Mineral Requirements of Penaeus vannamei: A Preliminary Examination of the Dietary Essentiality for Thirteen Minerals

Diets containing a complete mineral premix or mineral premixes from which Ca, P, Na, CI, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se, or Cr were individually deleted were fed to juvenile Penaeus vunnamei (mean initial weight 79.5 mg) over a 4-week experimental period. Final mean percent weight gain ranged from 1,472 (Cu-free mineral premix) to 1,991% (Na-free mineral premix) with an average of 1,812% for all treatments. Survival during the first two week period and the second two week period was greater than 92% and 88%, respectively. There were no significant differences observed among treatments for growth and survival data.
Upon termination of the growth trial, the hepatopancreas and carapace were dissected from the shrimp and evaluated for ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu content. Of the minerals analyzed, the individual deletion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu from the mineral supplement resulted in reduced tissue mineralization in P. vannamei whereas, the deletion of Ca and P from the mineral mix did not produce significant responses. Deletion of Se from the mineral premix resulted in a significant increase in the ash content of the carapace. Based on the information provided by this and other studies, further investigation of the dietary requirements of P. vannamei for Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Se is recommended.     

Changes in mineral concentrations in amberjack Seriola dumerili larvae during seed production: high concentrations of certain minerals in rotifers do not directly affect the mineral concentrations in larvae

This study examined the changes in mineral concentrations in amberjack Seriola dumerili larvae during seed production taking into consideration the mineral concentrations of rotifers in the larval rearing tanks (tank rotifers), since the concentrations of certain minerals in tank rotifers have been reported to be very high. In the present study, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn in tank rotifers were generally higher than in freshly enriched rotifers. The extent of the increase in tank rotifers varied depending on the mineral, larval production facility and larval production trial. Concentrations of Ca in the larvae increased as they grew, those of P and Mn increased up to ca. 30 days post-hatching (DPH), those of Mg and Fe increased up to ca. 20 DPH and then decreased, and those of Zn continuously decreased through the seed production periods (to ca. 40 DPH). However, there were no clear relationships between the mineral concentrations of the tank rotifers and the larvae. These results indicate that high concentrations of minerals in tank rotifers are not directly reflected in amberjack larvae. This suggests that amberjack larvae maintain their mineral status by controlling the uptake and/or excretion of food minerals.     

Essentiality of dietary calcium supplement in redlip mullet Liza haematocheila

This study was conducted to determine the essentiality of dietary calcium supplement to redlip mullet Liza haematocheila . Juvenile fish were fed four purified experimental diets containing 2.0 g kg^–1 Ca from calcium lactate (diet 1), no supplemental Ca (diet 2), and 2.0 g and 25.0 g kg^–1 Ca from tricalcium phosphate (TCP, diets 3 and 4), respectively. At the end of the 10-week experiment, growth was significantly lower in fish fed diet 2 than fish fed all other diets. This suggests that redlip mullet do not obtain adequate Ca from sea water. Fish fed diets 3 and 4 showed growth performances similar to fish fed diet 1. However, dietary TCP negatively affected bone mineralization of Zn, Mn, K and Fe. The Ca, Zn and Fe levels in liver were low in fish fed TCP-supplemented diets. From these findings, it may be concluded that a dietary Ca supplement is necessary for redlip mullet. Although this species can use dietary TCP as a Ca source for growth, an easily digestible Ca (monobasic or dibasic) supplement to a TCP-rich diet is also essential to maintain normal mineral levels in tissues.     

花鳗、欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉无机元素的分析

采用电感耦合等等子体发射光谱仪对花鳗、欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉无机元素组成进行了测定。结果表明:花鳗肌肉中Ca含量最高,P含量次之。欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉中P含量最高,Ca含量次之。三种鳗鲡肌肉中Na、Mg、K含量相近且高低顺序相同,花鳗肌肉中常量元素和Zn、Fe、Mn的含量均高于欧鳗和日本鳗。三种鳗鲡肌肉中均含人体不可缺少的微量元素Zn。据此可认为花鳗营养价值最高。     

Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

Selection of marine species and meals for cephalopod feeding based on their essential mineral composition

A quantitative analysis of the essential mineral content (mg kg^?1 dry weight) was carried out in 31 samples, including molluscs, crustaceans, fish and meals in an attempt to identify those most suitable for formulating cephalopod diets. The mineral ratios (MR: content in the test sample/content in whole Octopus vulgaris) were used as index of nutritional quality. Both crustaceans and oysters presented an optimal profile that covered the macro‐ and microelements composition of O. vulgaris. These samples differed from the rest by their higher Ca, Mg, B, Cu and Zn contents based on a principal component analysis. Fish were deficient in macroelements, such as Na (MR: 70–420 g kg^?1) and Mg (MR: 220–690 g kg^?1), but would be good source of K, Ca and P. Most fish were also deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu, although the copper content would be the most affected (MR: 3–130 g kg^?1). Fish and krill meals showed a high content of Ca and P, although both would be deficient in Na (MR: 440–470 g kg^?1) and Cu (130–540 g kg^?1), along with K, Fe and Zn in krill and Mg and B in fish. Among the plant meals, sunflower and soybean were the most appropriate, presenting higher total content of minerals and MRs above 1000 g kg^?1 for all minerals, except Na, Cu and Zn.     

Acute toxicity of inorganic fertilizers to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Teugals)

Abstract. Acute toxicity of Ca(OH)₂, NPK, Na₃PO₄ 12H₂O and NaNO₃ fertilizers on Clarias gariepinus (Teugals) was investigated in glass aquaria. Results showed that Ca(OH)3 was the most toxic of the four fertilizers. Na3PO4.12H2O and NaNO3 were less toxic. The 96-h LC50 for the fertilizers ranged from 33.9 mg/l for Ca(OH)2 to 1258.9 mg/1 for NaNO3. It is concluded that secondary application of these fertilizers in stocked ponds should be avoided.     

Purification and characterization of a matrix shell protein from the shell of scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   A new protein named MSP-SC (matrix shell protein from scallop) with a molecular weight of 14 kDa was isolated from the shell of a scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis , using gel filtration column chromatography, ion exchange column chromatography, and reverse phase C4 column chromatography. A comparison of the known protein sequences with the N-terminal sequence of MSP-SC showed that the protein sequence of MSP-SC was novel. Immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody against MSP-SC showed that MSP-SC is expressed in the mantle pallial cell layer but not in the muscle tissue, and showed a punctate distribution along the horizontal calcified layer in the shell. The isolated MSP-SC inhibited the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals in a dose-dependent manner. The CaCO₃ crystals grown in the presence of a lower concentration of MSP-SC were much larger and aggregated when compared with those formed in the absence of MSP-SC. In addition, the crystal had a radial and not cubical morphology. These results suggest that MSP-SC regulates the formation and the morphology of CaCO₃ crystals in the shell. Moreover, its ability to aggregate CaCO₃ crystals and its localization along the horizontal calcified layer in the shell suggest that MSP-SC may serve to connect the CaCO₃ layers in the scallop shell.     

Mineral composition in the holdfast of three brown algae of the genus Laminaria

SUMMARY: The mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn) contents in the holdfast of three brown algae of the genus Laminaria were determined to compare with those in frond and stipe. The wild and cultivated kelps of Laminaria japonica , L. ochotensis , and L. diabolica were used as samples. The K content was markedly high (11.76–14.91 g/100 g dry weight) in the holdfast of cultivated L. japonica; the K/Na ratio (3.88–5.18) of the holdfast was greater than those of frond and stipe as well as the reported values of frond (1.0–2.2). The content of Ca in the holdfasts of these three species was also higher than those in frond and stipe. The content of Mn showed the same tendency. This is the first report showing that the holdfast of L. japonica and L. diabolica is rich in minerals, especially K.     

Regression Analysis of Soil Chemical Composition for Two Shrimp Farms in Texas

Several nutrients, pH, organic matter, and total soluble salts of surface soil from 81 ponds on two Texas shrimp farms were measured. The relationship between shrimp yield and soil characteristics was analyzed statistically. Shrimp yield was negatively correlated with soil concentrations of S, P, NO₃^-, B, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, and total water-soluble salts. Shrimp yield was directly correlated with soil concentrations of Fe, Mn, and organic matter. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that Ca and S concentrations explained 54% of the variation in shrimp yield.     

Liver oil of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 as a lipid source in the feed of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879)

The efficacy of pharaoh cuttlefish ( Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831) liver lipid in the feed for juveniles of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) was tested by feeding five experimental diets prepared using clam meat, groundnut oil cake, wheat bran, tapioca powder, vitamin–mineral mixture and cellulose powder as the major ingredients. The test diets T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅, containing five levels (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%, respectively) of lipid, extracted from the liver of pharaoh cuttlefish, were fed to 30-day-old prawn juveniles for 60 days, in triplicates and compared against a control. Analysis of variance of the growth parameters showed that the juveniles fed with T₂, containing 2% cuttlefish liver lipid with a total lipid content of 9.85% and lipid–carbohydrate ratio of 1 : 3.8, showed significantly better growth ( P  < 0.05) with the highest weight gain of 118%, greatest food conversion and protein utilization efficiency, and the highest body protein content, although the survival rates remained unaffected among treatments. Growth of the juveniles, however, declined at lipid levels >2%. Addition of cuttlefish liver lipid led to an increase of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids in T₂, the proportion of ω-6 being higher than the former. The crude lipid content of the body of test animals also increased with the increase in dietary lipid from 1.51% in T₁ to 3.27% in T₅. The present study indicates that cuttlefish liver lipid can be successfully used as a substitute for conventional lipid sources in rearing juveniles of giant freshwater prawn, an eco-friendly practice in recycling cuttlefish waste – a discarded fishery by-product.     

Binding characteristics of the Zn-binding membrane protein from common carp

ABSTRACT:    This study incorporated the 43 kDa Zn-binding membrane protein isolated from common carp into liposome. The specificity and strength of the binding of ⁶⁵Zn to the 43 kDa protein-liposomes, and the binding of the ⁶⁵Zn-labeled 43 kDa protein-liposomes to laminin were studied. It was found that ⁶⁵Zn was bound to the external side of the 43 kDa protein-liposomes. Specific binding of ⁶⁵Zn to the protein-liposomes was detected. The binding parameter of Zn to the protein was found to be: maximum binding site (N_max), 76.7 pmole/µg protein (approx. 3 mole of Zn²⁺/mole); and equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), 0.19 µM. Of the cations introduced (Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺,Co²⁺, Cr²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺), only Co²⁺ competed significantly with Zn. The protein-liposomes were also found to bind specifically to laminin with a N_max of 1.1 pmole/µg laminin, and Kd of 4.79 µM. No significant protein-liposome binding occurred to other extracellular matrix proteins (fibronectin, fibrinogen or vitronectin). Furthermore, the binding was specifically inhibited by the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide or GRGDSPG, while two other analogs (GRGESPG and GRADSPG) were without effect.     

Evaluation of potassium permanganate against an experimental subacute infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

An experiment was performed to evaluate the efficacy of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) as a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of an experimental subacute infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus . Fish were cutaneously abraded and divided into five treatment groups: (i) challenged by waterborne exposure to F. columnare and not treated with KMnO₄ (positive control), (ii) challenged and simultaneously treated with KMnO_4, (iii) challenged and treated with KMnO₄ at 1, 6 and 9 days post-challenge, (iv) not challenged and treated with KMnO₄ at 1, 6 and 9 days post-challenge (first negative control) and (v) not challenged and not treated (second negative control). The dosing of KMnO₄ was 2.0 mg L⁻¹ above the potassium permanganate demand for 2 h duration. The survival of the group challenged and simultaneously treated with KMnO₄ (99%) was significantly higher than the positive control (78%) and was not significantly different from the negative control groups. The challenged fish treated with KMnO₄ post-challenge had 7% higher survival than the positive control (85% compared with 78%), but that difference was not statistically significant. The results demonstrate that KMnO₄ has a clear prophylactic value but probably a marginal therapeutic value once the infection has established.     

Effects of Dietary Chlorella ellipsoidea Supplementation on Growth, Blood Characteristics, and Whole-Body Composition in Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chlorella powder (C) supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics, and whole-body composition in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Four experimental diets were supplemented with C at 0, 1, 2 and 4% (C₀, C₁, C₂, and C₄) on a dry-weight basis. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 1.13 ± 0.02 g (Mean ± SD) were randomly distributed in each aquarium and fed one of four experimental diets for 12 wk. After 12 wk of the feeding trial, fish fed C₂ diet had higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than did fish fed C₀ and C₁ diets ( P 0.05); however, there was no significant difference among fish fed C₁ and C₄ diets, and among fish fed C₂ and C₄ diets ( P > 0.05). Fish fed C₂ and C₄ diets had a lower serum cholesterol level than did fish fed C₀ and C₁ diets ( P 0.05). Fish fed C₂ and C₄ diets had a lower body fat than did fish fed C₀ ( P 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 2% Chlorella powder in the commercial diets could improve growth, feed utilization, serum cholesterol level, and whole-body fat contents in juvenile Japanese flounder.     

Different levels of organic trace minerals in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles alter gut characteristics and body composition,but not growth

Thirty groups of twenty juveniles each of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, initial average weight 23.93 ± 0.80 g) were fed diets containing increasing amounts (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of levels used by the tilapia feed industry) of organic trace mineral (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se) supplementation for 56 days. Growth was not affected by the dose of mineral supplementation. However, body protein increased in fish fed intermediate doses of organic minerals, reaching a maximum at 40.44% supplementation. Doses >50% showed mild damage to the intestinal tissue. Body Fe, Zn and Cu deposition were highest at 28.32%, 24.43% and 78.45% supplementation, respectively. Tilapia could modulate intestinal morphology when fed different doses of organic minerals. As the supplementation doses increased, hemosiderin staining increased in the distal intestine and total body Fe content, indicating that the distal region of the intestine plays an important role in iron excretion by tilapia. Supplementation of organic trace minerals at intermediate doses does not harm Nile tilapia growth, but excessive trace mineral supplementation can impair body protein retention and promote histological alterations in the gut.     

In vitro hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in tissues of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

The in vitro metabolism of ¹⁴CD₃ and ³H25OHD₃ was investigated in different tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus , Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua . The tissues analysed were liver, kidney, head kidney, gills, spleen and intestine. The metabolites were extracted in methanol–chloroform and separated by normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by scintillation counting. Identification of the metabolites was by comigration with standards on normal and reversed-phase HPLC systems and by protein-binding assays. All tissues from all species analysed produced hydroxylated derivatives identified as 25OHD₃, 24,25(OH)₂D₃ and 1,25(OH)₂D₃. In addition, some unidentified derivatives were recorded, one probably being 25,26(OH)₂D₃. Organs producing great amounts of one metabolite also produced considerable amounts of the other possible derivatives, suggesting a lower degree of specificity in fish organs than in human organs. The predominating metabolite was 24,25(OH)₂D₃ in all organs from salmon and mackerel during incubation with ¹⁴CD₃ and within most organs from all species during ³H25OHD₃ incubation. The latter observation probably results from the need for decreasing rather than increasing the calcium absorption in these species, which live at least some periods of life in a marine environment.     

黄颡鱼不同组织矿物元素的分布及含量

为了探究鱼类不同组织中矿物元素的含量，实验以养殖黄颡鱼为对象，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了黄颡鱼18个组织(心脏、肝脏、脑、脾脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪、前肠、中后肠、眼睛、鳃、尾鳍、鱼鳔、骨骼、胃、皮肤、血液、全鱼)中7种矿物元素(Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和Se)的含量与分布。结果显示，Ca在骨骼、鳃、尾鳍和肌肉中占比较高，在尾鳍和骨骼中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Mg在骨骼和肌肉中占比较高，在骨骼和尾鳍中含量最高，在眼睛中含量最低；Zn在骨骼、肌肉、皮肤和眼睛中占比较高，在眼睛中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Fe在骨骼、血液和肌肉中占比较高，在血液中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Cu在骨骼、肌肉和肝脏中占比较高，在肾脏和肝脏中含量较高，而在脂肪和眼睛中含量最低；Mn在骨骼和肌肉中占比较高，在骨骼和尾鳍中含量较高，在眼睛和脂肪中含量较低；Se在肌肉、骨骼、皮肤和肝脏中占比较高，在脾脏、肝脏、肾脏和前肠中含量较高，在肌肉和脂肪中含量较低。研究表明，黄颡鱼体内含有丰富的矿物元素(Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Se)，而且在不同组织中具有不同的分布特征。研究采用ICP...     

Gel forming ability of fish meat oxidized during washing

ABSTRACT: In order to examine the effect of meat oxidation on the gel forming ability before grinding the meat with salt, fish meat was washed with CuCl₂ solution, and the gel strength as well as total sulfhydryl (SH) groups and sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns were analysed. Washing with CuCl₂ solution resulted in a decrease in the total SH content of fish meat and the formation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) dimer through disulfide bonding. The plot of logarithmic gel strength versus protein concentration after heating the washed meat at 80°C in the presence of 3% NaCl to form a gel illustrated that the gel forming ability of meats washed with CuCl₂ solution was weaker than the control meat. The gel of meat washed with CuCl₂ showed the polymerization of MHC and MHC dimers through disulfide bonding much more than the control meat gel, although a small decrease in the SH group content after heating. Further washing with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution to remove CuCl₂ from the CuCl₂-washed meat also resulted in similar behavior for MHC polymerization and SH content as the CuCl₂-washed meat, and the gel was still weaker than the control gel. It was found that the oxidation of SH groups during washing with CuCl₂ solution accompanied by MHC dimer formation in the meat results in the weakening of its gel forming ability.     

Microbial Phytase Supplementation in Rohu, Labeo rohita, Diets Enhances Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility

Abstract.— A feeding trial was conducted for 60 d to study the effect of dietary microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of rohu, Labeo rohita , fingerlings. One hundred and twenty fingerlings (average initial weight: 9.17 g/fish) were equally distributed into five experimental tanks, each with four replicates. Five isonitrogenous (35%) and isocaloric (16.79 kJ/g) diets were prepared from plant-based ingredients, supplemented with microbial phytase at the level of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 U/kg diets and fed to T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups, respectively. Weight gain %, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent net protein utilization were significantly ( P  < 0.05) improved in groups fed phytase-supplemented diets compared to control, the highest being observed in T₃ group. Maximum apparent digestibility of phosphorus and crude protein was recorded in T₃ group. Bone ash, phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) contents were also significantly ( P  < 0.05) increased in phytase-fed groups. However, maximum was recorded in T₃ group. Results from the present study indicated that addition of 750 U microbial phytase/kg diets effectively improved nutrient utilization, bone mineralization, and hence growth of L. rohita fingerlings.     

Role of sodium bicarbonate on the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel

ABSTRACT:   In order to find out the role of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) on the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica , interactions were investigated between NaHCO₃ and various reagents (K⁺ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine [4-AP], ammonium chloride [NH₄Cl], sodium acetate and calcium chloride [CaCl₂]) that could regulate internal factors (intracellular K⁺, intracellular pH [[pH]_i] and intracellular Ca²⁺) in sperm motility. Contradictory effects of NaHCO₃ were observed (i.e. an inhibitory effect when 4-AP was absent and a promoting effect when 4-AP was present). Sodium bicarbonate inhibited the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel. However, NaHCO₃ restored the motility of immotile sperm that 4-AP inhibited. The inhibitory effect of NaHCO₃ disappeared with the addition of NH₄Cl, which raised [pH]_i, but the promoting effect was not affected by [pH]_i. Although NaHCO₃ recovered motility in the presence of 4-AP, this recovery was also observed with the addition of CaCl₂ instead of NaHCO₃. In the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel, two roles for NaHCO₃ are suggested: an inhibitory role relating to the regulation of [pH]_i and a promoting role relating to the uptake of another initiation factor, which could be Ca²⁺.