重庆市永川区土地利用空间格局变化模拟

为了研究快速城市化过程中县级尺度土地利用结构特征,从而更精确把握土地利用与覆被变化的动态过程。将GIS技术与CLUE-S模型结合研究重庆市永川区土地利用空间格局的变化。结果表明：永川区2000—2010年土地利用类型变化均以森林和农田为主,各期占总面积90%以上。从2000—2010年城镇面积显著增加,增加了16.11%,且2005—2010年城镇面积变化程度比2000—2005年变化更为剧烈。森林面积在10年间少量增加。10年间农田面积减少了1660 hm2。对永川区土地利用变化设定3种情景进行模拟,并对预测结果进行比较分析。由此得出：在快速城市化的驱动下,永川区土地利用景观格局变化以森林和农田为主,城镇面积大幅度增加,森林面积也呈现增加趋势。相应地农田面积减少。生态保护情景模式下对生态环境有保护作用的土地利用类型有较好的调控效果。     

Optimization of differentiated regional land development patterns based on urban expansion simulation—A case in China

The advancing global urbanization puts great pressure on the society and ecosystem, especially in developing countries. Reasonable land-use policies adapted to local conditions are the key issues to prevent disordered urban expansion. Multi-scenario simulation provides a new perspective for differentiated policy formulation based on regional heterogeneity. Regarding the Shaanxi Province, a rapid urbanized area with high spatial heterogeneity in western China, as the study case, we tracked its past land-use changes and predicted the characteristics of urban expansion using the Future Urban-Regional Environment Simulation model. We found that (1) during the past 35 years, built-up land evidently increased accompanied by the loss of cropland, grassland, and unused land. (2) The urban expansion mainly will occur in the areas with flat terrain under three scenarios. (3) The urban expansion will transit into the “requiring land from mountains” pattern in the future, which means that it will gradually spread to areas with higher slopes. (4) Differentiated and optimal development patterns are proposed for different subregions by accounting the loss of ecosystem service in the procedure of urban expansion. This research can help local governments formulate differentiated future macro control of territorial spatial planning to optimize subregional land development.     

Analysis on Economic Cost for Urban Development--A Case Study on Chongqing Municipality

Economic argumentation for urban development should be the foundation of urban planning,because the economic development is the basis of urban development.In this paper,the connotation,types and composition of the economic costs of urbanization are discussed and the economic costs of urbanization in Chongqing municipality are calculated according to its economic and social development.On this basis,the future level of urbanization is calculated in the light of the economic capabilities to bring along development of urbanization in Chongqing municipality and the demand of funds for urban development in the future is calculated according to the economic costs of urbanization in Chongqing municipality.     

Study on Pattern of Urbanization Development in Chongqing

As a municipality directly under central government, Chongqing has a dual economic structure. We can't break away from its history and realistic condition while studying its urbanization development model. In this paper, taking the theory of urbanization development as the foundation, fully using the experience in urbanization of developed area for reference in combination with the reality in Chongqing, the urbanization development model for Chongqing is put forward as "metropolitan area + dot-axle type town strap", that is, taking metropolis area as the center and Yangtze river and Line 319 (Yuhai Railway) as the development axle and the towns along the axle as the node, the development is carried out like a string of beads to form a network type urban system with metropolitan area as center and cities such as Wanzhou, Fuling and Qianjiang etc along Yangtze River as the regional center.     

Environmental Impact Modeling of Urban Sprawl in Beijing, P. R. China

City expansion is a major driving force altering local and regional hydrology and increasing non point source (NPS) pollution. To explore these environmental consequences of urbanization, long term runoff and NPS pollution were assessed in Beijing, P. R. China. The assessment was based on land use types, soil hydrology, and long term precipitation data. The environmental impact model L THIA was used. The outcomes indicate that the area likely would be subjected to impacts from urbanization on runoff and some types of NPS pollution. Urban sprawl will increase runoff volume considerably and significantly increase losses of COD and certain heavy metals such as Pb, Zn in runoff. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning and decision making efforts to protect and remediate water and habitat quality in the Beijing area. The techniques described herein can be used in other areas.     

Research on the Urban Agriculture Planning Models of Metropolis:A Case Study of Chengdu

With the accelerating urbanization, ecological environment of the city has attracted increasing attention, so the resulting problems have become key research focuses in all countries. Against this background, urban agriculture has been applied as one of the effective approaches for relieving urbanization. From the perspective of industrial form of urban agriculture, planning models of urban agriculture were explored, industrial form and planning model of Chengdu urban agriculture were analyzed to forecast its development prospects. Multi-dimensional development, and sustainable development measures were given to guarantee the sustainable development of urban agriculture.     

Update Planning and Design Concepts of Taiping Old Downtown Areas in Shuangliu

China has witnessed unprecedented rapid and massive urbanization in recent years, and the urbanization has infl uenced almost all corners of the country, which is a natural process and necessary result of the social and economic development. Development and expansion of cities has been the keynote of the contemporary era. Meanwhile, existence and future development of traditional urban areas that have gone through the long-term natural development have been faced with serious crisis. This paper focused on the relative constancy and changeability of major elements in the natural evolution of traditional cities and towns, so as to explore an organic development mechanism, and make a daring attempt in update planning of old downtown areas of Taiping Town in Shuangliu County. On this basis, the paper aims at exploring a new development concept for common cities and towns that balances inheritance and innovation.     

Assessment of the Importance of Greenery in Urban Planning in Modern Britain

In recent years, the world has embraced rapid and large-scale urbanization making more citizens share the progress of society, such as abundant commodities, convenient and fast transportation, excellent medicine and education. For the urbanization, more land inside or around the limited cities have been exploited at the expense of greenery to build buildings as well as infrastructure to satisfy the according demands caused by urbanization. But human beings can never live without greenery, and more citizens mean more needs on greenery. In view of this, the importance of greenery has been increasingly recognized by urban planners and policy makers. This essay aimed to explore the role that greenery plays in urban planning in modern Britain and provided the theoretical basis for better utilization of greenery in the future urban planning.     

Analysis of Traffic Block in Downtown Area

With social and economic development in the past decades, the cities and towns was in rapid progress of urbanization. Under such circumstances, certain "urban concerns" causing serious problems in urban growth were arisen and attracted general attention. Located in the central plains in China, Zhengzhou has taken several strategies in its urbanization to ensure its urban development, including loop construction and "smooth transmit" program. However, the traffic block in downtown area always exists and has impact in certain level on the social and economic development in Zhengzhou, which is actually a common issue in other large cities of central and western China. Beginning with analysis of the patterns of urban spatial forms, in this paper, the main transportation issues of downtown area in Zhengzhou were discussed to find a way for its solution.     

An Evidential Analysis on the Rural Urbanization Development in Chongqing

The rural urbanization process in Chongqing is much slower than that in other metropolitans and most of the provinces in eastern China, which can't adapt to its important function as the economic and cultural center in southwestern China.It is urgent for Chongqing to accelerate the rural urbanization for improving its whole urbanization level and speeding up its economy development to catch up with other metropolitans and some advanced provinces.Compared with the urbanization in other metropolitans and some provinces, the authors demonstrated the rural urbanization situation and its characteristics in Chongqing in details, analyzed the reasons for the poor urbanization and its influences on the social-economic development especially that in the rural area.Inferior position of Chongqing's small towns in the market competition with those from other provinces is one of the results of its poor urbanization development.At last, the authors suggested a few practical countermeasures to improve the rural urbanization in order to get a rapid and sustainable rural development and to increase the whole economic effects of the metropolitan.     

Dynamic Changes of Land Use in Built-up Area of Chengde City in the Past 14 Years

Landsat TM/OLI images of the built-up areas in Chengde City(Shuangqiao District and Shuangluan District) in 2000,2009 and 2014 were adopted,Support Vector Machine(SVM) was applied to classify the images automatically,land use/cover map of the study area was obtained after precision test.Through analyzing the land use types in the study area and also applying transfer matrix to monitor the changes,the results showed that human activities and urbanization in the past 14 years have brought the increasing tendency of construction land,and the negative growth of arable land,forest and shrubbery land.It is urgent to adopt corresponding measures to maintain the coverage of forest and shrubbery land in the built-up area of Chengde City,so as to reduce the impact of human activities and improve urban ecological environment.     

Simple Analysis of the Thermal Environment in Chongqing

There are a series of city environmental problems especially in the mountain city along with the city fast development. In recent decade, many scholars have studied the urban heat island, the urban temperature, the urban wind field, the precipitation and the urban visibility etc. But the urban thermal environment has not been settled radically. All the measures have not been used in the practice. And the researches in thermal environment of the mountain cities are very few. So the authors consider Chongqing as the researching object. Chongqing is one of the typical mountain cities in the semi-tropical. Sequentially we find out the characteristic of the thermal environment in the mountain city. Further the authors seek for the measures to plan and build ecological city. They conclude that CFD can be used in the simulation of urban environment, and use the result of simulation in urban planning is possible. The thermal environment in the center of Chongqing needs to be improved.     

The patterns and driving forces of uneven regional growth in ASEAN countries: A tale of two Thailands' path toward regional coordinated development

Uneven development has long been a critical issue in geography and urban studies, leading to economically inefficient urbanization, environmentally unbalanced regions, and socially unequal livelihoods. As one result, primate cities and urban primacy form within a hierarchical urban system, to which urban and regional planning must positively respond. It is worth noting that Thailand has experienced a number of important urbanization issues related to developing countries, such as semicolonialism and internal colonialism. This study aims to investigate regional uneven development based on primacy theory and the rank‐size rule, which are common in most Asian and developing countries. We examined the urbanization processes in Thailand, from 2000 to 2015, by looking at factors of population, GDP, land use, transportation networks, and nighttime light, which provide very recent regional development patterns. The second set of analyses explained the degree of primacy among different provinces and their ranking hierarchies. By presenting the persistent disparities of contemporary urbanization in Thailand and exploring its driving forces, this study offers insights into planning and policy and underscores the importance of regional coordinated development for achieving sustainable urbanization in Southeast Asian countries.     

Understanding urbanization and its impact on the livelihood levels of urban residents in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

This paper took Ulaanbaatar as a case study and selected data from 2002 to 2016 to understand the complex relationship between urbanization and the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results showed that the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar was fast unfolding, while the livelihood levels of urban residents were not simultaneously improved but were in a state of constant fluctuation. A distributed lag model was conducted to investigate the impact of urbanization on the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results confirmed that urbanization has an obvious lag effect on livelihood levels, and with the urbanization development, it could improve public services and labor wages at a lag of 3 years, better healthcare at a lag of 2, 3, and 4 years, increase healthcare and cultural services at a lag of 2 years, and gradually improve the residents’ livelihood levels in the long run. We concluded with an overview of how our analysis can offer useful insights to policy makers and urban planners.     

基于遥感的重庆市土地利用动态变化研究

土地利用变化的动态研究是世界性的课题。笔者选择重庆市经济高速发展的"一小时经济圈"为研究区域,以1994年、2000年和2006年的TM/ETM遥感影像为基础数据源,研究了重庆市土地利用动态变化,结果表明:研究区域各土地利用类型间转移明显,耕地资源流失严重且存在明显时空差异性,流失中心层即"形成层"包括城市化进程明显的九龙坡区、沙坪坝区、江北区和渝北区;"中间层"耕地流失程度次之,主要包括长寿区、渝北区部分地区以及渝西的铜梁、永川等地;"外围层"耕地变化主要以水田—旱地模式为主,包括万盛、南川、大足、潼南等区县。文章最后对研究区域的土地资源可持续利用提出了合理的建议。     

基于回归分析的重庆市长寿区城镇化进程中的耕地保护问题研究

“十一五”期间,重庆市长寿区城镇化快速发展,同时耕地资源大幅减退,经济发展矛盾日益突出。为了保护长寿区耕地资源,保证粮食安全,缓减城镇化发展面临的资源压力,通过建立回归模型,定量分析长寿区城镇化与耕地资源变化的关系,以求促进经济社会可持续发展。结果表明,城镇化的快速发展是耕地资源减少的直接动因,城镇化程度越高的地区,耕地面积减少越大,从而提出优化空间布局,加强农用地转用管理,开展土地整治,创新土地管理制度等措施解决耕地问题。     

人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展研究——以黑龙江省哈尔滨市为例

土地和人口是城镇化的重要组成部分,研究土地城镇化与人口城镇化的协调发展对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者选择哈尔滨市为研究区,运用因子分析法、协调度指数模型等方法分析2005-2014年研究区人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展情况。分别以人口城镇化和土地城镇化构建了研究区土地城镇化与人口城镇化协调性评价的指标体系。结果表明：(1)人口城镇化指数与土地城镇化指数总体呈上升趋势,城镇发展由土地滞后型向人口滞后型转变;(2)人口城镇化与土地城镇化的发展状态由失调类转为过渡类。(3)从深化户籍制度改革、调整产业结构、合理利用土地资源及合理规划角度进行研究区城镇化的发展,对城市的健康发展具有重要意义。     

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.     

新疆阿克苏市城市化发展与耕地资源协调性

为了正确认识干旱区绿洲城市化与耕地资源之间的矛盾,对推进城市化进程提供科学依据,以新疆阿克苏市为研究对象,以阿克苏市社会经济统计数据和1990、2000、2010、2014 年4 期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感数据为基础,研究阿克苏市城市化水平和耕地资源的动态变化情况,并通过回归模型和协调度分析法分析二者间的相关性与协调性。近26 年（1989—2014 年）数据的分析结果表明：阿克苏市的城市化水平处于“增长—下降—增长”的波动性增长态势,年均增长率达到0.36%,其中2001 年后的增长是第二和第三产业的迅速发展而引起;耕地面积也处于“增长—下降—增长”态势,其中2004 年前后耕地面积下降的主要原因是部分耕地资源被划归于阿拉尔市,2007 年后回升的原因是阿克苏市社会经济发展需求的增加;耕地资源与城市化之间的关系1989—2003 表现为正相关,2004—2014 年表现为负相关。它们之间的协调性主要体现出基本协调和不协调的更迭式发展状态。     

Sustainable urbanization in Southeast Asia and beyond: Challenges of population growth,land use change,and environmental health

As economic growth centres, the Southeast Asian cities feature high population pressure, unsustainable land use, environmental degradation, and large ecological footprints. It is difficult to manage environmental health and basic services for urban dwellers, and ensure optimum flow of ecosystem services in the context of rapid, unplanned, and haphazard urbanization. These challenges are particularly multifaceted in the developing countries of Southeast Asian region. This study, based on secondary sources, adopted multidisciplinary lenses, such as geographical information systems, socio‐economic perspective, and sustainability science to examine the population situation, land use change pattern, and drivers of environmental degradation in the Southeast Asian cities as well as the Dhaka megacity, and brought forth a fresh perspective to look into contemporary urban ecosystems, population dynamics, environmental health, and sustainability. It also focused on identifying the commonalities among the cities under study to create a common understanding towards promoting collaborative urban development. This study shows that the urbanization process in the Southeast Asia region is taking place mostly in an unplanned and haphazard manner. With little concern for nature, life‐supporting ecological systems, and the environment, urban spatial growth continues unabated. The data surveyed and discussed in this paper shows that the current style of urbanization in Southeast Asia can best be called unsustainable. The findings also suggest that the general wellbeing and welfare of the current and future generations in Southeast Asian cities as well as in Dhaka is at risk. The paper recommends concerted efforts towards making the urbanization process sustainable, including better urban planning, policymaking, and international and regional cooperation.