Comparison of fatty acid and amino acid profiles of steamed Chinese mitten crab

The fatty acid and amino acid compositions of different grades of steamed Chinese mitten crab were analyzed. In total, 37 types of fatty acid were identified and quantified, with monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) constituting approximately 70 % of all fatty acids. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid were dominant with approximately 30, 20, and 10 % of overall contents, respectively. The highest levels of fatty acids were found in special-grade animals, followed by first-grade and second-grade samples. The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFAs ranged from 0.54 to 2.64, showing Eriocheir sinensis to be rich in n-3 PUFAs. In addition, claw and body meat were rich in amino acids and essential amino acids (EAA), while leg meat had higher content of flavor amino acids (FAA). Among almost all amino acids, the highest levels were found in Eriocheir sinensis of special grade, then first and second grade. On the whole, our results indicate that special-grade Eriocheir sinensis is highly nutritious due to its high levels of fatty acids and amino acids.     

Dietary essentiality of ascorbic acid in rohu larvae: Quantification with ascorbic acid enriched zooplankton

Carp larvae, like any other fish larvae dependon natural food during first few days of theirlife. In nursery conditions, high mortality andslow larval growth are of common occurrence;sub-optimal nutrition might be a possiblereason for such consequences. To improve thesituation the effect of feeding ascorbicacid-enriched live food on survival, growth,tissue biochemical composition includingascorbate level was evaluated in first feeding(3 days old) larvae (av. wt. 2.2 mg) of therohu carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) for aperiod of 15 days (temp. 28.6 ± 1 °C)under natural photoperiod. The larvae (stockingdensity 10 l^–1) were offered enriched andnon-enriched zooplankton ad libitumfollowing a rigid schedule with four feedingregimes, each having 3 replicates. In treatmentT₁, non-enriched zooplankton (Moina,Daphnia, Cyclops, Diaptomus) and in T₂,T₃, T₄ ascorbic acid enriched (12 henrichment) zooplankton [@10%, 20% and 30%ascorbyl palmitate (AP) inclusion in diet ofzooplankton] were offered. Highest survival(90%) and growth (9563% live weight gain)could be seen in T₃ group and the lowestin T₁ (62% survival and 805% live weightgain), thus confirming the dietary essentialityof ascorbic acid for rohu larvae. Therequirement has been shown to be 1409 µg/gdry diet. Whole body tissue analyses for crudeprotein, total lipid and RNA: DNA ratiofollowed the same trend as that of growthresponse and percent survival. Significantpositive correlation (r = 0.949 and 0.861) couldbe found with muscle RNA/DNA ratio and muscleRNA content with specific growth rate indifferent treatments. Significant differencewas found in tissue ascorbate levels betweenenriched plankton fed groups, being highest in T₃. Such live foodmediated vitamin transfer might be an effectivemeans to provide higher plane of nutrition forhigh survival and rapid growth for rohu larva.     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分的影响

系统研究了饲料中添加0～5％不同水平的螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长性能与体生化组成的影响。结果表明：（1）螺旋藻能促进对虾生长,提高饲料的消化利用率,以0．8％、1．5％螺旋藻添加组凡纳滨对虾生长性能较好,试验中期、末期增重率分别达到926．10％、959．78％和4382％、4353．3％,与对照组相比,虾体增重率分别提高2．82％、6．56％和3．45％、2．77％。结合饲料利用、虾体生化组分分析结果表明,饲料中添加0．8％水平螺旋藻为最佳。凡纳滨对虾肝体指数（HSI）随螺旋藻添加量的增加呈现下降趋势。（2）在1％螺旋藻添加范围内,虾体EPA含量内（Y）与螺旋藻添加量（X）呈现良好的线性关系（YEPA=2．4275X＋4．5975,R0=0．9611）,在0．8％范围内螺旋藻,虾体中DHA、ARA的含量与螺旋藻添加量呈显著线性相关（yDHA=4．668X＋5．6545,R^2=0．9631;YARA=105．58X＋0．3241,R^2=0．9749）。（3）从虾体DHA、EPA和ARA含量分析,0．5％大蒜添加量与5％螺旋藻添加量的对虾体脂肪酸改善效果相当。     

Effects of different dietary arachidonic acid : docosahexaenoic acid ratios on phospholipid fatty acid compositions and prostaglandin production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Five purified diets containing AA (20:4n-6) at 0.02–0.78% dry weight and DHA (22:6n-3) at 0.93–0.17% dry weight were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 0.87 g for a period of 11 weeks. The dietary DHA:AA ratio ranged from 62 to 0.2. Incorporation of AA into liver phospholipids increased with increasing dietary AA input. Phospholipids from fish fed diets containing 0.02, 0.06 and 0.11% of dry weight as AA generally contained less AA compared to fish fed fish oil while those fed diets containing 0.35 and 0.78% of dry weight as AA had higher AA levels in their phospholipids. The highest levels of AA were found in PI but the greatest percentage increase in AA incorporation was in PE and PC. Brain phospholipid fatty acid compositions were less altered by dietary treatment than those of liver but DHA content of PC and PE in brain was substantially lower in fish fed 0.93% pure DHA compared to those fed fish oil. This suggests that dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot. In both tissues, (20:5n-3) concentration was inversely related to both dietary and tissue PI AA concentration. Similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney. PGE₂ and 6-ketoPGF₁ were measured in homogenates of heart, brain, gill and kidney. In general, fish fed the lowest dietary AA levels had reduced levels of prostaglandins in their tissue homogenates while those fed the highest level of AA had increased prostaglandin levels, compared to fish fed fish oil. In brains, the PGE₂ concentration was only significantly increased in fish fed the highest dietary AA.Abbreviations AA arachidonic acid - DHA docosahexaenoic acid - EFA essential fatty acid - EPA eicosapentaenoic acid - HPTLC high performance thin-layer chromatography - HUFA highly unsaturated fatty acid - PC phosphatidylcholine - PE phosphatidylethanolamine - PGE prostaglandin E - PGE prostaglandin E - PI phosphatidylinositol - PS phosphatidylserine - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Effect of soy oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

The effects of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n‐3) derived from SDA‐enhanced, genetically modified soybeans (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, USA) on growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 2.1 kg initial weight) were evaluated. There was a stepwise decrease in feed intake and subsequent weight gain of immature Atlantic salmon with increased replacement of fish oil by SDA soy oil from 0%, 50% to 100% added oil. SDA increased and n‐3 highly unsaturated FA (n‐3 HUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) decreased in the diet and corresponding fillet with increased SDA oil inclusion. Salmon with the same weight gain fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement had similar n‐3 HUFA fillet levels indicating little or no increased synthesis of n‐3 HUFA from SDA for deposition in the fillet. However, elongation of dietary SDA to 20:4n‐3 for deposition in the fillet of SDA oil fed fish was indicated. The increased SDA and 20:4n‐3 in the fillet of Atlantic salmon fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement may be more effective as precursors for EPA in humans than 18:3n‐3 which was in the fillet at similar levels.     

叶酸对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响

以皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannaiIno(平均壳长:13.90±0.01mm;平均体重:482.2±2.2mg)为研究对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行112d的摄食生长实验,以海带为对照,探讨饲料中不同叶酸含量(0.06、1.44、2.86、5.88、14.27、35.71mg/kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,(1)叶酸缺乏可显著降低皱纹盘鲍C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的含量(P<0.05),却显著提高C18∶3n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P<0.05);(2)海带与实验基础饲料中的脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,海带中的C14∶1、C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3含量显著高于饲料组(P<0.05),而C18∶0、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C20∶0、C22∶6n-3均显著低于饲料组(P<0.05);(3)海带组鲍鱼的C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3显著高于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05),而C18∶1n-9、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C22∶6n-3则显著低于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05)。(4)C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0在鲍鱼体内的含量比较稳定,不受饲料中叶酸含量和脂肪酸组成的显著影响(P>0.05)。这些结果说明,饲料中叶酸缺乏导致皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成发生改变,很可能抑制C18∶2n-6和C18∶3n-3的碳链延长和去饱和作用,从而减少C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的合成。此外,饲料中的脂肪酸组成也是影响皱纹盘鲍体组织脂肪酸组成的一个重要因素。     

Occurrence of domoic acid in tropical bivalves

Domoic acid was found in bivalves belonging to the genus Spondylus collected randomly from the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand and Ishigaki Island, Japan. This is the first report of domoic acid accumulating in bivalves from tropical waters. Large differences in domoic acid levels were observed among the Spondylus specimens collected from different areas. The Spondylus specimens from the Philippines and Vietnam showed higher levels of domoic acid whereas the level in Spondylus spp. from Thailand and Japan was low. The highest level of domoic acid—more than four times the safe consumption level of 20 μg/g whole tissue—was found in a specimen from the Philippines. On the other hand, bivalves other than Spondylus collected from the same area at the same time in the Philippines showed very low levels of domoic acid, showing that bivalves belonging to the genus Spondylus accumulate specifically high levels of domoic acid. These results suggest the wide distribution of causative phytoplankton in tropical waters.     

不同生长时期红螯螯虾肌肉和肝胰腺内氨基酸和脂肪酸变化分析

为了研究不同生长时期红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)肌肉和肝胰腺内脂肪酸和氨基酸的动态变化,选取90 d (第二性征未发育)、140 d (第二性征发育成熟)和180 d (性腺发育成熟)的红螯螯虾,分别测定其肌肉和肝胰腺内氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量。结果显示,90 d红螯螯虾肌肉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于其他2个时期(P<0.05);而红螯螯虾肝胰腺内必需氨基酸总量和非必需氨基酸总量均随着日龄增加而逐渐下降。比较不同生长时期肌肉中脂肪酸含量发现,随着日龄增长,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量呈下降趋势;而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,140 d含量最高[(25.69±0.42)%];多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量呈上升的变化趋势。肝胰腺中SFA含量在 3个生长时期内无显著性差异(P>0.05),MUFA含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,140 d含量最高[(37.44±0.59)%],而PUFA含量变化与MUFA正好相反。营养价值评估结果显示,180 d (可上市销售)的红螯螯虾肌肉内必需氨基酸指数(49.96%)高于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)评分模式(31.50%)和全鸡蛋蛋白质模式(43.10%),是较为理想的优质食物蛋白源。由上可知,在不同生长时期,肌肉和肝胰腺中的氨基酸、脂肪酸的主要消耗不同,研究结果对了解不同生长时期红螯螯虾营养需求、开发红螯螯虾配合饲料提供了参考依据。     

Effect of dietary arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on survival, growth and pigmentation in larvae of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Evidence confirms that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA are involved in growth as well in pigmentation of marine fish larvae.In the present study we examined the performance of common sole larvae reared on Artemia enriched with 10 formulated emulsions, differing in inclusions of ARA, EPA, and DHA. The specific growth rate of the sole larvae until late metamorphosis, 21 days after hatching (dah) was 20 to 27% d^− 1. Even though the relative tissue essential fatty acid (EFA) concentrations significantly reflected dietary composition, neither standard growth nor larval survival were significantly related to the absolute concentrations of ARA, EPA and DHA or their ratios. This suggests low requirements for essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in common sole. Malpigmentation was significantly related to increased dietary ARA content. However, pigmentation was not affected by inclusion levels of EPA or DHA when ARA was high. This, and no relation between DHA: EPA or ARA: EPA ratios and pigmentation and only a weak relation to ARA: DHA ratio, advocate for that it is the absolute concentration of ARA in larval tissues, that is responsible for malpigmentation rather than the relative concentration to other PUFAs.Within malpigmentation, the trait “albinism” was characterised by an abnormal incomplete eye migration, but this trait is suggested not to be related to dietary ARA. Furthermore, albinism resulted in a lower growth rate, which suggests that visual aberrations affected prey capture.     

大黄鱼四家系肌肉营养成分差异及品质选育分析

实验对象山港海区网箱养殖的岱衢洋家系、官井洋家系以及它们的正交和反交家系大黄鱼背肌肉进行了一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组分分析,从营养学的角度分析和评价不同家系大黄鱼的品质。结果表明,四个家系之间大黄鱼蛋白质含量和灰分含量没有显著差异;脂肪含量反交家系与正交家系、岱衢洋家系和官井洋家系有显著差异,官井洋家系含量最高(13.51%),反交家系家系含量最低(10.59%);水份含量的变化与脂肪含量的变化成反比,反交家系水份含量与正交家系、岱衢洋家系和官井洋家系同样都有显著差异。岱衢洋家系、官井洋家系、正交家系和反交家系氨基酸总量分别为57.83%±1.19%、54.45%±1.01%、54.80%±2.97%和58.39%±0.71%,其中反交家系、岱衢洋家系总氨基酸含量同官井洋家系都存在显著差异（P<0.05）;必需氨基酸总量分别为30.08%±0.52%,28.05%±0.35%,28.40%±1.76%,29.97%±0.41%,其中岱衢洋家系、反交家系同官井洋家系都存在显著差异（〖WTBX〗P〖WTB1〗<0.05）;鲜味氨基酸总量分别为24.56%±0.26%,23.45%±0.24%,22.88%±0.61%,25.39%±0.11%,其中反交家系与其他三个家系间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。而多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）及n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸DHA所占比例以反交家系最高,且同其他三个家系存在显著差异（P<0.05）,岱衢洋家系EPA(C20∶5)含量同正交家系存在显著差异（P<0.05）。     

单体氨基酸在水产饲料中的应用

随着渔业整体养殖技术的提高，市场对生产饲料的需求量呈越来越大的趋势，同时，对水产饲料的质量要求也越来越高。在当前鱼价低迷而饲料价格居高不下的条件下，如何生产出优质、高效、价廉、物美的水产饲料，以满足渔业生产的需要，降低饲料成本，提高生产效益成了突出的问题。根据多年教学研究及推广实践的经验，我们介绍一种既能保证并提高饲料营养价值又能降低饲料成本的方法，即在水产饲料中科学添加单体氨基酸。 一、饲料中添加单体氨基酸的作用： 水产饲料中添加限制性氨基酸，能改善氨基酸的平衡程度，使饲料中氨基酸和蛋白质具有最…     

三氯异氰脲酸对铜绿微囊藻的毒性效应

研究了三氯异氰脲酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长、叶绿素含量、光合放氧和呼吸耗氧的影响.结果表明,三氯异氰脲酸对铜绿微囊藻具有很强的杀死效果,其浓度愈大效果愈明显,12.0mg/L时杀藻率达100%,而浓度低时,虽也有一定的效果,但由于有效氯的衰减,其杀藻不能持续很长时间.三氯异氰脲酸能降低铜绿微囊藻的光合放氧,但随着时间的延长,光合放氧的抑制作用降低;叶绿素a含量下降程度大于光合作用减弱程度,光合作用的抑制是通过抑制藻叶绿素a的合成而实现的.     

土壤中单宁和植酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及液态发酵研究

为从土壤中筛选能够同时降解单宁和植酸的微生物,本实验利用富集培养技术,分离、筛选、鉴定土壤中的单宁和植酸降解菌,并研究其在液态发酵下的产酶能力。结果显示,从土壤中共获得109株纯菌落,包括39株细菌、46株酵母菌以及24株霉菌。分别用单宁筛选性培养基和植酸筛选性培养基筛选上述菌株,获得27株植酸降解菌和14株单宁降解菌,其中霉菌M-6、M-3和M-1可以同时分解单宁和植酸,且霉菌M-6的水解圈直径大于M-3和M-1。在液态发酵条件下,随着发酵温度的升高(20~35°C),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈现先升高而后降低的趋势,在发酵温度为30°C时达到最高值(P0.05)。随着发酵p H的升高(p H 4~7),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05);其中单宁酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);而植酸酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于发酵p H 4和7处理组(P0.05),但与发酵p H 6处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。通过菌落和菌株形态学以及分子测序方法,鉴定M-6为黑曲霉。因此,本研究从土壤中分离筛选出3株(M-6、M-3和M-1)能够同时水解单宁和植酸的降解菌,在液态发酵条件下,黑曲霉M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的最佳发酵温度为30°C,最佳发酵p H值为5。     

过氧乙酸对神仙鱼小瓜虫病的治疗实验

为了减轻小瓜虫病对观赏鱼养殖的严重危害,试验选择过氧乙酸对七彩神仙鱼进行杀灭小瓜虫的有效性试验,在此基础上再进行过氧乙酸对神仙鱼急性毒性试验,并在安全浓度下对患有小瓜虫病的神仙鱼进行治疗试验。结果显示:过氧乙酸对七彩神仙鱼的安全浓度为8.55mg/L,过氧乙酸在神仙鱼安全浓度内对小瓜虫的幼虫和包囊都具有较好的杀灭效果,过氧乙酸浓度在4.26～8.55mg/L的治愈率达70%。     

Arachidonic acid, arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, stearidonic acid and eicosanoids are involved in dietary-induced albinism in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis)

Senegal sole larvae were fed live prey enriched with different amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) to re‐evaluate the effect of these two fatty acids on flatfish pigmentation. Echium oil, a plant‐derived oil rich in gamma‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐6) and stearidonic acid (18:4n‐3) was also used as a component of one of the enrichment emulsions. Although ARA content did not have any effect on growth there was a clear influence on pigmentation that correlated clearly with prostaglandin production. Inclusion of Echium oil, on the contrary, exerted a positive effect on pigmentation rate even though dietary ARA levels were as high as in the other emulsions. The relationships between dietary ARA levels and dietary ARA/EPA ratio, prostaglandin production and pigmentation are discussed.     

Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid sources,microalgae meal and oil,on growth,fatty acid composition and docosahexaenoic acid retention of orange‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides

This study evaluated the effects of Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae meal and oil as dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sources on the growth, fatty acid composition and DHA retention of orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Dietary fish oil was replaced with microalgae meal or oil to provide an equal amount of DHA as a fish oil‐containing basal diet. In total, three experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial wt: 8.48 ± 0.06 g) in a recirculating system for 8 weeks. The weight gain and feed efficiency of the fish did not differ significantly among the experimental diets. The fatty acid composition of the whole body of the fish generally reflected the composition of their diet. The concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid in the whole body was higher in the fish fed the fish meal control diet than in those fed the two experimental diets The fish fed the control diet and those fed the diet containing microalgae oil exhibited higher DHA concentrations than did the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The whole‐body DHA retention was the highest in the fish fed the diet with microalgae oil, followed by the fish fed the control diet. The lowest whole‐body DHA retention was observed in the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The results suggested that the oil from Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae can be used as DHA source for the grouper. DHA utilization by the fish was higher when the diet was supplemented with microalgae oil than with dry microalgae meal.     

渔用麻醉剂使用现状和检测技术研究进展

采用二氧化碳 (CO₂) 对罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) 进行麻醉处理以减少其由操作过程引起的应激反应,分析了麻醉及复苏过程中罗非鱼生理及鱼肉品质的变化。探索不同处理温度的麻醉效果,确定了罗非鱼CO₂麻醉的最佳温度为15 ℃,麻醉用时 (101±18) s,复苏用时 (134±23) s。CO₂麻醉引起了罗非鱼血清皮质醇 (COR) 含量、血糖 (GLU) 浓度、谷草转氨酶 (AST) 、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)和碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 活性的显著升高,复苏后显著降低。糖原 (GLY) 含量显著降低,肝乳酸 (LD) 含量在麻醉复苏后达到最高点。麻醉使鱼体肌乳酸含量显著升高,胁迫解除后显著下降。麻醉后观察到罗非鱼肝脏丙二醛 (MDA) 含量升高,而超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH-Px) 活性、总抗氧化能力 (T-AOC) 降低。鱼片硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性受CO₂麻醉影响显著,复苏24 h后可恢复到对照水平,弹性水平基本保持稳定。研究表明,短时饱和CO₂处理可以有效快速麻醉罗非鱼,麻醉处理引起了罗非鱼机体的氧化应激反应,胁迫解除后鱼体生理状态可得到恢复。     

鱼类必需脂肪酸营养研究现状

饲料脂肪不仅影响养殖鱼类的生长与健康状况,还会通过调控肌纤维特性影响肉质。为探究不同碳链长度脂肪酸对团头鲂生长、肌纤维发育及肉质的影响,实验选取108尾初始平均体重为(77.89±0.81) g的健康团头鲂,随机分为4组,每组3重复,分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)以及替代1.5%豆油的丁酸(BA)、辛酸(OA)、棕榈酸(PA)组饲料8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,饲料添加不同碳链长度脂肪酸对团头鲂生长无显著影响,然而可显著提升肌肉黏附性,增加肌纤维数量、较小直径(<20 μm)肌纤维比例及肌节长度。在基因表达方面,OA显著增加了肌源性因子myf5基因mRNA表达量。BA能在下调抑肌基因mstnb的同时,显著上调ampkα2和sirt1基因的mRNA表达量。Ca²⁺依赖的信号通路的关键基因camk表达量也随饲料中脂肪酸碳链长度的增加而显著提升。研究表明,饲料添加不同碳链长度脂肪酸可以通过AMPK和Ca²⁺依赖的信号通路实现对团头鲂肌纤维发育及肉质的有效提升。本研究为营养素调控团头鲂鱼肉品质提供了基础数据和理论依据,也为鱼类肌肉品质的营养强化提供了全新模式。