水果保鲜、保脆、脱涩贮存剂

水果保鲜、保脆、脱涩贮存剂本发明是根据国内所生产的水果需要保鲜、保脆和脱涩及贮存的需要，而生产和配制的一种用百分之一氯化钙及其他助剂所制成的保鲜、脱涩和贮存的保鲜脆脱涩贮存剂，但必需在所需保鲜、保脆、脱涩及贮存的水果在四天之内，用本工艺方法进行处理，...     

香椿保鲜工艺探讨

对香椿保鲜工艺进行研究比较,筛选出以300×10-6铜离子和100×10-6锌离子为最佳护色剂,添加01%氯化钙保脆,采用巴氏杀菌法杀菌,将香椿加工成新鲜嫩绿且能保存较长时间的半成品。     

香菇即食品加工技术研究

以香菇为主要原料，研究香菇即食品加工技术，主要进行了香菇即食品保脆、调味、保质防腐方面的研究。结果表明，保脆效果最好为氯化钙0．04％；香菇即食品调味配料技术最优参数料油为4％，食盐添加量为5％，柠檬酸添加量为0．3％，甜味剂添加量为0．05％，谷氨酸钠添加量为0．05％；杀菌处理80～90℃／10min为最优组合，防腐剂复合使用最优参数0．20‰（A ）＋0．15‰（D ），保质时间长达10个月。     

冬枣贮藏保鲜试验研究

在自然条件下，冬枣采后鲜脆期不长，随后果肉便失水、软化、褐化，同时，挥发性气味增加，VC含量极速下降，枣果实的脆硬度是衡量鲜枣保鲜的一个重要指标。为了在冬枣贮藏保鲜过程中少降低枣果的鲜脆性和营养价值，增加其商品性，我们做了相关的研究，以期为冬枣的冷藏保鲜提供参考依据。     

板栗综合保鲜技术初探

板栗水选后，用KMnO4溶液浸果，捞起沥干，分成散贮、打孔袋贮，三种保鲜液膜处理后再打孔用5种不同方式进行袋贮藏。结果表明：各处理对板栗保鲜均有一定效果，其中以海藻酸钠保鲜液膜和水果保鲜蜡液处理效果最好，失水率、腐烂率低，好果率较高，色泽鲜亮，颗粒饱满，口感好。     

傣味酸笋的加工工艺

利用龙竹竹笋为原料(味微苦)进行酸笋、保鲜笋加工，总结了传统民间加工工艺并利用现代加工技术对其进行改进，达到了改善风味和长期保存的目的，研制出软包装保鲜傣味酸竹笋。     

冬枣气调保鲜试验初报

冬枣为品质优良的鲜食品种，色泽艳丽，光亮悦目，皮薄肉细，入口无渣，质脆汁多，甜醇清香。果肉富含维生素C，营养丰富。近几年，随着冬枣产业的迅速发展，应用保鲜技术延长冬枣供应期的问题显得更加重要。目前在果品保鲜贮藏技术中，气调技术保鲜贮藏效果优于一般冷藏效果。当前有关冬枣气调贮藏技术方面的研究资料很少，为适应市场需要我们对冬枣气调保鲜技术进行了初步探讨。     

冬枣的简易贮藏技术

利用塑料袋贮藏冬枣方法简单、操作方便、成本低 ,可贮藏2～ 3个月。贮藏量可多可少 ,灵活方便 ,是一种较实用的贮藏方法。具体做法是 :1　采前处理冬枣着色初期喷施 10mg/L赤霉素或 15mg/L萘乙酸溶液 ,可减轻落果、延长着色及采收期 ,有利于贮藏保鲜。采收前喷施波尔多液有助于延长衰老期提高枣果的保鲜效果。2　适时采收枣果的成熟过程可分白熟期、脆熟期和晚熟期三个阶段。在脆熟期果皮自果梗、果肩开始逐渐着色转红 ,果肉含糖量急剧增加 ,质地变脆 ,汁液增多 ,具有酸甜适口 ,松脆多汁等优良鲜食品质 ,所以脆熟期是最适宜的采收期。3　…     

蕨菜护色保脆工艺研究

以新鲜蕨菜为原料，对其护色保脆工艺进行了研究，结果表明，葡萄糖酸锌3．5mg／L、乳酸锌50mg／L、碳酸氢钠300mg／L、亚硫酸钠300mg／L、醋酸锌250mg／L组成的复合液护色效果最佳。乳酸钙100mg／L、氯化钙50mg／L、氯化镁150mg／L复合剂保脆效果最佳，护色剂与保脆剂的最佳配比为1：2。蕨菜真空冷冻干燥最佳条件是升华温度15℃、冷阱温度-55℃、真空度10Pa。     

鲜花保鲜六法

一、茶水保鲜法。一般用清水插花，４～５天既逐渐枯萎。如果用稍浓一点的凉茶水插花，可保证插花在７～１０天内不会凋谢。 二、淡盐水保鲜法。在插花的瓶水中加入少许食盐，可延长保鲜时间２～３天。 三、啤酒保鲜法。因为啤酒中含有乙醇，能为花枝切口消毒防腐。啤酒中含有的糖及其它营养物质，又能为花枝提供营养，因而，在插花瓶中的清水内加进一点啤酒，可有效地延长鲜花的保鲜时间。 四、阿斯匹林液保鲜法。在插花的瓶水中加进些阿斯匹林溶液，可使鲜花的保鲜时间延长３～４天。 五、扩大切口保鲜法。将花枝基部斜切，并在扩大的切口…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.