积极推广本地自育新品种 提高陇东玉米生产效益

本文在近年来陇东地区频繁出现的灾害性气候条件下,对许多外引品种在生产中存在的问题,以及当地主推种植的部分外引品种和本地自育品种田间生长及产量表现等情况进行了调查统计.一些外引品种在气候状况年际变化较大的条件下,适应能力较差,增产潜力得不到充分地发挥,稳产性差,生产效益低下;本地自育品种抵御灾害性气候的能力较强、丰产性和稳产性都较好.提出了严格引种程序,谨慎推广外引品种,扩大自育品种的种植规模,节资增收的种植策略.近年来,陇东地区玉米生产所依赖的生态环境日趋恶化,玉米生产的风险加剧,对种植品种的适应性要求也愈加严格,在这种特殊生态环境下,品种不但要抗旱、抗寒、抗病、抗风倒及适期成熟,而且对生育期内各种反常的气候因素要有较强的适应和调节能力。     

新疆棉花自育品种优越性与外引品种互补性

近 5 0年来新疆棉花生产品种经历了引进、自育、引进的过程。 5 0年新疆已自育棉花品种 60余个 ,引进品种 2 0多个。文章以军棉 1号和中棉所 35为代表 ,对新疆自育品种和引进品种进行比较分析 ,总结出新疆自育品种的优越性和外引品种的互补性 ,为新疆棉花高产优质育种和生产提供参考。     

花生数量性状遗传差异及其在育种上的应用

花生数量性状遗传差异及其在育种上的应用李光威（河北省粮油作物所），兰素缺河北农业大学学报。－１９９５，１８（１）－４１～４５对２５个花生品种７个性状进行上成分分析和聚类分析结果，初选出综合性状较好的花生品种８个，可作为丰产优良性状亲本；２５个品种按遗...     

甘薯抗病种质主要性状鉴定与综合评价

对泉薯932、泉薯914、泉薯721、红皮TN69、金山1885、徐薯377-3、American No.7和湘薯75-55（CK）等9个抗病品种（系）的鲜薯产量`薯块烘干率、薯块食叶、半株分枝、茎叶鲜产、最长蔓长、单株薯数、大中薯率和自然开花性能等9个性状进行多点鉴定；采用灰色育种理论进行综合性状的关联度分析和综合评价。结果 American No.7表现高产、较高干物率、食用味道佳等，综合性状最好，加权关联度为0.8609；泉薯932薯块干物率较高、食用品质优，综合性状表现较好，加权关联度为0.6931；两品种（系）均适宜作为优质、抗病品种（系）在生产及育种上应用。徐薯377-3、泉薯848等3个品种（系）加权关联度均较大，综合性状表现较好，适宜作为高产、抗病种植在育种上应用。其它3个品种（系）适宜作为一般抗病种质在育种上应用。     

德蔗03系列新宿品比试验总结

2003系列自育品比经过云南省1新1宿试验观察，结果表明：11个参试品种中工、农艺性状比对照（新台糖10号）优的是德蔗03／14、03/17、03/47、03／68、03／83，这五个品种已进一步扩繁试验，其余品种不再试验示范。     

高产早熟机采杂交棉新陆早43号

新陆早43号（原代号石杂3）．是新疆石河子棉花所以自育早熟棉新品系4—14为母本、外引优质中长绒材料H2为父本．利用病圃经过多年鉴定筛选而成。2007—2008年参加新疆早熟杂交棉组棉花品种区域试验．2008年同时参加新疆早熟杂交棉组生产试验,2009年3月通过新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

国家甘蔗区试新品种（系）主要亲本分析评价

以参加国家区试自育的48个品种为材料，分析研究这些品种的亲本和系谱。48个品种共利用亲本49个，母本24个，父本35个，其中10个亲本兼作父、母本。外引品种17个，作母本使用30次，作父本使用19次。自育材料32个，作母本18次，作父本34次。结合亲本多年的配合力分析研究结果，对亲本进行归纳、评价，还比较了我国甘蔗育种各阶段对亲本的选用情况。     

山区旱地玉米新品种(系)穗粒性状与干物质累积特性研究

以宁夏南部山区审定的具有代表性的3个玉米品种(系)为参试材料,长城706为对照,对参试品种(系)农艺性状、穗部性状、产量、植株干物质累积量及灌浆速率进行了比较分析。结果表明:富农821和宁单20号9月20日成熟,且熟期相同,较对照长城706(生育期140 d)早熟6 d;宁单20号的百粒质量最高,参试的各个品种(系)之间产量达极显著差异(P0.01),其中华金5号产量极显著高于其他3个品种,且其他3个品种之间产量也达到极显著差异水平(P0.01)。     

品种优势综合评价方法研究及其应用

本文通过利用欧氏距离和指标效应模型，确定了指标权重和评分标准，克服了传统的技术经济学综合评分法中指标权重确定的主观性和评分标准的差异，从而能够准确客观地对作物品种各指标性状进行综合评价。初步应用结果表明，改进的综合评分法具有以下优点：（1）充分利用数据信息资料；（2）整个评价过程由计算机完成，不借助专家就可评价；（3）评价结果具有客观性、稳定性和综合性；（4）具有一定的通用性。     

早熟杂交棉新品种新陆早43号

新陆早43号（原代号——石杂3）是以新疆石河子棉花研究所自育早熟新品系为母本,外引优质中长绒材料为父本的杂交组合,利用病圃鉴定筛选、定向选育而成。2007—2008年参加自治区早熟杂交棉组棉花品种区域试验和自治区早熟棉花品种生产试验。2009年3月通过审定,定名为新陆早43号。审定编号：新审棉2009年59号。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).