固定化乳酸菌发酵大豆酸乳工艺研究

研究利用固定化乳酸菌技术连续发酵生产大豆酸乳的工艺条件。针对豆乳具有的豆腥味探讨豆乳脱腥方法。确定固定化乳酸菌发酵大豆酸乳最佳工艺条件为：保加利亚杆菌和嗜热链球菌比例2∶1,接种量5%,蔗糖添加量8%,豆乳和牛乳比例1∶2。在此工艺条件下,采用连续发酵方法,能够生产出色、香、味俱佳的营养型大豆酸乳。     

发酵酸豆乳生产工艺及问题研究

大豆营养价值极高,对其进行磨浆,利用乳酸菌发酵,可以得到具有风味和营养的发酵制品——酸豆乳。介绍酸豆乳的生产工艺,分析酸豆乳生产过程中的存在的问题,并提出解决方法,为优化酸豆乳生产工艺以及提高产品质量提供借鉴。     

米渣直接酸法水解工艺的研究

以淀粉糖生产中的副产品米渣为原料,采用酸法水解制备米渣蛋白水解产品。以水解度和乳化性为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳水解条件:盐酸浓度0.3mol/L、米渣浓度20g/L、水解温度90℃和水解时间4h。在最佳工艺条件下,米渣蛋白水解产品的水解度为27.81%,乳化性为19.81%。     

姜汁豆腐生产工艺的研究

以姜和大豆为原料研制姜汁保健豆腐,得出最佳工艺参数:豆水比1:5、GDL(葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯)添加量0.25%和豆乳姜汁比6:1.5。该产品呈淡黄色,具有豆香味和一定的姜香,是一种保健型的内酯豆腐。用葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯作凝固剂,其产出率高,产品细腻,光亮洁白,保水性好,不苦不涩,储期长,但在口感风味上不如传统豆腐,主要是因为葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯在加工中转化为葡萄糖酸,使内酯豆腐略有酸味,所以将姜汁添加在豆乳中制成姜汁豆腐,赋予豆腐姜的香味,既增加了豆腐的营养价值,又改善了豆腐的风味。     

凝固型发酵酸豆乳制备工艺

为了提高凝固型发酵酸豆乳的质量,消除豆腥味,改善口感,以感官评分为参考指标,研究了乳酸菌和豆水比对酸豆乳质量的影响,并进行了质构分析。结果表明:豆水比200∶1 000,添加RSJ2菌种得到的凝固型发酵酸豆乳感官评价最好,质构分析得出当凝胶强度较低、破裂强度和黏度适中、破裂距离较长时,凝固型发酵酸豆乳的口感较好。      

向日葵花盘发酵燃料乙醇酸解前处理制备还原性糖工艺的研究

本文研究了向日葵花盘发酵燃料乙醇酸解前处理获取还原性糖的工艺,以还原糖含量为考察指标,通过单因素考察和L9(34)正交试验确定最佳工艺条件:固液比1:5、反应温度100℃、硫酸质量分数2%和反应时间2h,在最佳反应条件下,向日葵花盘酸解后还原糖含量达10.40%。     

南瓜酸牛奶生产工艺研究

本文研究了南瓜酸牛奶的生产工艺,结果表明:最佳工艺条件为南瓜浆30%,鲜牛乳70%,蔗糖5%～6%,复合稳定剂为淀粉0.01%、果胶0.025%、CMC为0.05%,发酵剂接种量4%,41℃下发酵5h,1～5℃低温下后熟24h。该产品风味独特,营养全面,是一种兼营养保健与疗效作用的酸乳制品。     

果蔬汁对豆腐得率和品质影响与评价

本文研究了以大豆为主要原料,分别添加黄瓜汁、胡萝卜汁和番茄汁制作出果蔬汁豆腐,确定了影响果蔬汁豆腐得率和品质的主要因素。通过单因素试验,依据豆腐得率、感官评定和物性测定等,筛选出最优浸泡时间、磨浆方式、豆乳浓度、处理方式及果蔬汁添加量;经过L9(34)正交试验研究,确定黄瓜豆腐的最优工艺配方。结果表明:大豆浸泡时间14h、豆乳浓度1:8、点浆温度75℃、10%卤水添加量50mL/kg大豆及豆乳:黄瓜汁为60:7,采用胶体磨磨浆,得到的豆腐品质优良。     

喷雾干燥法生产核桃蛋白肽微胶囊的工艺研究

采用碱溶酸沉法提取核桃蛋白,用木瓜蛋白酶对提取的蛋白进行水解,制备核桃蛋白肽,并应用微胶囊化技术制备核桃蛋白肽微胶囊。本研究主要对蛋白肽的微胶囊工艺进行优化,结果为1:3:2的阿拉伯胶、β-环糊精和麦芽糊精作为壁材时包埋率最高,达到83.7%;喷雾干燥生产微胶囊核桃蛋白肽的最佳工艺条件为进风温度200℃、进风流量120m3/h、出风温度110℃、进料浓度24%,此条件下微胶囊的成品率达到84%。     

高压均质辅助酶解豆乳对蛋白结构及抗营养因子的影响

以冷榨磨浆工艺所得豆乳为原料,研究高压均质辅助不同蛋白酶(碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶)水解豆乳对其结构及品质的影响。结果表明,随着均质压力的增加,酶解豆乳溶解度和水解度分别高达91.9%和8.24%,同时豆乳粒径分布更加均匀,表面负电荷增加,稳定性明显提高;SDS-PAGE电泳、红外光谱和荧光光谱研究豆乳中蛋白结构的变化,结果表明不同均质压力辅助酶解处理改变了蛋白质的线性表位,大分子量的抗营养蛋白因子条带呈变浅趋势,二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲含量减少;测定抗营养因子含量揭示蛋白质结构与功能的关系,发现均质压力在100 MPa时,3种酶对大豆球蛋白、β-伴大豆球蛋白、植酸、大豆凝集素、胰蛋白酶抑制剂和脂肪氧化酶6种抗营养因子达到最佳去除效果,抑制率分别高达51.28%、57.83%、72.31%、71.4%、89.55%和82.96%,脲酶活性均呈阴性。研究结果可为营养健康豆乳的制备提供理论基础。     

2BSQF-6型大豆玉米带状复合种植旋耕起垄施肥播种机设计

为突破大豆玉米复合种植模式受到播种机机械化水平低的限制并减少硬粘土及多雨条件对大豆玉米复合种植的不利影响,设计一款集旋耕、起垄、施肥、播种等作业功能于一体的2BSQF-6型大豆玉米带状复合种植播种机。首先结合大豆玉米带状复合种植的农艺要求,提出2BSQF-6型大豆玉米带状复合种植播种机整体结构设计方案。然后对旋耕、起垄、播种以及仿形等关键部件进行设计并确定关键参数。最后在灌云县大豆农场种植基地展开大豆玉米带状复合种植的播种试验。经田间试验表明,在作业速度为4.7 km/h时,大豆玉米播种深度合格率均为93.3%,大豆和玉米的粒距合格率分别为85%和95.2%,漏播率均控制在8%以下,机具各项指标均满足大豆玉米带状复合种植的农艺要求。     

生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响

为探明生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响,在大豆全生育期生长条件下,研究了东北黑土区草甸黑土5种生物炭添加量(0、25、50、75、100 t/hm2)下土壤物理性质(包括:土壤水分特征曲线、土壤含水率常数、土壤水分扩散率)和单次降雨土壤含水率变化特征,分析了生物炭对黑土区草甸黑土耕层土壤持水能力及雨后水分动态变化的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭能降低土壤残余含水率,增加土壤饱和含水率和田间持水量,其中对残余含水率的影响最显著,100 t/hm~2生物炭处理使残余含水率最多降低27.6%;施用生物炭能明显降低土壤水分扩散率,随生物炭添加量的增加依次比对照组减少34.8%、37.5%、71.4%和58.9%;在单次降雨过程中,施用生物炭能减小土壤含水率的变化幅度,使土壤含水率在降雨之后更快地由迅速下降期进入缓慢下降期,并能明显提高缓慢下降期对应的土壤含水率;施用生物炭可以提高大豆产量,以75 t/hm~2生物炭处理最高。研究结果可为黑土区农业水土资源高效利用与保护提供理论依据。     

Yield and nutritional responses to waterlogging of soybean cultivars

Furrow irrigating soybean prior to a large, unexpected rainfall event can reduce nitrogen fixation and crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of soybean cultivars to waterlogged alluvial soils. Five cultivars were selected, which showed a range of tolerances to excessive soil water. Flood duration and flood timing experiments were conducted on clay and silt loam soils. Main plots were flooding duration and flood timing and subplots were soybean cultivars. Most cultivars were able to withstand flooding for 48–96 h without crop injury. Cultivars flooded during the V5 growth stage suffered the least amount of yield loss. The greatest yield losses from flooding occurred at the R5 growth stage. Soybean yields from cultivars flooded at R5 were reduced by 20–39% compared to non-flooded checks. Pioneer 94B73 (cv.) had no significant change in yield from flooding for 192 h at any of the three growth stages, compared to non-flooded controls.     

秸秆覆盖中原料切碎/粉碎对土壤水热的影响

果园秸秆覆盖是西北旱区果业提质增效的有效途径,但人工作业的低效性制约了该技术的发展。本研究旨在探明秸秆原料切碎/粉碎加工对覆盖土壤水分和温度的影响,为秸秆机械化覆盖技术开发提供理论依据。本文以切碎加工的小麦(CW)、玉米(CC)、大豆秸秆(CS)和粉碎加工的小麦(SW)、玉米(SC)、大豆秸秆(SS)为覆盖基质,以无覆盖处理(CK)为对照,在室外容器中模拟研究秸秆—薄土分层覆盖在果园土壤保墒、保温、抑制杂草方面的效果。结果表明:试验期内,各覆盖处理的底层土壤含水率均高于CK,切碎、粉碎秸秆覆盖的土壤含水率分别高于CK 3.16%和2.35%。小麦、玉米秸秆切碎覆盖的土壤保墒效果优于粉碎覆盖,而大豆秸秆相反。各覆盖处理均有效地减小底层土壤全天的温度波动,即在早、晚提高土壤温度,而午间则降低土壤温度。小麦、玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖的土壤保温效果略优于切碎覆盖,而大豆秸秆相反。从3种秸秆的土壤保温效果综合评价,切碎、粉碎加工方式对其影响不明显。各覆盖处理均有明显地隔离上、下层土壤水分交换的效果,能起到抑制杂草的作用。CW、CC和CS处理的表土层和底土层土壤含水率差值分别为9.50%、9.05%和9.18%,而对应的SW、SC和SS处理差值分别为8.1 3%、8.2 8%和9.4 7%。综合分析秸秆切碎、粉碎加工对分层覆盖土壤水热的影响,认为果园秸秆分层机械化覆盖中,秸秆加工应优先采用切碎方式。     

Using vegetation indices from satellite remote sensing to assess corn and soybean response to controlled tile drainage

Controlled tile drainage (CTD) is a management practice designed to retain water and nutrients in the field for crop use. CTD has shown promise for improving water quality and augmenting crop yields but findings are often restricted to field and plot scales. Remote sensing is one of the alternatives to evaluate crop responsiveness to CTD at large spatial scales. This study compared normalized and green normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI and GNDVI) for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) among CTD and uncontrolled tile drainage (UCTD) fields in a ∼950 ha experimental watershed setting in Ontario, Canada from 2005 to 2008. The indices were derived from Landsat-5 and SPOT-4 satellite imagery. Log-transformed NDVI and GNDVI for soybean (R3-R6 growth stage) and corn (VT to R5-R6 growth stage) crops were higher significantly (p ≤ 0.05) for CTD, relative to UCTD for 50% (soybean) and 72% (corn) of both the log-transformed NDVI and GNDVI image acquisitions compared; only 17% and 13% were significant (p ≤ 0.05) in the reverse direction (UCTD > CTD). Log-transformed NDVI and GNDVI standard errors for CTD, relative to UCTD fields, were lower for 65% of the significant corn and 71% of the significant soybean NDVI and GNDVI comparisons for the growth stages noted above. This finding suggested overall more uniform crop growth for CTD fields relative to UCTD fields. Observed yields from a subset of commonly managed CTD and UCTD fields in the study area were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05) with respect to tile drainage management practice; however, 87% of these paired yield comparisons indicated that CTD mean corn/soybean grain yields were greater than or equal to those for UCTD. On average, CTD observed corn and soybean grain yields were 3% and 4%, respectively, greater than those from UCTD. From observed yield and NDVI and GNDVI observations, vegetation indices vs. yield linear regression models were developed to predict grain yields over a broader land base in the experimental watershed area. Here, predicted mean yields were 0.1-11% higher for CTD corn and −5% to 4% higher for CTD soybean, relative to UCTD crops; but results varied between manured and non-manured fertilizer practices. Eighty-nine percent of the standard deviations for these yield predictions were lower for CTD relative to UCTD. The results of this study indicate that at a minimum, CTD did not adversely impact corn and soybean grain yields over the time span and field environments of the study, and based on the weight of evidence presented here, CTD shows general promise for augmenting crop performance. Finally, remote sensing derived vegetation indices such as NDVI and GNDVI can be used to assess the impact of agricultural drainage management practices on crop response and production properties.     

呼伦贝尔地区喷灌对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】优化呼伦贝尔地区灌溉管理制度。【方法】针对呼伦贝尔大豆喷灌补灌技术,以"新密荚王738"为供试品种,采用喷灌,设75 mm(P1)、85 mm(P2)、95 mm(P3)、105 mm(P4)4个灌水量处理,并设置1个无灌溉对照处理(CK),测定了不同时期的生物质量、产量、产量构成因子,分析了不同水平下生育期各阶段的耗水规律和水分利用效率。【结果】不同生育期灌水均能促进植物株高和叶面积的生长,株高较CK增加了3.8%～14.1%,叶面积指数较CK增加了2.4%～16.7%,结荚期是株高和叶面积指数的需水敏感期。与CK相比,灌水各处理百粒质量和荚粒数明显增加,单株荚数显著增加。与CK相比,P2处理荚数、百粒质量分别提高了37.2%、11.1%,P4处理荚数、百粒质量分别提高了21.9%、6.6%。P1、P2、P3和P4处理产量分别增加了9.9%、21.9%、20.8%和16.9%。全生育期大豆耗水量在326.7～435.8 mm之间,且随着灌水量的增加,大豆总耗水量显著增加,P1、P2、P3、P4处理分别比CK增加了17.7%、19.9%、26.5%、33.4%。不同生育阶段大豆耗水量不同,结荚期与鼓粒期为主要耗水阶段,共占总耗水量的48.6%以上。生育期日耗水强度均值表现为结荚期>鼓粒期>开花期>成熟期>分枝期>苗期。P1、P2、P3、P4处理WUE均分别比CK提高了17.4%、27.5%、20.3%和10.1%。【结论】本试验条件下,不同灌水量对耗水量和水分利用效率影响比较明显,P2处理在各方面表现均最好,可以达到节水与高产的目标。     

Soybean yields and soil water status in Argentina: Simulation analysis

Recent changes in management of soybean production in Argentina may have large impacts on the soil water balance and on crop yield response. Changes in this system have included widespread adoption of a no-till management leaving crop residue on the soil surface, intensive cropping rotations (e.g. double cropping of wheat and soybean) so that the soil may not be fully recharged with water at the time of soybean sowing, and the occurrence of high water tables in a number of areas. The objective of this analysis was to assess the need to account for these factors in simulating soybean yields in Argentina. The influence of no-till management was simulated by simply decreasing the soil evaporation estimated for a bare soil by 70%. However, this alteration resulted in an over prediction in yield in many cases when it was assumed that the soil water content had been fully recharged at the initiation of the simulations. The difficulty with assuming a full soil water profile was confirmed when simulated yields were found to match well with observed yields when measured soil water content was used as an input to the model at the beginning of the soybean season. Finally, even with decreased soil evaporation there were still a few cases where simulated yield was less than observed yield. In these cases, a hypothetical water table, which relieved any drought stress once roots reached a depth of 1 m, resulted in yields that more closely matched observations. Overall, these results highlighted the need to estimate well both the influence of crop residue on soil evaporation and the soil water profile at sowing in simulating soybean yields in Argentina.     

Overestimation of soybean crop transpiration by sap flow measurements under field conditions in Central Portugal

Direct measurements of the xylem sap flow by the stem heat balance technique can be a valuable aid for determining the irrigation demand of field crops. In the present study, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) sap flow was evaluated under well-watered and water-stressed conditions using Dynamax SGA10 sap flow gauges. Solar radiation was measured continuously throughout the growing season. Soil water content was measured before and after each irrigation. There was a close relationship between solar radiation and xylem sap flow. The water flux in the soybean stems responded realistically to changes in the soil water content. However, the absolute values of sap flow were highly questionable. Calculating crop transpiration from sap flow measurements, the results were up to 4 times as high as calculated transpiration from soil moisture data and simulated transpiration using the locally calibrated soybean crop growth model SOYGRO. A sensitivity analysis of the stem heat balance technique gave no indications of technique or input errors. The gauge design was possibly not appropriate for the outdoor installation on soybeans.     

果农间作条件下滴灌大豆耗水规律试验研究

采用水量平衡原理,通过大田小区试验与理论分析,对与10年生核桃间作的滴灌大豆耗水规律进行了研究。结果表明,果农间作的滴灌大豆花夹期、鼓粒期、鼓粒成熟期的平均日耗水强度分别为3.2、3.3、2.3 mm,全生育期累积耗水量为277.2 mm,较非间作滴灌大豆各生育期的日均耗水量显著减小,总耗水量减小26.5%,日均耗水量变化也更为平缓;果农间作的滴灌大豆在观测生育期内的平均叶绿素含量较非间作大豆减少24.6%。     

覆膜方式对不同生态区大豆产量和水分利用效率的影响

全膜微垄沟播种植技术是在全膜双垄沟播技术的基础上创新研发的一种集覆盖抑蒸、垄面集雨、垄沟种植为一体的新型地膜覆盖技术。【目的】明确西北半干旱雨养区地膜覆盖条件下旱地大豆在不同生态区产量的差异。【方法】于2014—2016年进行大田定位试验,以露地无覆盖(CK)为对照,设置了3种覆膜方式,分别为全膜微垄沟播(T1)、全膜双垄沟播(T2)、全膜覆土穴播(T3),研究半湿润偏旱区、半干旱区、半干旱偏旱区3种不同生态区地膜覆盖对大豆产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】与CK相比,在3个生态区均以T1处理产量最高,T2处理次之,T3处理最低;其中全膜微垄沟播不同生态区比较:半湿润偏旱区>半干旱区>半干旱偏旱区,分别较露地无覆盖CK增产58.5%、78.1%和95.3%;水分利用效率分别较CK提高65.9%、57.6%和56.1%。尤其在年降雨量500～600 mm生态区全膜微垄沟播增产效应最明显,平均产量达到4 318.2 kg/hm2,最高达到4 353.3 kg/hm2,较CK增产58.5%。【结论】大豆全膜微垄沟播种植技术在西北半干旱雨养区,增产效果明显,其推广应用可有效提高该区降水资源的高效利用,实现旱作雨养区大豆稳产高产。