柑橘潜叶蛾的发生及检疫控制对策

文章介绍了柑橘潜叶蛾的发生危害特点,并有针对性地提出了柑橘潜叶蛾的检疫控制对策。     

柑橘潜叶蛾预测预报技术研讨

柑橘潜叶蛾是一种内潜性很强的害虫,早期虫体微小,危害症状不明显,其最佳防治时间易被错失,致使防治效果差,农药残留重.加强虫情监测,坚持预测预报,分类指导防控,是解决该虫危害的有效措施.经过多年的实践与探索,期距预测法、梢长预测法、虫道预测法逐渐在生产上得到应用,并取得较好效益.为使潜叶蛾预测预报方法得到进一步完善与改进...     

柑橘喷施叶面肥对柑橘木虱､柑橘潜叶蛾和炭疽病发生的影响

柑橘生产上叶面肥的使用很普遍?为了评估喷施叶面肥对柑橘新梢期的主要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella发生?为害的影响, 本文分别在养虫笼和网室条件下调查了以上2种害虫对喷不同叶面肥(尿素?复合氨基酸和葡萄糖)砂糖橘苗木的选择和为害, 以及柑橘炭疽病发生情况?试验结果表明:从木虱成虫选择性和产卵两个方面来看, 不同喷施处理的砂糖橘对木虱的吸引作用表现为尿素>复合氨基酸>葡萄糖>清水对照, 其中尿素和复合氨基酸处理吸引作用显著高于对照?喷施3种叶面肥后潜叶蛾为害程度均显著高于对照, 以葡萄糖处理的为害率和受害指数最高?另外, 尿素和复合氨基酸处理苗木的柑橘炭疽病病叶率和病情指数显著高于对照, 复合氨基酸处理病叶率显著高于葡萄糖?说明喷尿素?复合氨基酸叶面肥对柑橘木虱有较强的吸引作用, 同时加重柑橘炭疽病?另外, 与对照相比, 喷施3种叶面肥均能加重潜叶蛾的为害, 尤其是葡萄糖?     

橘潜叶甲、恶性叶甲和柑橘潜叶蛾的识别与防治

橘潜叶甲和恶性叶甲属鞘翅目叶甲科．柑橘潜叶蛾属鳞翅目潜蛾科．这3种柑橘害虫近年在城固县一些柑橘园为害较重,在生产中常被混淆。笔者现将这3种害虫进行对比,以引起大家重视。     

四唑虫酰胺SC防治柑橘潜叶蛾田间保叶效果试验

为有效防治柑橘潜叶蛾,保护柑橘枝梢,2020年在广西永福县选择200 g/L四唑虫酰胺SC进行了田间防治柑橘潜叶蛾试验,验证该药4000倍液和10000倍液的保叶效果.药后20 d,该药4000倍液、10000倍液防治柑橘潜叶蛾叶片被害指数分别为2.06和10.54,保叶效果分别为95.25％和75.61％.以4000...     

桐梓县柑橘潜叶蛾的发生与防治

桐梓县柑橘种植历史悠久,每年种植2000hm2左右,柑橘种植品种有椪柑、金橘、兴津、脐橙、雪橙、锦橙、沙田柚、胡柚等十多个品种。近年来,随着农业产业结构的调整,柑橘的     

防治番茄潜叶蛾的药剂筛选

番茄潜叶蛾是近年来新入侵我国的害虫,目前已在国内多个省份扩散为害。为筛选有效防治该虫的药剂,选择13种杀虫剂,在云南蒙自的番茄大棚开展了番茄潜叶蛾防治试验。结果表明：供试药剂对番茄潜叶蛾均具一定的田间防效,其中以每667 m²一次性喷施5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油8 mL、1.8%阿维菌素乳油35 mL、60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂30 mL、10%高效氯氰菊酯微乳剂15 mL、5%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂35 mL或10%甲维·高氯氟微乳剂10 mL的处理防效较高,药后7 d防效均达80%以上,可作为防治番茄潜叶蛾的应急施药处理。     

植物挥发性成分对柑桔潜叶蛾产卵行为的影响

柑桔潜叶蛾成虫对寄主和产卵部位的选择是其生存和种群发展的生物学基础。人工叶片法试验结果表明，寄主植物幼嫩叶中的挥发性化学物质对柑桔潜叶蛾成虫产卵有明显的引导作用，但不同柑桔品种对成虫产卵的影响没有显著差异，显示其含有相同的挥发性物质。用非寄主植物叶片试验发现，其挥发性物质对成虫产卵有明显的驱避干扰作用。马缨丹和印楝叶对成虫产卵的驱避中量(ORD50)分别为13．5和49．4mg鲜叶。     

吡虫啉防治柑桔潜叶蛾

衢州地区防治柑桔潜叶蛾常用的药剂有杀虫双、氰戊菊酯、好年冬等杀虫剂,但因高温季节使用杀虫双易产生药害,氰戊菊酯药效期短等诸多因素的制约,影响柑桔潜叶蛾的防治效果。近几年,随着吡虫啉的开发应用,吡虫啉在防治柑桔蚜虫、柑桔黑刺粉虱上相当成功。本研究是对柑...     

柑桔潜叶蛾的防控技术

柑桔潜叶蛾的防控技术湖北省秭归县植保植检站（４４３６００）宋凤平柑桔潜叶蛾是柑桔新梢、嫩叶的主要害虫之一。据我县资料记载１９８５年和１９８９年有８０％的柑桔苗圃和６０％的幼龄桔园受害，影响秋梢抽发和生长，导致大部分嫩叶卷曲、光合作用减弱，造成小虫大害...     

Entomopathogenicity of native bacteria from Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata against the pest Phyllocnistis citrella

In Piura (Peru), the pest Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton damages the photosynthetic rate and new bud production of Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle (sweet lemon), decreasing the yield, productivity and commercial price of its fruit. Biological control was evaluated through the crossed effect of bacteria obtained from pests (Anastrepha fraterculus Wied., Ceratitis capitata Wied. and Rhynchophorus palmarum L.) that are pathogenic against their original host species. Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards and Serratia marcescens Bizio (from A. fraterculus and C. capitata) and Pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni (from R. palmarum) were used against P. citrella. The bacterial strains were inoculated into its food and the accumulated mortality was evaluated. Larvae of P. citrella treated with P. mendocina had the highest mortality (66.7%). These bacterial species were entomopathogenic against the original source pest in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays, and this result widens the pathological activity range of these bacterial species.     

农药施用者暴露量测定方法研究进展

对国际上已建立的农药施用者暴露量测定方法及其研究现状进行了综述,比较了全身整体取样法、贴片法、荧光示踪法、化学移除法等几种主要方法的优缺点及适用范围。贴片法和全身整体取样法是目前国际公认的、最具优势的2种农药暴露量测定方法,其中全身整体取样法又优于贴片法,能够全面、准确地测定人群潜在和实际的农药暴露量,是目前普遍采用、最安全且最准确的农药暴露量测定方法。     

农药的科学使用问题与农药应用工艺学

农药应用工艺学是研究提高农药利用率和施药效率,减轻或消除农药对环境的污染和对人、畜及有益生物危害风险的一门综合性学科。近20年来,中国在农药的吸收传导、控制释放、剂型研发、省力化施药、雾滴运动、高效装备及智能精准施药等方面取得了长足的进步：建立了药剂吸收量与种子包衣剂量之间的关系模型;阐明了农药控制释放的动力学规律,揭示了缓释农药提高作物安全性的生物学机制;研发了超低容量制剂、烟雾剂、粉尘剂、展膜油剂、缓释颗粒剂等省力化农药剂型和与之匹配的省力化施药技术;探明了农药雾滴在作物冠层的沉积流失规律,建立了农药利用率模型;建立了农药施用定量分析计算理论,提出了农药雾滴“杀伤半径”概念,推动了农药低容量喷雾技术发展;建立了植保无人飞机低容量喷雾技术体系,开启了人工智能 (AI) 施药技术的研究和应用,初步建立人工智能精准喷雾技术。中国农药应用已逐步实现从简单、粗放向科学、安全、智能精准的转变,为农药减施增效提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Safety behavior in pesticide use among farmers of northern Greece: the role of information sources

BACKGROUND

Farmers' compliance with common safety practices in pesticide use (i.e., keeping records of pesticide applications, reading the information of pesticide labels, and taking protective measures during pesticide handling) and the use of information sources about pesticides were studied in a simple random sample of farmers in Evros Province, northern Greece.

RESULTS

According to the three common safety practices considered in the study, most farmers (56.9%) complied with safety practices. Nevertheless, a noticeable proportion of the farmers never kept records of pesticide applications (33.9%), never read the information of pesticide labels (20.2%), and never took protective measures during pesticide handling (24.8%). Farmers reported using up to six different sources of information about pesticides, but the majority (51.4%) reported using up to one source and almost one-third (33.9%) relied on own sources. The most common information source about pesticides was the staff of the agricultural supply stores, used by 88.1% of the farmers. Safety behavior was positively correlated with total sources of information (P < 0.01) and information by the agricultural supply stores (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that safety behavior was reduced in females, whereas it was increased in farmers with high education, high number of plots, and high level of information sources.

CONCLUSION

Despite good levels of safety behavior by most farmers, keeping records of sprayings should be improved. Using multiple information sources about pesticides is crucial to improve safety behavior of farmers. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

植物源壬酸水剂对三裂叶豚草的防除效果

三裂叶豚草是危害生态环境和人类健康的恶性杂草。本研究探索了植物源壬酸水剂对野外自然生长的三裂叶豚草的防治效果,分别于6月下旬和8月上旬两个时期,利用5%和10%两个浓度的壬酸水剂对三裂叶豚草进行茎叶喷雾处理。结果表明,北京地区8月上旬为三裂叶豚草现蕾期,此时施药不再有新出苗的植株结籽,为防除三裂叶豚草的最适时期。采用10%壬酸水剂,有效成分用量8 000g/667m2,喷液量80L/667m2进行喷雾防治,7d和28d的株防效分别达到94.9%和91.2%,结籽三裂叶豚草仅4.6株/m2,比对照减少了93.11%,单株种子数量为261.78粒,比对照减少了83.73%,产生的种子少,防效较好。     

Effects of a Chenopodium-based botanical insecticide/acaricide on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

UDA-245 is a Chenopodium-based natural insecticide. Forty-eight hours after treatment with this compound, Orius insidiosus (Say) and Aphidius colemani Viereck showed slight contact toxicity at 5 g AI liter(-1). There was no residual toxicity to A colemani. These two beneficials are currently used in commercial flower and vegetable greenhouses for the management of thrips, spider mites, aphids and small caterpillars. In contrast, abamectin and insecticidal soap were toxic by contact to both species. UDA-245 did not reduce the number of eggs laid by treated O insidiosus. The eclosion of these eggs was also not adversely affected by UDA-245. The other two insecticides, abamectin and insecticidal soap had no effect on the emergence of A colemani from treated aphid mummies. However, abamectin decreased the percentage of aphid parasitism by A colemani following a residual treatment. The LC50 for UDA-245 for the two beneficials is slightly over twice the recommended field dose.     

植物源药剂混配防治西花蓟马的药效研究

通过对9种植物源药剂进行药剂混配并与1种化学药剂（2.5%溴氰菊酯）对苜蓿上西花蓟马（Frankliniella occidentalis）进行防治比较试验,筛选出针对西花蓟马具有较好防效的复合植物源药剂。结果表明,10%柠檬草乳油250倍液与0.3%印楝素乳油800倍液以及0.3%印楝素乳油800倍液与2.5%鱼藤酮乳油800倍液两种组合具有显著效果,防效分别为76.5%～92.5%和79.9%～88.7%,具有见效快、持效期长的特点。     

Effect of pesticide fate parameters and their uncertainty on the selection of 'worst-case' scenarios of pesticide leaching to groundwater

BACKGROUND: For the registration of pesticides in the European Union, model simulations for worst‐case scenarios are used to demonstrate that leaching concentrations to groundwater do not exceed a critical threshold. A worst‐case scenario is a combination of soil and climate properties for which predicted leaching concentrations are higher than a certain percentile of the spatial concentration distribution within a region. The derivation of scenarios is complicated by uncertainty about soil and pesticide fate parameters. As the ranking of climate and soil property combinations according to predicted leaching concentrations is different for different pesticides, the worst‐case scenario for one pesticide may misrepresent the worst case for another pesticide, which leads to ‘scenario uncertainty’. RESULTS: Pesticide fate parameter uncertainty led to higher concentrations in the higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions, especially for distributions in smaller and more homogeneous regions. The effect of pesticide fate parameter uncertainty on the spatial concentration distribution was small when compared with the uncertainty of local concentration predictions and with the scenario uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Uncertainty in pesticide fate parameters and scenario uncertainty can be accounted for using higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions and considering a range of pesticides for the scenario selection. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry