An investigation of solubility of aliquat 336 in different extracted solutions

A major concern in solvent extraction processes is the loss of extractant into the aqueous phase due to its slight solubility in the aqueous phase. Similarly, in membrane extraction processes, extractant loss through extractant leakage from the membrane into the aqueous phase is also a concern. Several published membrane extraction studies using Aliquat 336 as the extractant, have expressed this concern, but none has studied extractant leakage quantitatively. It is the authors’ opinion that the extractant leakage should be considered as a technical parameter of a membrane. In our laboratory active progress has been made in using Aliquat 336 ‘entangled’ into the polymer membranes to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater samples. In this work, we studied the loss of Aliquat 336 from the point of view of its solubility in aqueous solutions. The results showed that the solubilities of Aliquat 336 in an aqueous phase acidified with 2 M HCl is about 0.1 g/100 m/ of the solution. This figure provides a useful guideline for evaluating the leakage of the Aliquat 336 extractant from the membranes.     

The geochemical characteristics of sediment in Tondano Lake,Indonesia: heavy metals and organic matter contents,and grain size distribution

Sediment quality of Tondano Lake, Indonesia has been investigated through measuring the geochemical characteristics such as the content of heavy metals, organic matter and grain size distribution; and also the relationship between heavy metals and organic matter, and between heavy metals and grain size distribution. These could be used as preliminary data for the purpose of evaluating lake condition as a part of freshwater ecosystem. The Tondano sediment had contained some heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn; where Cr and Zn, both less than the Sediment Quality Guideline (SQG), but Cu and Hg were well within the SQG. Organic matter content was highest at the northern outlet area, with the lowest amount at the southern inlet area. Grain size distribution was mostly dominated by sandy-loam clay (the highest content was at central lake). This was a result of intensive agricultural activities surrounding the lake, which brought sand grain via rivers from all areas to the central lake. The heavy metal contents were not found to be correlated with the organic matter, nor the grain size distribution (clay content).     

The removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/cellulose composite

Hydroxyapatite has an excellent ion-exchangeability and is expected to be used as an agent for the removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater. However, the pure hydroxyapatite is very difficult to use because it exists in the form of white powder. Thus, the pure hydroxyapatite was mixed with cellulose to utilize its ion-exchangeability. In this research, a method for dispersion of hydroxyapatite in cellulose matrix is described and its dispersion is observed with scanning electron microscopy. The removal ratios of some heavy metal ions with hydroxyapatite composite are examined with regard to reaction time and amount of hydroxyapatite composite. The ion-exchangeability of hydroxyapatite composite did not seem to be interfered by cellulose matrix during removing heavy metal ions.     

A novel polymer membrane for extraction applications

In this study, a new type of Aliquat 336/PVC membrane has been made for extraction experiments. This new membrane is capable of holding more Aliquat 336 than previously developed extraction membranes, hence overcoming a major problem that has confronted many researchers for a long time. The new membrane has been used to investigate the rate of extraction for the Cd(II) ion in 2.0 M HCl solution and the effect of membrane thickness on the rate of extraction. The experimental results have shown this new membrane has a promising future in relevant industrial applications. A new method is also used in this study to qualitatively identify the oily substance on the surface of membrane after the extraction experiment was completed. This oily substance has been found to be Aliquat 336.     

Concentration of selected heavy metals in spices,dry fruits and plant nuts

Different spices, dry fruits and plant nuts commonly consumed in Pakistan were assayed for the heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron and manganese by the potentiometric stripping analysis and AA spectrophotometry. The results revealed wide variation in heavy metal content among different biological materials. Mixed spices generally exhibited higher value for trace metals specially lead (6.6–9.2 µg/g), cadmium (0.65–1.34 µg/g), iron (142.3–285.0 µg/g) and zinc (64.2–65.8 µg/g). Dry fruits contained relatively lesser amounts of heavy metals than plant nuts. Almonds contained higher levels of lead (1.02 µg/g) and cadmium (0.24 µg/g) than other nuts and dry fruits.     

Assessment of the water quality of two rivers in Hanoi City and its suitability for irrigation water

The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers in Hanoi City are the main sources of irrigation water for suburban agricultural land and fish farm. Wastewater from the industrial plants located along these rivers has been discharged, and has degraded the water quality of the rivers. This study describes the chemical properties of water from the rivers, focusing on heavy metal pollution and the suitability of water quality for irrigation water. Water from the rivers was heavily polluted with organic matter and heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni. Dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen deman, and total suspended solids, and the concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded the Vietnamese standard for surface water quality in all investigated sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni were above the internationally recommended WHO maximum level for irrigation water. A wide variation in the heavy metal concentration of water due to metal types is the result of wastewater discharged from different industrial sources.     

大豆异黄酮提取技术研究

大豆异黄酮是一类从大豆中分离提取出的具有多酚结构的混合物,研究表明:大豆异黄酮可以对抗超氧阴离子自由基,具有抗氧化作用;它具有一般意义上抗肿瘤、预防骨质疏松、缓解更年期综合症、预防心脑血管疾病等作用。随着人们对大豆异黄酮生理活性的深入研究,大豆异黄酮的需求量日益加大,本文介绍了现阶段国内外在大豆异黄酮提取方向的研究进展,希望为我国大豆异黄酮提取工业化、规模化生产提供一些思路。     

利用响应面法优化茶叶中EGC的浸提条件

用去离子水浸提茶叶中的EGC,用高效液相色谱仪检测EGC并计算浸出率。在单因素实验基础上,利用Box—Benhnken实验设计进行三因素三水平的响应面分析实验,获得最优浸提条件：料液比1：12、pH6．2、温度78℃、时间18min、浸提2次。     

Optimization of alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw for ferulic acid extraction

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw to improve ferulic acid extraction. The parameters involved, namely temperature (°C), concentration of NaOH (M) and duration of extraction (h) are screened by Full Factorial Studies (FFD). The result obtained from FFD was 0.518% (5.18 mg/g). The interactions between each parameters involved were studied using Central Composite Design (CCD). Upon optimization, the percentage of ferulic acid improved from 0.518% to 0.817% (8.17 mg/g). The optimum conditions obtained from this study are 125 °C, 3.90 M, 2.30 h for temperature, concentration of NaOH and extraction time, respectively. This result shows a significant improvement than the previous published work. Details of the experimental design, statistical analysis and interpretation are discussed below.     

尾煤泥施用的重金属安全性及其对土壤结构和燕麦生长的影响

为促进煤炭洗选加工废弃物尾煤泥在农业生产中的科学利用,以裸燕麦品种草莜1号和蒙农大燕1号为研究对象,尾煤泥基施量0(CK)、7 500、15 000、22 500kg·hm~(-2),在砂壤土田间进行随机试验,并对尾煤泥、土壤、燕麦茎叶的重金属和矿质营养成分进行了分析。结果表明,尾煤泥中的重金属镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)含量低于《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:农用泥质》标准(CJ/T 309-2009)中的规定限量;尾煤泥显著(P0.01)提高了土壤与燕麦的氮(N)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)等养分含量及燕麦产量;两个燕麦品种对尾煤泥效应趋势一致;燕麦茎叶K含量与干草产量和籽粒产量的相关性最大,相关系数分别为0.446 8和0.571 1。综上所述,工业废弃物尾煤泥营养成分较高,可在土壤中安全施用,在燕麦种植中以15 000kg·hm~(-2)直接基施为宜,可提高砂壤土的容重10.48%,提高保水性(含水量提高16.84%),燕麦干草产量和籽粒产量两年平均提高42.79%和17.63%。     

茶多酚提取方法研究进展

茶多酚是一种应用非常广泛的理想的天然抗氧化剂,它的提取是茶叶深加工的热点之一。本文概述了国内外有关茶多酚提取方法:溶剂浸提法、金属离子沉淀法、超临界流体萃取法、树脂吸附分离法、超声波浸提法、微波浸提法等,简述了各种方法的基本原理、基本流程及各自的优缺点。     

浸提法测定玉米叶绿素含量的改进

以玉米叶片为试材,研究了8种不同有机溶剂浸提液提取叶绿素的效率及低温冷冻对叶绿素提取的影响。试验中采用叶绿素仪先预叶片;冷冻—高温快速浸提试验,采用先称取样品,后冷冻方式。结果表明:室温(25℃)下,浸提法要优于研磨法,混合液浸提叶绿素比单独用丙酮或乙醇浸提快,其中丙酮∶乙醇=2∶1的浸提液浸提速度快而稳,是试验中最佳的叶绿素提取方法。最佳浸提时间在浸提16h时。叶片冷冻处理后,快速浸提能够缩短叶绿素浸提时间。由于受光照、高温的影响,测定值普遍较低。     

太子参多糖的提取及抗疲劳作用的研究

初步探索太子参多糖是否具有抗疲劳作用,为其资源的充分利用提供依据。用超声波提取法提取太子参粗多糖并通过小鼠负重游泳试验观察其抗疲劳效果。两种剂量对小白鼠进行灌胃试验表明太子参多糖对小鼠均具有抗疲劳作用,且大剂量组效果明显。太子参多糖具有一定的抗疲劳作用。     

超临界CO_2提取人参籽油工艺研究及人参籽油脂肪酸组成分析

该研究以人参籽为原料,采用超临界CO2流体技术萃取人参籽油,通过正交试验优化了萃取人参籽油工艺参数,再将其与通过冷榨法及溶剂法提取的人参籽油进行对比,测定和比较了不同工艺制取的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,在萃取压力26MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间2 h工艺条件下,人参籽油得率为16.2%。经检测,人参籽油脂肪酸组成为不饱和脂肪酸占99%以上,其中油酸含量极高,可达73.93%。通过不同制取方法所得到的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成分析表明,超临界CO2萃取法与溶剂萃取法所提取人参籽油的脂肪酸明显多于压榨法的脂肪酸成分;且超临界CO2萃取法具有无有机化学试剂残留的明显优势,因此,是未来人参籽油提取中可以应用的一种绿色环保的提取工艺和技术。     

高邮市蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量分析及土壤环境评价

[目的]评价高邮市蔬菜产地重金属的污染程度。[方法]以高邮市8个乡镇的主要蔬菜产地作为土样采集点,分析测定土壤中重金属汞、砷、铅、镉、铬和铜含量,并根据《无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准》、《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》和高邮市土壤重金属背景值对检测结果进行单项污染指数和综合污染指数评价。[结果]依据无公害农产品产地环境质量标准,高邮市8个乡镇土壤单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1,完全符合无公害食品蔬菜产地环境的要求;依据绿色食品产地环境质量标准,个别蔬菜产地有2个重金属含量单项污染指数超标,其他重金属含量未超标,表明高邮市绝大多数蔬菜产地适宜发展AA级绿色食品;与1990年高邮市土壤背景值对比结果表明,土壤镉、铬、砷、铅、铜等均有一定程度增加。[结论]高邮市蔬菜产地的土壤环境质量基本满足蔬菜安全生产的条件。     

海南岛18种野生蔬菜的成分测定及质量安全和价值分析

采集海南省琼中、五指山、保亭、乐东等市县的18种野生蔬菜样品,对其产地环境、制样方法及品种重金属含量差别等进行分析,用国家标准方法测试了样品中重金属和营养成分的含量,并依照有关标准,对试验样本的质量安全和营养价值进行分析。结果表明,所采野生蔬菜样品的产地环境相关技术指标达到无公害蔬菜产地环境标准要求。除枸杞菜(Lycium chinense)铬含量超标外,其余样品重金属含量均低于国家限量标准,有67%的样品重金属指标低于农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求。所测试的18个野生蔬菜样品营养成分较为丰富,个别野生蔬菜的营养成分指标高于普通蔬菜。     

三种蔬菜在2种硒含量土壤中对硒锌铅镉吸收规律的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了叶用芥菜、大蒜和雍菜在富硒和低硒土壤中对硒和重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)的吸收规律。结果表明:在富硒土壤中,大蒜、芥菜和雍菜各部位硒含量均高于低硒土壤的处理,其中,根部和可食部位分别是低硒土壤的1.6~2.6倍和1.1~4.5倍。3种蔬菜在两种土壤上的可食部位硒含量都表现出大蒜(0.029~0.143 mg/kg)芥菜(0.007~0.016 mg/kg)雍菜(0.002~0.007 mg/kg)的趋势,其中富硒土壤中大蒜和芥菜硒含量达到富硒标准(≥0.01mg/kg)。3种蔬菜的根部或鳞茎部位的硒含量均显著高于各自的茎或叶部位。蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属本底值呈正相关。3种蔬菜对Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收能力不同,植株的Pb含量高低顺序为雍菜芥菜大蒜,Cd含量高低顺序为大蒜芥菜雍菜,Zn含量高低顺序为芥菜大蒜雍菜,且在蔬菜不同部位的累积顺序均为根茎、叶。因此,生产安全且富硒蔬菜,需选择硒富集能力强且重金属吸收能力较低的蔬菜种类。本研究的结果表明,供试的3种蔬菜中,大蒜和芥菜具有较高的硒富集能力,可作为富硒蔬菜生产。     

豆渣水溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究现状与展望

简要介绍了国内外有关豆渣水溶性膳食纤维的3种提取工艺,即物理法、化学法及生物技术法。     

小麦富集重金属的品种差异及其潜在健康风险评价

为了筛选出适合黄淮冬麦区种植的具有重金属低累积潜力且食用安全的小麦品种,在黄河故道丰县境内选取代表性农田,采用田间小区试验,研究了12个小麦品种籽粒对Pb、As、Cr、Hg、Cd和Ni富集的差异,并用目标危害系数(THQ)法对其食用后的潜在健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,试验区144个采样点表层土壤中As、Cr、Cd和Ni的平均含量较中国土壤元素背景值分别超标0.14倍、0.20倍、1.32倍和0.20倍,Pb和Hg均低于背景值,仅Pb未见超标点位,但所测6种重金属的含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ级标准值和《绿色食品产地环境质量》规定的土壤中污染物含量限值。供试的12个小麦品种籽粒中的6种被测重金属含量均符合国家食品安全标准限制值,但对Pb、Ni、As、Cr的吸收累积差异较Cd、Hg明显,以Pb最为明显。聚类分析可将12个品种划分为较低累积类群(保麦2号、烟农19、百农207、保麦5号、荔高6号和迁麦1号)、中等累积类群(新麦288、淮麦20、百农AK58和豫农035)和高累积类群(徐麦30和徐麦33)。12个小麦品种的籽粒对6种重金属的平均富集系数由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Ni和Cr,富集程度在不同品种间差异程度不同。其THQ值和总危害系数(TTHQ)值均小于1.0,表明居民消费供试品种小麦籽粒无被测重金属引起的潜在健康风险。但徐麦30、豫农035和徐麦33籽粒中重金属的TTHQ值均介于0.9~1.0,对此应引起重视。综合评价,保麦2号、百农207、保麦5号、荔高6号和新麦288可作为黄淮冬麦区种植的重金属低累积小麦品种。     

Effects of different extraction methods on the structural properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides extracted from Qingke (Tibetan hulless barley)

In this study, four extraction methods, including ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized water extraction (PWE), were used to extract Qingke polysaccharides (THBs), and their physicochemical structures, in vitro antioxidant activities, and in vitro hypolipidemic activities were investigated and compared. Results demonstrated that the yields, the chemical compositions, the apparent viscosities, the molecular weights, and the molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides of THBs varied by different extraction methods. THB-P extracted by PWE possessed the highest molecular weight and apparent viscosity among all tested THBs. In addition, all THBs extracted by different methods exerted obvious in vitro antioxidant activities, in vitro binding capacities, and inhibitory effects on the pancreatic lipase. Indeed, both antioxidant activities and hypolipidemic activities of THB-P were higher than that of THB-H, THB-U, and THB-M obtained by HWE, UAE, and MAE, respectively, which might be due to the high molecular weight and apparent viscosity of THB-P. The findings indicated that the pressurized water extraction could be a convenient method for the extraction of polysaccharides from Qingke with high biological activities for applications in the functional food fields.