玉米龙早群的轮回选择效果及应用研究

对一个由本课题组创造的系统材料组成的基础群体进行了轮回选择,并与实际应用相结合,选育优良自交系,对群体的自身产量及测交效果进程进行研究。结果表明,C0与C1的群体产量没有显著差异,但测交增益明显;C2与C0、C1比较产量有了显著提高。经轮回选择后,群体内方差没有出现减小的现象。分别从C0及C1中选出的两个自交系龙早1564和龙早1337配合力较高,进一步证明了轮回选择的应用价值。     

轮回选择对白菜型冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的影响

为了解轮回选择对白菜型冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的影响,以改良北方白菜型冬油菜抗寒性和产量。以4个抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜品种在不同生态条件下轮回选择后代为材料,调查越冬率,鉴定农艺性状,分析生态环境与抗寒性之间的关系以及轮回选择的改良效果。结果表明,随轮回选择世代的升高,越冬率明显增加,轮回选择代数与越冬率存在显著的线性正相关,但轮选效果因材料而显著差异,抗寒性强的品种经轮回选择后越冬率的增幅与遗传增益幅度都要比抗寒性弱的品种小。株高、主花序角果数、角粒数、千粒重、单株产量均随轮选世代的增加呈显著增加,而单株角果数降低,抗寒性差的品种遗传增益增幅较大。生态环境对轮回选择效果有较大影响,在气候条件更为严酷的酒泉试点,轮回选择的遗传增益幅度更大。相关性和逐步回归分析结果表明,株高和主花序角果数均与轮回选择群体单株产量呈显著正相关。通径分析结果表明,在C0群体中,各性状对产量均有直接正向效应,但在C1、C2和C3群体中发生了变化,尤其单株角果数,在强抗寒品种陇油6号C1和C2群体中和耐寒品种天油2号C1和C3群体中通径系数均为负值,对单株产量有较大的负向作用。选择更寒冷的生态环境和抗寒性强的基因型进行轮回选择是改良北方冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的有效途径。     

Suwan1群体改良穗行选择效应研究分析

利用改良穗行选择法对热带玉米群体Suwan1改良两轮后,选用掖478、黄早四、Mo17、丹340、桂529作测验种为母本,Suwan1C0、Suwan1C1、Suwan1C2群体和墨黄9号为父本,按NCⅡ遗传交配设计组配20个测交组合,研究Suwan1改良效果。研究表明,经过两轮改良穗行选择后,Suwan1群体产量平均每轮增益6.22%;穗位变高,穗长、行粒数增加,平均每轮增益分别为5.11%、4.81%、2.25%;抽雄期变短,其他性状增益不大。产量一般配合力效应提高,但对产量特殊配合力改良效果不大。Suwan1群体与桂529有较强杂种优势,与丹340的杂种优势较弱,可用Suwan1及其自交系改良丹340等旅大红骨种质的抗病性和外观品质。     

S_1家系密植鉴定选择对群体配合力的改良效果

利用S1家系密植鉴定改良方法对中综6群、瑞德群、黄改群、先玉335群进行1~2轮改良,获得9份群体。以9份群体为父本,自交系丹598、郑58、吉853为测验种,配制27份杂交组合,进行产量配合力比较试验,从单株产量、穗部性状和配合力角度分析群体改良的效果。结果表明,改良群体单株平均产量均有增加,穗部性状向有利于高产的方向发展。中综6群经过两轮改良后,一般配合力效应从C0的-4.44增加到C2的3.84;瑞德群经过一轮改良后一般配合力效应从C0的-1.44增加到C1的2.9;黄改群从C0的-2.83增加到C1的1.93,一般配合力效应均达到极显著水平。特殊配合力排前两位的杂交组合为郑58×黄改群、丹598×瑞德群。     

玉米人工合成群体基本材料的配合力及遗传力效应研究

根据玉米育种和生产实践,筛选13个塘四平头改良系(P1),15个非塘四平头自交系(P2)。采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,组配不完全双列杂交组合,田间调查性状并室内考种。研究结果表明,各性状配合力在P1、P2组内不同自交系间存在差异,P1和P2内遗传变异丰富,类群间杂种优势明显。P1、P2的主要产量性状和稳产性相关性状GCA表现良好,GCA方差与SCA比值均大于1,11个性状的加性方差均大于非加性方差,说明11个性状在P1、P2的组合间以加性效应为主。试验证明,P1、P2具有较好的轮回选择及组配优势组合的遗传潜势,通过群体轮回选择聚合微效基因以改良主要性状表现型切实可行。     

应用群体改良法选育高产、优质、抗病油菜新品种

为了探究轮回选择在油菜品种群体改良中的作用,利用具有高产、双低、抗病等优异性状的种质材料为育种亲本,以显性细胞核雄性不育基因为桥梁,构建了一个随机交配轮回选择群体。针对群体的产量、品质、抗病性等性状进行了多次轮回选择,结果表明经过6轮选择后,群体的主要性状得到改良,产量增加11.3%,每轮遗传增益为1.88%;芥酸和硫苷含量每轮遗传增益达到10.12%和6.37%,改良效果明显;但菌核病的抗性改良效果不明显。经过多轮选择后群体的遗传离散度仍然较高（0.338 3~0.377 7）,表明遗传多样性并没有明显下降。从不同轮次群体中选择优异单株,经系谱选择后育成了中双5号、中双6号和中双10号等优良品种,在生产上应用广泛,表明轮回选择在油菜品种改良方面具有巨大潜力。     

肯尼亚玉米群体改良方法的评价

群体内改良采用混合选择法(M)、穗行选择法(E)、半同胞选择法(H)、S_1选择法(S)和全同(?)轮回选择法(F)。其中穗行选择法的产量增益率最为稳定一致(接近3%/轮)。群体间改良采用交互轮回选择法(R)、S_1选择法和穗行选择法。交互轮回选择法的每轮增益近7%,而穗行选择法在品种杂交组合中的增益很少。从交互轮回选择的 C_2、C_3和 C_4轮群体中选育自交系(分别选至 S_3代),然后进行所有可能的杂交组配。品比试验结果,在抗倒伏方面选择增益显著,最佳三交种的增益高于群体杂交种2～5%     

两个热带玉米复合群体相互轮回选择遗传改良效益研究

利用半同胞相互轮回选择法对桂综3号和桂苏综两个热带复合群体进行两轮改良后, 选用黄早四、掖478、丹340、Mo17等4个测验种作母本,各轮改良群体作父本,按NCⅡ遗传交配设计组配测交种,对各轮群体、群体间杂交组合和测交种进行选择效果评价。结果表明,桂综3号、桂苏综及其杂交组合产量平均每轮增效分别为53、645、390 kg/hm²;群体组合超亲优势由5.7%提高到13.5%。C₂群体与C₀相比,桂综3号的产量一般配合力效应从-5.32增加到-1.55,桂苏综的一般配合力效应从0.10增加到6.55。桂综3号、桂苏综与掖478、丹340的特殊配合力都得到一定的提高。其他农艺性状随各轮对产量相互轮选择发生不同程度的变化,其中出籽率和千粒重是随轮次改良向增加方向发展,秃尖长也随着减少,其他性状变化不大。     

BSSS和BSCB1玉米群体相互轮回选择后的群体间遗传变量

ＢＳＳＳ和ＢＳＣＢ＿１玉米群体相互轮回选择后的群体间遗传变量Ｂ．Ｊ．Ｓｃｈｉｎｃｋｅｒ等轮回选择的成功与否既决定于如何估算目标群体的改良，也决定于群体内的优良个体。群体总体表现的改变是由于群体内优良等位基因频率的增加。轮回选择还应保持群体内的遗传变异...     

高淀粉甘薯轮回选择群体主要农艺性状遗传改良效果研究

应用轮回选择方案对甘薯进行高淀粉群体改良,对得到的三轮群体C0、C1、C2的主要农艺性状进行比较分析,结果表明C2群体水平大幅度提高,特别是产量性状薯干、鲜薯重增幅最大,但烘干率和淀粉率提高难度较大。遗传相关分析、通经分析和逐步回归分析结果表明,鲜薯重、烘干率对单株薯干产量的贡献最大,群体薯干产量的提高是控制单株薯干的性状得到合理的改善以及这些性状之间或与其它性状之间获得协调发展的结果。     

热带玉米Tuxpeno种质形成、改良及育种潜势分析

我国玉米种质资源狭窄和杂种优势单一,严重制约着我国玉米育种和生产的发展,发掘优异种质,获得突破性育种材料是选育优良品种的基础与前提,热带、亚热带玉米种质的引入、改良和应用对促进我国玉米育种与生产发展起到重要作用。本文综述热带玉米Tuxpeno种质形成、改良以及演化进程。采用群体改良方法对玉米Tuxpeno-Reid种质进行4次轮回选择,构建温热人工合成Tuxpeno-Reid 1号(简称墨瑞1号)C0、C1、C2和C3群体,回顾玉米Tuxpeno种质在我国玉米育种与生产中的应用,为有效地利用热带玉米Tuxpeno种质提供技术支撑,并进一步拓宽与丰富我国现有种质基础。     

The Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Rates on Some Quality Traits of Potato

This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorus (0, 90, and 180 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) doses on some tuber quality traits of the potato cultivar Agria under the ecological conditions of Erzurum in the years 2005 and 2006. The effects of N levels were significant only on the protein content of tubers while the P levels only significantly affected the oil content of the crisps. No significant N × P interaction effects were found on any of the traits evaluated. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the potato crop should be fertilized with 120 kg ha⁻¹ N and that phosphorus fertilizers should be added when soils are P deficient in the Erzurum region.     

Effects of shredding on silage density and fermentation quality

The effects of shredding forages on the density and fermentation quality of the resulting silages were studied. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and a grass–clover mixture were harvested and wilted indoors for 1–2 days. The dry‐matter content of the forages after wilting was 192 g/kg, 192 g/kg, 237 g/kg and 214 g/kg respectively. The forages were then either unprocessed or shredded once (1×) or four (4×) times using a novel laboratory shredder and were ensiled in laboratory‐scale silos. Fermentation was terminated after either 50 or 113 days of ensiling. Density and the fermentation weight losses of the silages were recorded. Initial density of the silages was considerably increased with increased intensity of shredding (p < 0.01). The initial density (DM basis) of the 4× shredded silages ranged from 177 to 236 kg DM/m³ whereas it was 124–163 kg DM/m³ in non‐shredded silages. The 4× shredded silages had the greatest fermentation weight loss at day 1 of ensiling (p < 0.01). Overall fermentation weight loss after 113 days of ensiling was reduced in the 4× shredded silages (p < 0.01). Shredding increased L‐lactate concentration and reduced pH of the silages (p < 0.01). The NH₃ concentrations were reduced by 25%–46% in 4× shredded silages and butyrate concentrations were reduced by 76%–97% in shredded silages in comparison to non‐shredded silages (p < 0.01). Shredding improved initial density and fermentation quality of silages while reducing overall fermentation weight losses.     

玉米品种通育189的雄穗分枝数F1平均优势及遗传分析

针对PH6WC、PH4CV、B20、D1279及PH6WC×PH4CV、PH6WC×B20、PH6WC×D1279、D1279×PH6WC鉴定试验进行雄穗分枝数差异分析,PH6WC×D1279(通育189)组建6世代群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂),运用主-多基因混合模型遗传分析方法对雄穗分枝数遗传进行分析。结果表明,通育189雄穗分枝数存在细胞质遗传效应,F₁雄穗分枝数平均优势为28.57%～132.41%;雄穗分枝数遗传模型为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显混合模型,2对主基因为正向完全显性,主基因上位性效应>显性效应>加性效应;主基因效应是多基因效应的41.25倍,主基因遗传率为27.58%～88.87%,多基因遗传率为0～41.78%。     

S1家系密植鉴定选择对群体产量的改良效果

利用S₁家系密植鉴定选择方法对中综6群体、瑞德群体、黄改群体、335群体进行1～2轮改良, 获得改良群体5份, 2011年进行改良效果比较试验。结果表明, 中综6群体C₁、C₂与C₀比较单株平均产量提高5.44%、9.62%;瑞德群体、黄改群体、335群体C₁与C₀比较, 单株平均产量分别提高4.42%、4.68%、0.04%。同时, 改良后的群体仍保持较高的遗传变异, 有进一步改良提高的潜力。     

Selection against inbred seedlings in mixtures of inbred and hybrid true potato seed

Summary The effect of selection against weak plants was studied in artificial mixtures of hybrid (S₀), first self-pollinated generation (S₁), and second self-pollinated generation (S₂), true potato seed. Selection of vigorous seedlings in true seed populations raised in flats from mixtures of S₀ (25%), S₁ (50%), and S₂ (25%) seed increased the frequency of hybrids to 71%. In another study, two mixtures of S₀ and S₁ seed (1∶3 and 1∶1) were densely sown in beds to produce seedling tubers. Elimination of weak plants during population thinning and subsequent interplant competition significantly reduced the frequency of inbred plants. The resulting seedling tuber progenies were planted in the field and mean yields from the two mixtures of S₀ and S₁ seed were 96% and 99% of related completely hybrid progenies. The implications of these results for TPS production are discussed.     

Surface and subsurface losses of N and P from salt-affected rice paddy fields of Saemangeum reclaimed land in South Korea

The present study was carried out to evaluate nutrient losses that occur during the course of agricultural activity from rice paddy fields of reclaimed tidal flat. For this study, we chose a salt-affected rice paddy field located in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal area, which is located on the western South Korean coasts. The plot size was 1,000 m² (40 m × 25 m) with three replicates. The soil belonged to the Gwanghwal series, i.e., it was of the coarse silty, mixed, mesic type of Typic Haplaquents (saline alluvial soil). The input quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus (as chemical fertilizer) into the experimental rice paddy field were 200 kg N ha⁻¹ and 51 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ per annum, and the respective input quantities of each due to precipitation were 9.3–12.9 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.4–0.7 kg P ha⁻¹ per annum. In terms of irrigation water, these input quantities were 4.5–8.2 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.3–0.9 kg P ha⁻¹ per annum, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to surface runoff were 22.5–38.1 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.7–2.2 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2003, and 26.8–29.6 kg N ha⁻¹ and 1.6–1.9 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2004, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to subsurface infiltration during the irrigation period were 0.44–0.67 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.03–0.04 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2003, and 0.15–0.16 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.05–0.06 kg P ha⁻¹ for 2004. When losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were compared to the amount of nutrients supplied by chemical fertilizers, it was found that 11.3–19.1% of nitrogen and 0.5–1.7% of phosphorus were lost via surface runoff, whereas subsurface losses accounted to 0.2–0.8% for nitrogen and only 0.02–0.04% for phosphorus during the 2-year study period.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax

In order to identify effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax, a two-factor experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in typical semi-arid and hilly-gully area of Loess Plateau with 3 replicates in 2013 and 2014. Two levels of N application included 150 ​kg/hm² (N₂) and 75 ​kg/hm² (N₁). P application included 150 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₂) and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₁). Temporal and spatial variation of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents in 0–60 ​cm soil layer, and relationship between soil NO₃⁻-N accumulation (SNA) and grain yield of oil flax were analyzed. Results showed that SNA increased with evaluated N application rate in different soil layers (0–20 ​cm, 20–40 ​cm and 40–60 ​cm). With the increased P application, SNA increased at N₁ level but decreased at N₂ level. SNA under N₂P₁ treatment increased by 73.33% in 2013 and 74.97% in 2014 respectively, compared with control treatment (CK) at maturity stage. Grain yield of oil flax also increased by 44.27% in 2013 and 56.55% in 2014, compared with CK under the same treatment. Correlation analysis showed that SNA in different soil layers were respectively positively correlated with grain yield. In conclusion, this research suggested that the optimal fertilizer application rate was 150 ​kg ​N/hm² and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² in the Northwest of China.     

Critical water content and water stress coefficient of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) under deficit irrigation

The objective of this research was to investigate the critical water content (θ _c) and water stress coefficient (K _s) of soybean plant under deficit irrigation. This research was conducted in a plastic house at the University of Lampung, Sumatra in Indonesia from June to September 2000. The water deficit levels were 0–20%, 20–40%, 40–60%, 60–80%, and 80–100% of available water (AW) deficit, arranged in Randomized Completely Block (RCB) design with four replications. The results showed that the soybean plant started to experience stress from week IV within 40–60% of AW deficit. The fraction of total available water (TAW) that the crop can extract from the root zone without suffering water stress (p) was 0.5 and θ_c was 0.305 m³ m⁻³. The values of K _s at p=0.5 were 0.78, 0.86, 0.78, and 0.71 from week IV to week VII, respectively. The optimum yield of soybean plant with the highest yield efficiency was reached at 40–60% of AW deficit with an average K _s value of 0.78; this level of deficit irrigation could conserve about 10% of the irrigation. The optimum yield of soybean plant was 7.9 g/pot and crop water requirement was 372 mm.