内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发生发育规律研究

以阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期55d至初生10个阶段的头顶、颈侧、髫甲、颈上缘、肩胛、体侧、背部、荐部、股部、腹部10个部位皮肤为样品，制作横切和纵切切片，观测皮肤毛囊性状的发育规律。结果表明：各部位表皮在胎龄55～65d均形成完整的结构，在胎龄85～95d达到最厚；真皮厚度在胎龄95～125d增长幅度较大。胎龄55d见到初级毛囊原始体，胎龄65d见到次级毛囊原始体，次级毛囊是初级毛囊的一个分支。胎龄85d见到皮脂腺，胎龄95d绒、毛开始形成，见到汗腺，有粗毛长出体表，绒毛在胎龄115d长出体表。各部位初级毛囊在胎龄95～115d增长速度较快，次级毛囊在胎龄105～125d增长速度较快；初级毛囊密度在胎龄75～85d最大，次级毛囊密度在胎龄105～125d达到最大，S／P在胎龄115d至初生时达到最大。胎龄105d已经形成完整的毛囊群结构，主要为三元毛囊群。     

云南半细毛羊不同发育阶段皮肤毛囊性状的发育规律研究

本研究选择了 58只母羔 ( 38只单羔、2 0只双羔 ) ,分别于初生、断乳、6月龄、周岁时采取皮肤样品 ,采用横切和纵切连续切片法 ,在皮脂腺水平上观测皮肤毛囊群结构及毛囊性状发育规律。结果表明 :云南半细毛羊皮肤毛囊群结构为三元型 ,毛囊群呈长椭园形 ,皮脂腺较发达 ,毛囊较少弯曲 ,生长方向一致。毛囊性状初生时与断乳、6月龄、周岁时差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其余各年龄段间除皮肤厚度和真皮层厚差异显著 (P <0 0 5)外 ,其余差异都不显著 ,说明毛囊性状在断乳 ( 4月龄 )时已基本稳定 ,断乳时的毛囊性状即可代表周岁时的毛囊性状。初生、断乳、6月龄、周岁时的皮肤总毛囊数 (个 /mm2 )分别为4 7 4 4± 7 73、2 9 0 0± 6 4 9、2 9 2 9± 6 4 2和 2 9 79± 6 0 7,S/P值分别为 3 52± 0 91、6 0 0± 1 1 3、6 6 3± 0 95和 7 39± 1 2 6。单双羔在毛囊发育上有不同 ,这种差别差异不显著 ,但数量上的差异一直持续到断乳     

力克斯兔被毛生物学特性研究

力克斯兔的初级毛囊、次级毛囊于胚胎的18－24天先后出现，基皮肤表皮、真皮的发生与分化于胚胎的24天已基本完成，26胎龄时，初级毛囊结构分化完全，并可见到皮脂腺，26胎龄至仔兔出生，是表皮和毛囊分化出的各组成成分的进一步生长阶段。仔兔出生以后，皮肢表皮和毛囊的结构均无明显变化，但表皮厚度稍有增加、毛囊仍继续向真皮，只是远不及胚胎期迅速。表上的增长及毛囊的生长速度，在不同部位之间无显著差异，而不同胎龄（月龄）之间存在显著或极显著的差异。力克斯兔皮肤的毛囊群结构很有规律，每一毛囊群由2－6个扇形分布的亚毛囊群组成，每一亚毛囊群中又含有5－12个分生毛囊和衍生分生毛囊。力克斯兔出生以后，其衍生分生毛囊数的增加几科与体表面积的增大呈比例，致使各月龄之间毛囊密度无显著差异，但不同部位之间，毛囊密度差异显著。力克斯兔被毛因粗毛含量少、分布均匀、直径也小， 毛纤维短、细，且粗细毛长度一致，密度大、强度大、伸度小（与新西兰白兔比较），从而构成了力克斯兔被毛具有弹性强、柔软性好、平整、美观、经久耐磨等特征。通过扫描电镜及光学显微镜对力克斯兔、新西兰白名锿安哥拉兔三个不同类型的兔种的兔毛纤维鳞片排列形态及髓腔结构的观察，发现不同类型之间，鳞片的排列形态不同，但髓腔结构的差异不明显。     

Seasonal influences on quantitative changes in sweat-associated anatomy in native and thoroughbred horses

Stereological techniques were used to assess seasonal influences on morphometric characteristics of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands in abattoir pelts of ponies (PN), thoroughbred (TB) and non-thoroughbred (NTB) horses. Volume density of sweat glands increased significantly from winter (0.061) to summer (0.098) in TB, and showed no change in NTB and a positive tendency in PN. There might be a body surface area : volume effect for sweat gland parameters as PN had smaller values than either TB or NTB, probably attributable to control of heat loss in winter. In summer, the skin remained thick and the volume density of sebaceous glands was increased in NTB, in contrast to TB where both were decreased. It is possible that in summer, sebum has a particular importance in NTB to enhance wicking of sweat through the pelt. TB showed significantly higher volume measurements of sebaceous glands than NTB and PN for winter: sebum has probably a special importance for water-proofing in TB in winter. PN showed no significant seasonal changes in sebaceous glands, but had a thinner summer skin. Winter values for hair follicle volume density between equine groups were similar (TB, NTB 0.066; PN 0.059), as was skin thickness (1.14-1.19 mm). The volume density lowered significantly in summer in TB and NTB. The volume of hair follicles under a unit area of skin surface decreased significantly in TB and nonsignificantly in NTB and PN. The seasonal adaptations of the skin shown here were most pronounced in TB and differed between breeds.     

初生水貂皮肤毛囊发育组织学观察

为了解水貂皮肤毛囊发育的变化规律,本试验采集0～6周龄初生的美国短毛黑公水貂的背中部皮肤样品,用HE染色法制备组织切片,在显微镜下观察其皮肤毛囊结构及变化规律。结果发现,水貂的皮肤在出生前就已经基本发育完成,初级毛囊、次级毛囊的毛干具有髓质;水貂出生时可见初级毛囊而无次级毛囊,初级毛囊的密度随周龄的增加而增加,于4周龄后降低,初级毛囊在水貂4周龄后不再发育或很少发育, 4周龄时可见次级毛囊,次级毛囊随水貂体表的增长毛密度增加,且在水貂出生后大量发育。水貂6周龄时S/P值为2.95±0.23,次级毛囊仍将大量发育。水貂背中部表皮呈先增厚后变薄的变化,真皮随着周龄的增加而增厚;初级毛囊、次级毛囊随周龄的增加而加深。     

Localization of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in the sebaceous gland of the dorsal region in the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica)

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) was believed to be an exclusive protein found in the brown adipose tissue of small rodents and humans; however, recent studies show that the expression of UCP-1 protein has been found in the sebaceous glands of the mouse tail and human skin. There are a few reports about the presence of UCP-1 in the sebaceous glands of other rodents, such as the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica), a wild spiny rodent commonly found in Indonesia with a large sebaceous gland. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of UCP-1 in the sebaceous glands on the skin of the Sunda porcupine. The skin from three regions (thoracodorsal, lumbosacral and apex caudal) of eight adult Sunda porcupines was used to detect UCP-1-immunopositive cells through immunohistochemistry. All three regions were found immunopositive to anti-UCP-1 antibody in the sebaceous gland of quill and hair follicles, and the epidermal layer in quill and hair follicles with various intensities. The result of immunohistochemistry revealed that the thoracodorsal and apex caudal region was the most intense immunoreaction followed by the lumbosacral region. These findings proved that the presence of UCP-1 was also identified in the sebaceous glands of other rodent (Hystrix javanica) and regions of the body, which has not been reported previously.     

Influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor immunohistochemistry

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oestrogen receptor alpha staining in a variety of breeds and skin conditions. The influence of inflammation and coat type on the presence and intensity of oestrogen receptor alpha staining was evaluated. Approximately 1700 haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides of skin biopsies were screened for presence of small hair bulbs. Slides from 94 cases were submitted for oestrogen receptor alpha immunohistochemistry. H&E-stained skin biopsy tissues were examined for inflammation and hair follicle stages. Oestrogen receptor alpha staining characteristics of telogen follicles, flame follicles, large anagen bulbs, small hair bulbs and early anagen hairs (capped bulbs) were recorded. To assess the influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types, chi-square tests, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression models were performed. Slides were classified as inflammatory (65) and noninflammatory (29). There were no statistically significant differences in oestrogen receptor staining when comparing inflammatory to noninflammatory skin biopsies or skin biopsies from dogs with different coat types. A subset of 13 noninflammatory biopsies from alopecic skin was identified. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of flame follicles in this subset as compared to all others. Comparison of oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types from these biopsies and all other biopsies revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of mature telogen hair follicles stained in this subset. No statistical difference in staining of early follicle stages was noted. Therefore, the oestrogen receptor is unlikely to be the controlling factor for the transition from telogen to anagen in the dog.     

内蒙古白绒山羊皮肤毛囊发生发育规律的研究

本文研究了内蒙古白绒山羊从胎儿期到生后期皮肤毛囊的发生发育规律。在胎儿期，从４５日龄开始，每隔１５ｄ，用剖腹产手术的方法取胎儿３～５只，分别在头顶、颈上　甲、背、荐、颈侧、肩、体侧、股和腹等１０个部位采取约１×１ｃｍ的皮肤样本；生后期分初生、１～９个月、１岁、１岁半、２岁和３岁等１４个阶段，每阶段在活羊体侧部采取约１×１ｃｍ的皮肤样本。用石蜡切片法制做皮肤切片。经显微观测，得到如下结果：初级毛囊在胎儿期４５日龄前发生，次级毛囊在７５日龄前发生，皮脂腺和汗腺在７５日龄时出现，竖毛肌在９０日龄出现，粗毛１０５日龄时在全身各部位长出，绒毛在１２０日龄时长出。表皮在６０～７５日龄时形成完整结构，真皮层在７５～９０日龄时分化出乳头层和网状层。初级毛囊的发育在胎儿期１３５日龄时已完成，而次级毛囊发育直至出生后６月龄。毛囊群结构主要为三毛型，少数其它毛型。初次级毛囊比例为１：７～１３。     

催乳素及其受体在青年公羊驼皮肤中分布的研究

羊驼是一种经济价值很高的毛用动物，研究包括激素在内的各种因素对羊驼毛生长的调控极为重要。作者采用基因芯片杂交技术发现青年公羊驼皮肤中不仅存在PRL及其受体基因，而且还存在PRL相关蛋白基因，提示羊驼皮肤是PRL的一个垂体外合成部位，同时羊驼皮肤还可以合成PRL相关蛋白及PRL受体；通过荧光定量分析比较，认为羊驼皮肤合成的PRL是极少量的，垂体是PRL合成的主要部位；通过免疫组织化学技术确定PRL及其受体蛋白主要分布在羊驼毛囊上皮根鞘、表皮、皮脂腺等，提示PRL对羊驼皮肤及其衍生物可能以内分泌、自分泌和旁分泌的方式发挥作用。     

Idiopathic generalized sebaceous gland hyperplasia of the Border terrier: a morphometric study

Skin biopsies from five Border terriers with histologically confirmed idiopathic, generalized sebaceous gland hyperplasia (Group A) were compared morphometrically to those from four unaffected Border terriers (Group B) and the unaffected dogs to biopsies from four other terrier breeds (Group C). Dogs in Group A had significantly higher numbers of sebaceous gland lobules per hair follicle than those in Group B (P = 0.020) but there was no significant difference between Groups B and C. The total sebaceous gland lobular area per hair follicle was significantly higher in dogs in Group A than Group B (P = 0.020) but there were no differences between Groups B and C. There were no significant differences in the size of the individual sebaceous gland lobules. There were no significant differences in the total number of basal or mature sebocytes between Groups A and B but significantly lower numbers of both cell types were seen in Group C compared to Group B. There were significantly more basal sebaceous cells undergoing mitosis in dogs in Group A than Group B (P = 0.017) but no significant difference between Groups B and C. These results indicate that the physical signs of sebaceous gland hyperplasia are caused by an increase in the number of sebaceous gland lobules and total lobular area. Border terriers may be genetically predisposed to the development of idiopathic generalized sebaceous gland hyperplasia compared with other dog breeds but also to sebaceous gland hyperplasia secondary to other dermatopathies.     

绒山羊次级毛囊基因表达滞后性的转录组分析

毛囊是具有高度的自我更新能力、独特的可再生器官,其周期性变化是一个动态过程,为了研究毛囊差异基因表达变化情况,文章以内蒙古绒山羊生长期毛囊为研究对象,利用Illumina高通量测序技术方法,检测6~10月皮肤毛囊差异基因表达变化情况,寻找对绒毛生长及质量具有调控作用的特异表达基因。试验发现,多数差异基因分别在初级毛囊（PF）的7、8月份和次级毛囊的（SF）8、9月份表达;在绒毛生长期的相邻月份中,发现FAM83C、LOC102185501、FYCO1、CTTNBP2NL、C6orf132、KRTAP29-1 和 CRYBG3 7个共同差异表达基因呈现相同的表达趋势,且在次级毛囊上的表达变化均比初级毛囊滞后1个月。综上所述,次级毛囊在基因表达调控中存在一定的滞后性,这将为绒毛周期生长发育和分子育种提供重要的理论基础。     

幼年牦牛不同部位皮肤毛囊的组织学结构及TGF-β2与HIF-1α差异性表达分析

旨在探究幼年牦牛皮肤毛囊的组织学结构和TGF-β2及HIF-1α对幼年牦牛皮肤毛囊生长发育的影响，选取10头健康幼年牦牛，采集其颈部、背部、胸部、腹部、小腿部、腋下及阴囊皮肤组织，制作石蜡切片后，采用HE和Sacpic染色，对各部位皮肤组织中毛囊进行观察和计数，并筛选出多毛及少毛部位。利用qRT-PCR、Western blot及免疫组织化学法对TGF-β2和HIF-1α在幼年牦牛多毛皮肤和少毛皮肤进行定位与定量的初步研究。结果表明，幼年牦牛皮肤的毛囊分布于真皮层，常与汗腺及皮脂腺伴行，毛髓质及内根鞘结构不完整。Sacpic染色可见毛囊内根鞘为红色，外根鞘为苍绿色，结缔组织鞘为蓝绿色。腹部皮肤的毛囊数量最多[（2 085±15）个·cm^-2]，阴囊数量最少[（158±15）个·cm^-2]。免疫组织化学结果显示，TGF-β2及HIF-1α主要表达在表皮层、毛囊外根鞘、皮脂腺及汗腺。TGF-β2在阴囊和腋下的mRNA转录水平和蛋白质表达水平均显著高于腹部和背部。HIF-1α在腹部的mRNA转录水平和蛋白质表达水平均显著高于其他三个部位。幼年牦牛的毛囊处于退行期，在腹部数量最多，背部次之，阴囊最少；TGF-β2和HIF-1α在不同部位皮肤中的表达水平存在显著差异，为进一步研究TGF-β2和HIF-1α对牦牛皮肤毛囊生长发育的影响提供理论依据。     

催乳素对内蒙古绒山羊毛囊体外培养影响的研究

【目的】 研究催乳素（PRL）对内蒙古绒山羊初级毛囊和次级毛囊体外生长及形态变化的影响。【方法】 机械法结合切割法分离内蒙古绒山羊的初级毛囊和次级毛囊,在初级毛囊培养液中分别添加0、5、10、50、100 ng/mL催乳素进行体外培养,每组24根,共培养5 d,每天在显微镜下观察其形态并拍照,统计其生长长度、生长速度和存活率,筛选出最适催乳素处理浓度。然后将初级毛囊与次级毛囊分别分为初级毛囊对照组（PF-K）、初级毛囊试验组（PF-PRL）、次级毛囊对照组（SF-K）、次级毛囊试验组（SF-PRL）,每组24根,对照组用基础培养液培养,试验组在基础培养液中添加最适浓度的催乳素,培养5 d,每天观察毛囊的形态并拍照,同时测量各组毛囊的生长长度。【结果】 10 ng/mL催乳素组毛囊的平均日生长长度均极显著高于其他浓度组（P<0.01）,最终生长长度和存活率均最高,因此,后续试验选择10 ng/mL催乳素处理毛囊。试验组和对照组初/次级毛囊的毛干与根鞘部位同时伸长,随着培养时间的增加均出现不同程度的弯曲。PF-PRL、SF-PRL组毛囊在2~5 d的总长度分别极显著高于PF-K、SF-K组（P<0.01）。PF-K组除第1天与第0天差异不显著外,1~5 d毛囊的总长度依次显著增加（P<0.05）;PF-PRL组0~5 d毛囊的总长度依次显著增加（P<0.05）。SF-K组毛囊第5天的总长度显著高于0~4 d （P<0.05）;SF-PRL组第4、5天毛囊的总长度均显著高于0~3 d （P<0.05）,第3天毛囊的总长度显著高于0~2 d （P<0.05）。PF-PRL、SF-PRL组毛囊在2~5 d的平均日生长长度分别极显著高于PF-K、SF-K组（P<0.01）。【结论】 10 ng/mL催乳素是体外促进毛囊生长的最适浓度,10 ng/mL催乳素对体外培养的内蒙古绒山羊的初级毛囊和次级毛囊均有极显著的促生长作用。     

毛囊干细胞的分离方法及其应用

毛囊干细胞是皮肤组织工程理想的种子细胞,分离纯化是其研究的基础手段。毛囊干细胞能分化成毛囊、皮脂腺、表皮,在组织维持与更新及某些临床疾病的治疗中均起到重要的作用。作者介绍了近年来毛囊干细胞几种常用的分离纯化方法,包括组织块法和酶消化法等,为进一步研究毛囊干细胞的特性和应用提供参考。     

羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育及调控机制的研究概述

中国绵山羊养殖历史悠久,品种资源丰富,在国民经济中起重要作用。羊毛按纤维类型可分为同质毛和异质毛,同质毛的特点是被毛由同一类型的羊毛纤维组成,其特点是羊毛的纤维直径、长度、卷曲等外表特征基本相同,异质毛的特点是被毛中兼有绒毛、有髓毛、无卷曲和少卷毛等不同类型的羊毛纤维,其化学、物理性能均不相同。毛囊是控制哺乳动物被毛生长的重要器官,是唯一具有周期性发育并可终生再生的器官,控制着被毛发生发育与自然脱落。毛囊依据其形成时间和结构可分为初级毛囊(primary follicles)和次级毛囊(secondary follicles),初级毛囊生长髓质发达的粗毛,次级毛囊产生无髓毛的绒毛。有髓毛较粗长且弯曲少,多用于加工粗纺织品、毛毯、地毯、毡制品;无髓毛直径一般不超40 μm,弯曲多,是毛纺工业的优质原料。毛囊的发育受到不同信号通路和基因的影响,如Wnt信号通路、骨形态发生蛋白质(BMP)信号通路、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)信号通路、音猬因子(SHH)信号通路、Notch信号通路等以及角蛋白家族基因、BMPs家族基因、同源异型盒基因(Hox)等。作者对国内外对绵山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育及调控机制进行综述,以期为提高以绵山羊被毛产量及改善被毛品质为主要育种目标的选育提供参考。     

Follicle and fibre characteristics of Indian pashmina goats

The hair follicle and fibre characteristics of Cheghu and Changthangi pashmina goats are reported. The average numbers of primary follicles mm-2 were 6.80, 5.20, 5.67 and 4.00; secondary follicles 42.40, 27.10, 38.56 and 29.67; secondary to primary follicle ratio 6.46, 5.78, 6.79 and 7.60; total follicle population 49.20, 32.30, 44.22 and 33.67 in Cheghu females, Cheghu males, Changthangi females and Changthangi males, respectively. The breed difference was not significant for any of these traits, but the sex difference was significant for a number of secondary follicles and total density. Study of fleece characteristics of Cheghu goats in a 1 cm2 area of five body regions, namely, neck, shoulder, mid-side, flank and abdomen, showed that females had finer fibres (12.06 to 12.12 micron) than males (13.04 to 13.64 micron) in all regions. The pashmina length, pashmina diameter and fibre thickness ratio were significantly different between sexes and between body regions but hair/pashmina ratio and pashmina yield were significant for sex and body regions, respectively.     

Cell proliferation kinetics of epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands of cocker spaniels with idiopathic seborrhea

Cell proliferation kinetic values were established for the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, and sebaceous glands of 8 Cocker Spaniels with primary idiopathic seborrhea. Values were established by intradermal pulse labeling injections of tritiated thymidine followed by cutaneous biopsy and autoradiography. The epidermal basal cell-labeling index was 4.96 +/- 0.97%, and the epidermal nucleated cell-labeling index was 3.33 +/- 0.71%. Calculated epidermal cell renewal time for the viable layers of the epidermis was 7.85 +/- 1.80 days. The hair follicle infundibulum basal cell-labeling index was 5.48 +/- 2.01%, and the sebaceous gland basal cell-labeling index was 5.94 +/- 4.15%. When compared with previously reported cell kinetic values for Cocker Spaniels and Beagles with healthy skin, these data indicate accelerated cellular proliferation in all 3 cutaneous structures in seborrheic Cocker Spaniels.     

Skin distribution of imidacloprid by microautoradiography after topical administration to beagle dogs

To investigate the cutaneous distribution, localization, and persistence of imidacloprid in dogs, Advantage Topical Solution labeled with carbon 14 (14C) was topically applied as a single treatment at label rates and application pattern based on body weight to two adult beagles. One dog (8.5 kg) received 1.0 mL of the test solution at a single spot in the interscapular area (14 mg active ingredient/kg body weight); the second dog (12.3 kg) was treated with 2.5 mL of the test solution at four sites, each site receiving approximately 0.625 mL, along the dorsal thoracic and lumbar spine area (21 mg active ingredient/kg body weight). Samples of hair, skin surface residue, and skin taken from the application sites and/or distal body regions of the dogs at four intervals between 7 and 56 days after treatment demonstrated the migration of 14C radioactivity from the application sites to distal areas of the canine haircoat and skin. The 14C radioactivity concentrations in the skin biopsy and stratum corneum samples diminished steadily over 56 days after treatment. Microautoradiography of the skin showed focal concentrations of radioactivity in the superficial epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. The presence of imidacloprid-derived radioactivity within hair follicles and sebaceous glands and on the skin surface is in good agreement with the reported efficacy of imidacloprid against fleas on dogs and cats for up to 1 month despite posttreatment bathing, shampooing, and/or swimming.     

不同日龄滩羊皮肤组织化学特征比较

为比较2、35日龄滩羊皮肤毛囊的发育特点与血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）和血管内皮生长因子受体2（vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2，VEGFR2）的分布特征，探究出生后滩羊被毛生长发育的变化特点，试验应用常规HE染色及改良Masson胶原纤维染色、Gomori银氨法染色、磷钨酸染色等特殊染色观察2与35日龄滩羊皮肤组织结构特点；应用免疫组织化学法结合免疫荧光染色法观察VEGF及VEGFR2在2与35日龄滩羊皮肤组织中的分布定位，并用IPP图像分析软件进行定量分析。结果显示：与2日龄滩羊皮肤组织比较，35日龄滩羊表皮与真皮间界限更加清晰，毛囊结构发育完整；毛囊密度显著降低（P<0.05）；胶原纤维与弹性纤维含量增加，形成网格状分布。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示，VEGF及VEGFR2在滩羊皮肤表皮及毛囊外根鞘、皮脂腺上均有表达。统计表明，VEGF及VEGFR2在2日龄滩羊皮肤组织中的表达量均显著高于35日龄（P<0.05）。综合上述结果，滩羊毛囊发育过程中，胶原纤维和弹性纤维增加明显；VEGF与VEGFR2通路在毛囊角质形成中起直接调节作用。