鸡肿瘤病料中马立克氏病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒共感染的研究

采用细胞培养、间接荧光抗体试验(IFA)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和斑点杂交(Dotblot)的方法从我国不同地区发生肿瘤的病料中同时进行MDV和REV的分离和鉴定。在分离到的13株MDV野毒株中，有4株培养物既能在IFA中与REV的单抗反应，又可以用PCR扩增出REV的LTR；另有4株培养物能扩增出REV的LTR，但在IFA中却不与REV的单抗反应。结果表明我国MD肿瘤中存在着REV的共感染，且我国MDV某些野毒株的基因组中有可能已经整合进了REV的LTR序列。     

鸡马立克氏病活疫苗外源性禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒的检测

采用免疫荧光技术检测鸡马立克氏病(MD)活疫苗中禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)的污染.将MD活疫苗稀释成每0.1ml含10羽份,同等量的MD阳性血清中和后接种于原代鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上,37 C 5%CO2条件下培养4d,同样条件进行培养,连续传3代.第3代时将收获的细胞培养液接种于放入盖玻片的细胞平皿中,培养4d后,用抗REV的荧光抗体37C染色60min,然后在荧光显微镜下进行观察.结果所检测的8批MD活疫苗样品均未产生荧光,为阴性,REV对照组为阳性产生了黄绿色荧光,细胞对照为阳性未产生荧光.     

商品代肉鸡群中禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒和马立克氏病病毒的混合感染

山东兖州某商品代肉鸡场的 2 0日龄肉鸡开始出现大批死亡 ,剖检发现肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和心脏等主要脏器均出现大小不等的肿瘤结节 ,采用细胞培养和间接荧光抗体试验的方法从这些病料中同时分离到了禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒 (REV)和马立克氏病病毒 (MDV) ,通过组织病理学检查和斑点杂交的方法表明该鸡场的疫病为REV和MDV共感染引起的肿瘤病。这是国内从商品代肉鸡中同时分离到REV和MDV的首次报道     

马立克氏病病毒的分离与鉴定

从广西不同地区患马立克氏病的鸡群分离出１０株马立克氏病毒，命名为ＭＺ１、Ｅ１、Ｅ２、Ｅ３、Ｅ４、Ｇ２、Ｌ１、Ｇ５、Ａｎ７、Ｎ。用ＭＤＶ分型单克隆抗体对Ｅ４、Ｌ１、Ｇ２、Ａｎ７、Ｎ毒进行血清型鉴定，结果除Ｅ４疑有血清Ⅱ型与血清Ⅰ型ＭＤＶ同时存在外，其余均为血清Ⅰ型ＭＤＶ。     

马立克氏病的研究进展

鸡马立克氏病(Marek'sDisease,MD)是由马立克病毒引起鸡的一种淋巴组织增生性疾病.以病鸡的外周神经、性腺、虹膜、各种内脏器官、肌肉和皮肤发生单核细胞浸润、形成淋巴肿瘤为特征.本病传播速度快,传播面积广,潜伏期长(1～6个月不等).患急性内脏型鸡马立克氏病的鸡群淘汰及死亡率高达8%一30%.严重发病的鸡群可造成全群覆灭,OIE将其列为B类疫病.     

马立克氏病的研究进展

鸡马立克氏病（Marek’sDisease,MD）是由马立克病毒引起鸡的一种淋巴组织增生性疾病。以病鸡的外周神经、性腺、虹膜、各种内脏器官、肌肉和皮肤发生单核细胞浸润、形成淋巴肿瘤为特征。本病传播速度快,传播面积广,潜伏期长（1～6个月不等）。患急性内脏型鸡马立克氏病的鸡群淘汰及死亡率高达8％～30％,严重发病的鸡群可造成全群覆灭,OIE将其列为B类疫病。     

Detection and characterization of avian leukosis virus in Marek's disease vaccines

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) infection in chickens is known to induce increased mortality, tumors, delayed growth, and suboptimal egg production. Countries importing specified pathogen-free eggs, vaccines, and poultry breeding stock require freedom of infection or contamination with ALV in such products among other avian pathogens. Recently, ALV was found as a contaminant in a limited number of commercial poultry vaccines, even after routine quality assurance procedures cleared the vaccines for commercialization. The contaminated vaccines were promptly withdrawn from the market, and no direct detrimental effects were reported in poultry vaccinated with such vaccines. We describe herein the characterization in vitro of the contaminant viruses. All exogenous viruses detected in four vaccine lots belong to subgroup A of ALV based on cell receptor interaction, subgroup-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), envelope gene sequencing, and virus neutralization. A combination of thermal treatment and serial dilutions of the contaminated vaccines facilitated detection of contaminating ALVs in cell culture coupled with antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subgroup-specific PCR readily detected ALV-A directly in the contaminated vaccines but not in naive vaccines or cell controls. Our methods are proposed as complementary procedures to the currently required complement fixation for avian leukosis test for detection of ALV in commercial poultry vaccines.     

Adaptation of Marek's disease virus to the Vero continuous cell line

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly infectious, cell-associated oncogenic herpesvirus. Production of MD vaccines has been limited to primary chicken and duck embryo fibroblast (CEF and DEF) cultures. These have a limited life span and cannot be readily stored in liquid nitrogen. Moreover, the need to prepare CEF and DEF cells on a regular basis from 10 to 11 day-old embryos derived from a flock that must be tested continuously for the presence of avian pathogens adds to the cost of vaccine production. A continuous cell line that would support MDV replication could have significant advantages for the rapid large-scale preparation of MD vaccines. In this report, we describe the adaptation to growth of CEF-grown preparations of serotype 1 and serotype 3 (herpesvirus of turkeys; HVT) strains of MDV in cells of the Vero continuous cell line. Although both viruses produced typical CPE, higher levels of infectious progeny and more extensive virus-specific immunofluorescence were obtained for HVT than for the serotype 1 virus. PCR and pulsed field electrophoresis (PFE) analysis of the DNA from Vero cells infected with either virus confirmed the presence of virus-specific DNA.     

Detection of the meq gene in the T cell subsets from chickens infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 1

The meq gene was thought to be only detected in Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV 1) including a very virulent strain, Md5, while L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq open reading frame, is found in other strains of MDV 1, such as CVI 988/R6. However, both meq and L-meq were previously detected by PCR in chickens infected with MDV 1, suggesting that MDV 1 may consists of at least two subpopulations, one with meq, the other with L-meq. To further analyze these subpopulations, we analyzed the time course changes in distribution of these subpopulations among T cell subsets from chickens infected with MDV 1. Both meq and L-meq were detected in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infected with strain Md5 or CVI 988/R6. The shift in MDV subpopulations from one displaying meq to the other displaying L-meq and/or the conversion from meq to L-meq occurred mainly in the CD8+ T cell subset from Md5-infected chickens. PCR products corresponding to L-meq rather than meq were frequently amplified from the CD8+ T cell subset from CVI 988/R 6 -infected chickens. These results suggest that a dominant subpopulation of MDV 1 changes depending on the T cell subsets, and that L-meq is dominantly present in the CD8+ T cells which play a role in the clearance of pathogenic agents.     

Replication of turkey herpesvirus and Marek's disease virus in chick embryo skin organ culture.

Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and an attenuated Marek's disease virus (MDV) replicated in organ cultures of chick embryo skin as assessed by immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy. HVT-specific immunofluorescent antigen was detected in the feather follicle epithelium (FFE) and in the surface layer of the skin epidermis. Electron microscopy of infected explants revealed herpes-type cytopathology. Immature particles of both viruses appeared first in the nucleus. Oval or horseshoe-shaped non-enveloped particles of HVT and enveloped virions of MDV were seen in the cytoplasm of some transitional cells. The difference in the ability of HVT and MDV to form an envelope was believed to account for the difference in their transmissibility in chickens. The results indicated that HVT replicated in the FFE and in the epidermis of the skin. However, attempts to localise the site(s) of MDV replication by electron microscopy were unsuccessful.     

Immune responses against Marek's disease virus

It is more than a century since Marek's disease (MD) was first reported in chickens and since then there have been concerted efforts to better understand this disease, its causative agent and various approaches for control of this disease. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of the disease in various regions, due to the evolving nature of MD virus (MDV), which necessitates the implementation of improved prophylactic approaches. It is therefore essential to better understand the interactions between chickens and the virus. The chicken immune system is directly involved in controlling the entry and the spread of the virus. It employs two distinct but interrelated mechanisms to tackle viral invasion. Innate defense mechanisms comprise secretion of soluble factors as well as cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells as the first line of defense. These innate responses provide the adaptive arm of the immune system including antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses to be tailored more specifically against MDV. In addition to the immune system, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the outcome of MDV infection in chickens. This review discusses our current understanding of immune responses elicited against MDV and genetic factors that contribute to the nature of the response.     

Comparative susceptibility of Marek's disease cell lines to chicken infectious anemia virus

Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is known to infect and replicate in various Marek's disease chicken cell lines (MDCCs) derived from Marek's disease (MD) tumors. One line, MDCC-MSB1, has been the substrate used in most studies. We compared a total of 26 MDCCs, including two sublines of MDCC-MSB1, MSB1 (L) and MSB1 (S), four other MD tumor-derived lines, and 20 lines derived from MD virus-induced local lesions, for susceptibility to the Cux-1 and CIA-1 strains of CIAV. The cell lines represented six phenotypic groups of T cells based on the expression of CD4, CD8, and TCR-2 and -3 surface markers. Susceptibility was measured by the number of cells positive for viral antigen in immunofluorescence (IF) tests at 3-10 days postinfection. No clear-cut differences were found in susceptibility related to phenotype, although CD4-/8+ lines and CD4-/8- lines might be more susceptible than CD4+/8- lines. However, several individual lines were more susceptible to Cux-1 than the two MSB1 sublines tested. Contrary to an earlier report, cells of MDCC-CU147, a CD8+, TCR3+, local-lesion derived line, were found to be susceptible to CIA-1. In fact, CU147 was distinguished by very high susceptibility to both CIAV strains. In direct comparisons with MSB1, CU147 detected approximately 10-fold lower doses of virus. Also, virus spread was faster (P < 0.05) in CU147 than in MSB1 and other lines. Results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection in titrations were in general agreement with IF test results although PCR detected infection in a few terminal dilution cultures that were negative by IF.