值,有13%的样品的Cd高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值。Hg高含量的样品主要分布福州、漳州等城镇等附近,同时它在土壤中主要以有机结合态的形式存在,土壤中Hg含量的升高可能主要来自于后期污染的叠加。Cd高含量的样品的分布则较分散,并不都集中在工业活动区,同时它在土壤中是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物态的形式存在,说明其高含量可能更多是受到成土母质的地球化学背景影响。农田土壤中的Hg和Cd具有较高的生态风险。该区主要是栽种水稻,而水稻对Cd具有强吸收的特性,土壤酸化还会促进Cd的吸收。本区土壤呈酸性,所以Cd污染可能导致大米的食品安全应引起足够重视。     

杭州市城市土壤中重金属、磷和其它元素的特征

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urban soils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82 locations in Hangzhou City were measured to: a) assess their distribution in urban environments; and b) understand their differentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionation procedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercial and industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealed that the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sources using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significant pollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities were the main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metal concentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractions and soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

天水苹果园土壤重金属富集状况评价及来源分析

对天水果园表层（0~20 cm）219件土壤样品进行研究,测定5种重金属（Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd）及有机质含量,以天水小陇山土壤为对照,运用相关分析和主成分分析方法区分土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,①Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为77.39、23.03、23.62、61.49 mg.kg-1和0.07 mg.kg-1,其中Cd极显著（P〈0.01）高于小陇山土壤,其余4种重金属虽高于小陇山土壤但无显著差异性（P〉0.05）;②研究区土壤Cu、Pb、Cr三者间在0.01或0.001水平上具有显著正相关性,且这3种重金属与土壤有机质具有显著正相关性,其余重金属间不存在显著相关性;③主成分分析显示Cu、Pb和Cr来源相似,主要来自于成土母质,Cd来源于人为施肥因素,Zn的富集受多种因素影响。研究评价结果显示,天水地区果园土壤Cd受人为施肥影响较大,具有一定程度的富集。     

三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究

通过对三峡重庆库区16个市、县(区)旱地和水田土样分析、统计、评价,研究了库区耕地土壤主要重金属元素分布特征。结果表明,库区耕地土壤有不同程度污染,重金属As、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量均有超标,Cd有最大超标;旱地土壤重金属含量略高于水田,紫色土略高于黄壤,各采样点重金属含量差异大;重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Zn间存在极显著正相关,土壤污染有复合污染趋势;主要淹水区县土壤环境质量评价结果显示,仅巫山县污染综合指数评价为中污染,主城区、开县为轻微污染,涪陵区、长寿区、奉节县为警戒级,其余为安全级;耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时对三峡库区耕地重金属淹水和非点源污染进行风险分析,指出库区开展淹水重金属形态与非点源污染输出研究意义.     

长江干流沿江地区土壤重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险

为掌握长江干流沿江地区土壤重金属状况,开展土壤表层样品采集和重金属空间分布研究,使用PMF（positive matrix factorization）模型解析土壤重金属来源,并选取地累积和潜在生态风险等方法,评估重金属的污染状况和生态风险。结果表明：1）土壤重金属的积累程度不同,As、Cd和Cu的超标率高,污染明显。Cd和Cu的变异系数高于1.0,分布不匀,受某些污染源的影响显著。2）各重金属含量呈现条带状的空间格局,在多个地区出现高值,土壤环境质量受到人类活动的负面影响。3）土壤重金属积累主要来源于自然、工业排放、交通运输和农业生产,贡献率分别为36.65%、28.48%、20.07%和14.80%。其中Cd与工业活动有关,Pb和Zn来自交通排放,Cr和Ni与自然源密切相关,As和Cu来源于农业生产。4）Cd的污染程度最高,81.88%的点位达到轻度污染。40%以上的点位受到As、Cu、Ni和Pb污染。75%以上点位的Cr和Zn含量较低,污染程度不高。单项生态风险指数的均值从大到小依次为：Cd、As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr。综合生态风险指数均值为63.17,处于轻微风险水平。该研究作为土壤生态调查的核心,可为土壤环境管理和重金属污染修复提供科学依据。     

贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

研究采集万山汞矿区典型农田土壤样品,分析测试其Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni含量,利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评估农田土壤的污染状况及生态风险,结合相关分析和主成分分析解析农田土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,该农田土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为4.29、117.6、0.43、59.06、48.99、43.77、29.13、18.80 mg kg~(-1)。土壤重金属综合污染指数为7.16,表明该农田土壤重金属重度污染,其中100%的位点Hg、As重度污染,66.7%的位点Pb轻度污染,25%的位点Cd轻度污染。土壤重金属的综合潜在生态危害指数为469.0,生态风险强,Hg对综合潜在生态危害指数的贡献率为78.30%,是该农田土壤生态风险的主要来源。该农田中重金属的来源包括:交通运输源、矿业污染源、农业污染源和自然活动源,主要污染物Hg来源于矿业活动,As来源于交通运输和矿业活动,Cd来源于农业活动,Pb来源于交通运输。     

Cu Cd Pb Zn对酸性耕作土壤3种酶活性的影响

采用添加外源重金属和室内培养的方法,研究了Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对1个酸性耕作土壤中脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。Cu添加浓度为50、100、200、400、600mg·kg^-1,Cd添加浓度为1、5、10、15、20mg·kg^-1,Pb添加浓度为100、300、500、800、1200mg·kg^-1,Zn添加浓度为50、100、200、400、800mg·kg^-1。结果表明,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对脲酶以抑制作用为主,4种重金属对酶毒性大小依次为Cu〉Cd〉Zn≥Pb,但在培养末期抑制作用都趋于减弱。Ph、Cu、Cd、Zn在前17d的培养中使蛋白酶酶活性急剧降低,以后蛋白酶活性维持在此较低水平上。短时间内（3d）Zn对过氧化物酶具有强烈的抑制作用,但总体看来4种重金属对过氧化物酶活性的影响均较小。上述结果表明,脲酶对农田土壤Cu污染具有指示作用,蛋白酶对农田土壤4种重金属污染都具有指示作用,过氧化物酶仅对土壤Zn的短期污染具有指示作用。     

Gehalte von Baumwurzeln an chemischen Elementen einschließlich Schwermetallen aus Luftverunreinigungen

Concentrations of chemical elements in tree roots including heavy metals from air pollution Total concentrations of P, S, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were measured in roots from beech, spruce, ash, maple and a forest herb (Mercurialis perennis). The root samples were taken from a site with an acid soil type (Saure Braunerde) and from a site with calcareous soil (Rendzina). All elements except Mn, Zn and Pb (on acid soils) and Ca (on calcareous soils) showed higher concentrations in finest roots (<1 mm diameter) compared to fine roots (1–2 mm). In the case of the toxic heavy metals, this is interpreted as a consequence of reduced root uptake due to physiological processes or to organic complexing, followed by an accumulation at the root surface. Compared with aboveground plant parts, roots show accumulation of Al, Pb, Cd and Zn, indicating reduced translocation from roots to shoots. Roots from acid soil show higher concentrations of P, Mn, and Pb than in calcareous soil. The concentrations of Al and heavy metals in the roots are considered to be a consequence of the contamination of the investigated forest sites by long-range transported air pollutants, i.e. acid precipitation and deposition of heavy metals.     

九华铜矿重金属环境污染状况研究

选择江苏九华铜矿区,对其周边土壤和作物的重金属污染状况进行了研究.结果发现,约有一半的采样点土壤全Cu含量超过我国土壤环境质量三级标准(400 mg/kg),其DTPA提取态Cu含量的平均值为117 mg/kg.通过对矿区土壤重金属间的相关分析表明,土壤Cu与Zn、Pb、Cd、Co之间呈极显著的正相关关系(p＜0.01),而与Cr、Ni无显著相关,说明了该铜矿区土壤还伴有外源Zn、Pb、Cd、Co的污染.土壤复合污染指数(PI)＞1.0的土壤样品占57.3%.矿区周围作物可食部位Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr的含量均较高.     

Total content and extractable fraction of cadmium,cobalt, copper,nickel, lead,and zinc in calcareous orchard soils

Abstract

The levels and availability of six heavy metals cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in calcareous orchard soils were measured in an investigation of a method for the determination of total content and extractable fraction of these metals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The digestion step was performed comparatively using two different types of heating. Cadmium, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F‐AAS) and Cd was determined by electrothermal or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS) using the method of standard addition. The detection limits, precision values, and accuracy (recovery assays) show the reliability of the method. The conditions for the determination of the extractable fraction of the metals were also optimized. Extraction time for Cd and Zn was studied, and the application of two hours of shaking was selected. The tested method was applied to real samples corresponding to highly calcareous orchard soils characteristic of the Mediterranean area. Only Zn, Cu and Pb showed high levels in their extractable forms, whereas Cd and Co had highest levels in their total contents. An important bio‐availability was observed in all the studied metals, but mainly for Cd and Pb.     

苏南某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属分布及风险评价

选择江苏南部冶炼厂周边污染的水稻田,采集耕层0～15cm的土壤,分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Zn、Cu的污染程度及其空间变异特征。结果表明,土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg的全量随着距污染源距离的增加而减少,呈现由东北向西南扩散的趋势,As则是由西北向东南扩散。6种重金属中Cd、Hg的污染范围相对较大,Zn的污染范围最小。DTPA浸提的6种重金属有效态含量都是距污染源距离越远而越少。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤中的重金属进行风险评价,土壤重金属的综合污染指数为39.27,污染程度已超过5级,为重度污染,其中Cd、Hg污染最为严重,含量范围分别为3.98～44.58mg·kg-1、0.36～2.01mg·kg-1,As为中度污染,Pb、Cu、Zn则为轻度污染,说明研究区域农产品安全生产存在很大的风险。     

Soil Contamination in Dumps on the Karstic Areas from the Plateaus (Southeast of Madrid, Spain)

After over 10 years of accumulation of residues in the studied dumps near Madrid, it has been registered low or moderate heavy metals concentrations on the surrounding area. Only occasionally, some rubbish dumps contain significant quantities of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb. The concentration levels of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu are safe when they are compared with the surrounding areas levels of heavy metals. The aim of this paper is the analysis of pollutants existing around in the dumps located at the sides of the plateaus of the central valley of the Tajo River (provinces of Madrid and Toledo, Spain). The high karstification rate of the upper layer of these tablelands and the existence of numerous dumps on them (even on their slopes) make these areas vulnerable to heavy metal pollution. However, after several years of use, the concentration of pollutants only reaches moderate values in the studied areas. Dumping materials were collected at four rubbish dumps. The mineralogical composition of the materials were analysed by XRD. Sequential extraction procedure was applied for speciation of the metal forms in the collected samples. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd in extracts were determined by AAS. The studied samples showed high carbonate concentration. Contamination processes are combined there with weathering processes. Heavy metals concentration in control samples (gypsum, limestones, red soils and colluviums) were compared with samples of the studied dump in order to evaluate the pollution level. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu were variable. The contamination was elevated for samples in depth in relation with weathering process of heavy metals.     

不同城市功能区绿地土壤重金属分布及其生态风险评价

对山东中部某典型城市9个城市功能区64个绿地土壤样品中的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd 4种重金属元素含量进行了测定,评价了土壤重金属污染特征及其生态风险。结果表明:各功能区绿地表层土壤Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的平均含量均高于当地自然植被土壤背景值,已表现出富集状态,其中Cd平均含量超标严重;工业区、风景名胜区、商业区和居民区等绿地土壤污染程度居前;单因子污染评价表明,该市绿地土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb已处于潜在污染状态,而Cd已经处于重污染状态;综合污染评价研究表明,处于“中度污染”污染级别的绿地类型有工业绿地、商业区绿地、风景名胜区和居住区绿地,而且苗木生产区和道路绿地也接近“中度污染”级别;潜在生态危害评价表明,该市绿地土壤处于轻微生态风险,但Cd潜在生态危害指数已经处于中等生态风险;土壤中Cu-Zn,Cu-Cd,Pb-Cd显著相关,Cu-Pb,Zn-Cd极显著相关,重金属之间存在一定复合污染现象,表明这些重金属元素的来源可能相同。该市绿地土壤Cd污染的防治应该引起重视。     

贵阳市城区土壤重金属累积现状研究

由于快速的城市化、工业化,城市土壤质量不断下降。越来越多的重金属在土壤中积累,会给城市居民的身体健康带来威胁。以贵阳市城区为研究区域,在三个城区采集50个土样,调查城区土壤重金属的累积状况并探究其来源。结果表明:城区土壤As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量分别为16.8 mg kg-1、0.984 mg kg-1、66.1 mg kg-1、38.9 mg kg-1、79.5 mg kg-1、243 mg kg-1;三城区6种重金属分布特征总体上存在南明区>云岩区>小河区的趋势;南明区土壤重金属达到轻度污染,云岩和小河两区处于尚清洁状态,Pb和Zn为南明区土壤的主要污染元素,Cd是三城区土壤的主要污染元素;主成分分析和聚类分析显示Cd、Zn、Pb的可能主要来源是人为活动,As和Ni的来源是自然因素-成土母质,Cu的来源可能以人为活动为主。     

Differential Sorption Behavior of Cadmium,Lead, Zinc,and Copper in Some Tropical Soils and Their Environmental Implications

This study evaluated cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) sorption characteristics of three tropical soils. Data obtained conformed to Freundlich sorption model and the S-shaped isotherm curve. Sorption efficiency of Zn and Pb were highest in alkaline soil while slightly acid soil had the highest Cd and Cu sorption efficiency for monometal sorption. In competitive sorption, metals were more sorbed in slightly acid soil while the least efficiency was recorded in acid soil. Distribution coefficient; K_d (average across soil types) in monometal sorption followed the order: Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu. For competitive sorption, the order was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. When in competition, Cd was preferentially sorbed in slightly acid and alkaline soils and Zn for acid soil. Conclusively, lead is more in equilibrium solution when in competition with Cd, Zn and Cu making it potential agent of soil and groundwater pollution.     

太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价

对太原市污灌区土壤重金属分布特征进行了分析评价,结果表明重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Hg、Cd含量均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）,但其平均值均显著高于太原市土壤背景值。各重金属间的相关分析表明,Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这8种元素污染源可能相同。Hg是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr〉Mn〉Ni。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值均大于1,综合污染指数为2.81,总体上,污染水平为中度及其以上。各种重金属单因子污染指数和综合指数在研究区有相似的空间分布格局,总体分布趋势为东南部小店地区和中南部晋源区相对较高,南部清徐县相对较小;通过因子分析并结合污灌区污染源调查,表明Hg除受污水灌溉的影响外,燃煤释放的Hg可能是重要来源之一,Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu可能来自污水灌溉和大气沉降,以污水灌溉的贡献为主,Ni、Mn、As、Cr来自污水灌溉。Hg、Cd是太原市污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属。     

黔产薏苡仁及其产地土壤重金属污染的特征

[目的]探明黔产薏苡仁及其产地土壤重金属污染特征,为黔产薏苡仁产业可持续发展及其产地土壤重金属防控提供科学依据.[方法]以黔西南薏苡仁及其产地土壤为供试样品,分析测定土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)和5种重金属元素镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)的含量,运用GIS和单因子污染风险评价...     

田块尺度下农田重金属污染特征及其源汇关系响应解析

农田土壤作为保证粮食安全及人类发展的重要资源,近年来其受到的重金属污染备受关注。文章选取长三角发达地区某田块作为研究对象来分析同源情形下重金属的污染特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:该田块Cd平均质量分数为3.74 mg/kg,超出二级标准值达12.5倍,高值区主要分布在入水口及出水口附近。其余重金属元素(Pb,Cr,As,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)均未超标。运用地累积指数、Hakanson潜在风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数等多种污染评价方法均发现,Cd的严重超标导致该田块已达到重金属污染的最高等级。采用相关分析及通径分析方法,揭示了Cd污染的主要影响因素,Cd与土壤理化性质在0.01水平上均不存在显著相关,表明与持续的Cd外源输入相比,土壤对Cd的吸附能力极其有限。距入水口出水口的距离是影响Cd空间差异的最直接因素和决定性因素。减少外源Cd的持续输入及改良灌溉排水设施是解决田块Cd重污染的有效途径。     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.