新疆伊犁河谷新垦绿洲土壤盐渍化空间特征分析

在新疆西部伊犁河谷察布查尔县农业示范区采集表层土壤84个,进行了土壤盐分、有机质、pH值和电导率等指标进行实验和统计学分析,探索新垦绿洲表层土壤盐分的空间变化规律及其成因。结果表明:示范区土壤盐渍化明显,主要为硫酸盐和氯化物硫酸盐盐渍化。盐渍化程度主要为轻度、中度盐渍化。示范区西部,盐渍化程度呈现由东南向西北逐渐增大的趋势。东部受洪积扇微地形起伏变化的影响,盐土呈现点片相间分布的格局。中部在垄状隆起区域盐渍化程度较重,两边洼陷部分盐渍化程度较轻。示范区土壤盐渍化过程受地下水、原始地形起伏、原生盐分和人工灌溉等结构性因素和随机性因素的影响。平整土地、灌排结合、林草间作是防治土壤次生盐渍化的主要措施。     

玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化时空动态变化

土壤盐渍化是土地荒漠化的重要方式之一,研究土壤盐渍化时空动态变化对土地管理利用具有重要意义。以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,采用1975年、1990年、2000年、2014年4期遥感影像为数据源,结合野外调查分析,分别提取了玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化信息,运用统计和空间分析方法对研究区近40 a的土壤盐渍化时空动态变化进行研究,并对引起其变化的驱动因子进行了分析。结果表明:（1）近40年玛纳斯河流域土壤受不同程度盐渍化侵扰复杂变化,总体呈逐渐减轻的趋势,其中重度盐渍化减少了2 369.4 km²,中度盐渍化处于稳定波动状态,轻度盐渍化增加了1 408.0 km²,耕地面积增加了3 443.5 km²;（2）玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化在空间上分布具有明显的区域性,其中重度、中度盐渍化主要分布在中游水库周围以及下游与古尔班通古特沙漠的过渡带,轻度盐渍化与耕地镶嵌分布;（3）玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化1975—1990年在空间总体变化上呈加重的趋势;1990—2000年在空间分布上呈减轻的趋势;2000—2014年又出现大面积的恶化趋势;（4）政策实施以及经济刺激是推动土壤盐渍化治理的有效措施。随着全球气候变暖,耕地面积的不断扩大,水资源利用的不合理,这将势必增加土壤盐渍化的不确定性。     

基于国产高分一号卫星数据的区域土壤盐渍化信息提取与建模

土壤盐渍化是干旱半干旱地区土地退化的主要原因之一,给当地生态系统和社会经济的可持续发展带来了严重的威胁,而对盐渍化空间分布信息的提取是治理盐渍化的基础。因此,选取生态脆弱区渭—库绿洲为研究区,利用2014年7月19日GF-1多光谱影像数据,提取光谱指数及波段信息,结合实际采样点的土壤表层电导率数据(0~10 cm),采用偏最小二乘回归模型(partial least squares regression,PLSR)对土壤盐渍化进行模拟,并对研究区盐渍化分布进行模拟和评估。结果表明:实测土壤表层电导率与光谱指数相关性较好;利用PLSR对渭—库绿洲土壤表层盐渍信息建模,对土壤盐渍化信息提取效果较好,精度较高;充分利用了GF-1影像包含的信息,提高了高分辨率遥感影像盐渍化信息提取的精度;非盐渍化和轻度盐渍化面积分别占总面积的42.88%和17.16%,绿洲中部偏东及东南区域,盐渍化现象稍弱,可成为今后绿洲扩张的重点方向;而中度盐渍化、重度盐渍化和盐土面积分别占总面积的29.51%、8.57%和1.88%,绿洲北部/西部及西南方向的重度盐渍化区域紧挨绿洲区域,已严重威胁了绿洲经济的健康发展,亟待治理。     

辽河三角洲土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析

土壤盐渍化是辽河三角洲可持续发展面临的主要环境问题之一。本研究在野外考察、GPS定点和土壤采样分析的基础上 ,给出了土壤盐渍化的程度和分布范围 ,并对不同土地利用方式下盐渍化特征进行了分析。最后利用对应分析方法 ,选择了两组不同的特征变量对土壤盐渍化状况进行探讨     

新疆干旱区土地盐渍化信息提取及实证分析

对提取干旱区盐渍化信息的若干方法进行了评述,并且选取位于干旱区地带的盐渍化典型区域——阿克苏地区的库车、新和、沙雅县以及和田地区的于田县作为研究区进行实证分析。并采用同一时相的ETM+数据,运用K-T变换、比值变换以及通过NDVI指数和分类来提取信息发现效果明显。通过实证分析发现:虽然研究区都地处塔里木盆地周边地区,一个是塔北绿洲,另一个是塔南绿洲。但由于水文(盐渍化形成的关键)、气候(形成盐渍化土壤的驱动力)、地形(盐渍化土壤分布及差异的主要因素)、人类活动(盐渍化土壤形成的重要因素)等因素差异的存在,导致了盐渍化情况的差异。     

低分子量聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤水动力参数的影响

通过室内模拟试验研究了低分子量聚丙烯酰胺在混合施用下对盐渍化土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率、水平扩散率的影响。结果表明:随着聚丙烯酰胺施用量的增加,盐渍化土壤的饱和导水率呈减小趋势且随着盐渍化程度加重减小程度逐渐减轻。土壤水吸力相同时,轻度盐渍化土壤聚丙烯酰胺施用量为0.25 g/kg时其持水能力最强,中度、重度盐渍化土壤施用聚丙烯酰胺0.5 g/kg时其持水能力最佳,聚丙烯酰胺对中度盐渍化土壤的持水能力的作用效果较好,重度盐渍化不佳。土壤含水量相同时,聚丙烯酰胺含量越高,土壤水平扩散率越小,且随着盐渍化程度的加重土壤水平扩散率减小幅度逐渐增大。     

灌区土壤盐渍化程度云理论改进多级模糊评价模型

土壤盐渍化的产生过程是一个多指标参与、多层次驱动的复杂系统,针对盐渍化程度的评价的不确定性和模糊性问题,将不确定性云理论引入到土壤盐渍化程度的多级模糊评价中,通过构建土壤盐渍化程度多级模糊评价指标体系,构建了盐渍化程度的评语集云模型、诱发因子的隶属度云模型及权重云模型,进而提出了基于云理论改进的土壤盐渍化程度的多级模糊评价模型。同时,选定景泰川电力提灌灌区为研究区,对该灌区的土壤盐渍化程度进行了评价,并将评价结果和评语集云模型结合用Matlab仿真显示。研究表明:该灌区土壤的盐渍化处于轻度盐化土和中度盐化土之间,0~100 cm土壤的含盐量为0.224 2%的可能性最大;利用云理论改进多级模糊评价模型对土壤的盐渍化程度开展研究,用不确定性云参数代替精确数值,更具普遍性。相关研究可为开展盐渍化程度评估和预测的研究提供有益参考。     

基于国产高分一号卫星数据的区域土壤盐渍化信息提取与建模

土壤盐渍化是干旱半旱地区土地退化的主要原因之一,给当地生态系统和社会经济的可持续发展带来了严重的威胁,而对盐渍化空间分布信息的提取是治理盐渍化的基础。因此,选取生态脆弱区渭—库绿洲为研究区,利用2014年7月19日GF-1 多光谱影像数据,提取光谱指数及波段信息,结合实际采样点的土壤表层电导率数据（0～10 cm）,采用偏最小二乘回归模型（Partial least squares regression,PLSR）对土壤盐渍化进行模拟,并对研究区盐渍化分布进行模拟和评估。结果表明：实测土壤表层电导率与光谱指数相关性较好;利用PLSR对渭—库绿洲土壤表层盐渍信息建模,对土壤盐渍化信息提取效果较好,精度较高;充分利用了GF-1影像包含的信息,提高了高分辨率遥感影像盐渍化信息提取的精度;非盐渍化和轻度盐渍化面积分别占总面积的42.88%和17.16%,绿洲中部偏东及东南区域,盐渍化现象稍弱,可成为今后绿洲扩张的重点方向;而中度盐渍化、重度盐渍化和盐土面积分别占总面积的29.51%、8.57%和1.88%,绿洲北部/西部及西南方向的重度盐渍化区域紧挨绿洲区域,已严重威胁到了绿洲经济的健康发展,亟待治理。     

松嫩平原低平易涝地旱改水种稻治涝防止土壤次生盐渍化技术的研究

“九五”期间对松嫩平原低平易涝地进行了早改水种稻治涝防止土壤次生盐渍化技术的研究,明确了井灌、渠灌对土壤次生盐渍化的影响。研究结果表明,如果管理科学或进行土壤改良不会发生土壤次生盐渍化。     

菌根化育苗基质对不同盐渍化土壤盐分及养分的影响

为明确菌根化育苗基质对不同盐渍化土壤盐分及养分的影响,以加工番茄"屯河5501号"为试验材料,采用轻度、中度和重度盐渍化土壤进行盆栽试验。研究加工番茄苗期、花期、坐果期、果实膨大期及收获期时,菌根化育苗基质对不同盐渍化土壤盐分、土壤有机质及速效养分的影响。结果显示:菌根化育苗处理的盐分含量均低于非菌根化育苗处理,且花期到坐果期时,在轻度和中度盐渍化土壤中存在显著性差异,分别降低了7.2%、9.9%和11.3%、22.5%,pH值随着生育期的递增逐渐增加。土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均表现为重度盐渍化土壤中度盐渍化土壤轻度盐渍化土壤,重度盐渍化土壤较轻度盐渍化土壤中各指标含量最高分别增加了14.4%、102.2%、40.4%和43.1%,且非菌根化育苗处理高于菌根化育苗处理,并随着生育期的递增呈下降趋势。番茄产量随着盐渍化程度的加深逐渐减少,但在轻、中、重3种盐渍化土壤中,菌根化育苗处理的产量均高于非菌根化育苗处理,分别增加了11.8%、14.5%和13.2%。菌根化育苗基质可减少不同程度盐渍化土壤中盐分的积累,促进土壤矿质养分的转化,减轻盐胁迫对作物的危害,通过菌根促进盐胁迫中植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,最终提高产量。     

中国禹城土壤盐渍化的时空变异及其预测

This research used both geostatistics and GIS approach to compare temporal change of soil salt between 1980 and 2003, to analyze the spatial distribution of surface soil salt, to developed methods for predicting soil salinization potential based on recent improvements to the Dempster-Shafer theory, and to develop probability maps of potential salinization in Yucheng City, China. A semivariogram model of soil salt content was developed from the spherical model, and then employing kriging interpolation the spatial distribution of salt content in 2003 was obtained utilizing data from 100 soil sampling points. Potential salinization distribution was mapped using an approach that integrated soil data of the second general survey in 1980 in Yucheng City, which included groundwater salinity, groundwater depth, soil texture, soil organic matter content, and geomorphic maps. With the support of Dempster-Shafer theory and fuzzy set technique the factors that affected potential soil salinization were characterized and integrated;and then soil salinization was predicted. Finally a prognosis map of potential salinization distribution in the research area was obtained, with higher probability values indicating higher hazards to salinity processes. The distribution of the potential soil salinization probability was a successive surface.     

开都河流域下游绿洲土壤盐渍化特征及其光谱分析

以新疆开都河流域下游绿洲为研究区,通过土壤样品化学分析及其光谱反射率的测量,分析了土壤盐渍化特征以及土壤反射光谱曲线与土壤盐渍程度之间的关系;基于统计分析的方法,建立了表征土壤盐渍化特征的因子与其高光谱数据的多元回归模型。研究结果表明:研究区土壤pH值的平均值大于8.0,属于弱碱性土壤;土壤盐分含量呈T型分布;盐渍化土壤的光谱反射率曲线特征在形态上相似,变化平缓;在可见光-近红外波段,盐渍化土壤的光谱反射率曲线形状基本上由五个折线段和四个吸收带组成。     

Methodology for Comparing Soil Maps of Different Dates with the Aim to Reveal and Describe Changes in the Soil Cover (by the Example of Soil Salinization Monitoring)

A methodology for comparing soil map of different dates in order to reveal changes in the soil cover is discussed. The analysis of a set of the maps of soil salinization on one of the farms in the Golodnaya Steppe region of Uzbekistan is used as an example. It is shown that traditional methods of comparing two maps developed in different years (normally, with an interval of five years and more) are low informative for the assessment of soil salinization dynamics. The suggested methodology assumes simultaneous analysis of several maps in order to reveal the trends in soil salinization. However, even in this case, the obtained results do not adequately characterize the dynamics of soil salinization on irrigated fields. It is argued that the direction of soil salinization–desalinization processes is an improper characteristic in this case. In order to understand the dynamics of soil salinization, the maps showing the dynamism of soil salinity and the maximum changes in the degree of salinity can be applied. A series of the compared maps make it possible to describe the changes in the soil cover related to salinization–desalinization processes. The high dynamism of these processes against the background of a virtually stable pool of soluble salts in the 1-m-deep soil layer is shown for the considered farm.     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

基于D-S证据理论的土壤潜在盐渍化研究

该文以山东禹城20世纪80年代第二次土壤普查资料为基础,在GIS和Dempster-Shafer证据理论的支持下,旨在探讨影响土壤盐渍化的因子作用下引发的土壤潜在盐渍化的概率分布状况。该文主要利用模糊函数集中的“J”形模型和Dempster-Shafer-Weight-of-Evidence(D-S证据理论)模型对影响土壤盐渍化因子进行运算和合并,预测土壤潜在盐渍化现象在整个栅格表面发生的可信度,并运用专家知识评价存在的因子,获得了研究区土壤潜在盐渍化的概率表面图。结果表明:土壤盐渍化分布不仅具有空间变异性,在局部也存在着一致性,即在地形、地貌基本一致的前提下,在一定的距离范围内,越靠近盐渍化土地的区域,发生盐渍化的可能性越大,地下水埋深和地下水矿化度是影响土壤潜在盐渍化分布的两个关键因子。     

Long-term salinization dynamics in irrigated soils of the Golodnaya Steppe and methods of their assessment on the basis of remote sensing data

A set of salinization maps (1983–2000) for the former Yusupov State Farm in the irrigated area of the Golodnaya Steppe (Uzbekistan) were developed with the use of aerial and satellite images taken in the early autumn season. A unified approach based on the analysis of the mottled patterns of the cotton fields was used. The soil cover of the farm consists of irrigated hydromorphic moderately saline soils with the participation of nonsaline and strongly saline soils. The long-ter m dynamics of the soil salinity were studied via superposing two or more maps for different years. It was shown that the long-term salinization dynamics could not be determined on the basis of the comparison of only two maps for different years. Maps of the trends of the salinization for the entire period of the observations, a map of the salinization dynamics showing the degree of changes in the soil salinity for the particular areas, a map of the areas with stable salinization through the entire period, and some other maps were developed. A considerable part of the investigated area was characterized by highly unstable soil salinity and active salinization-desalinization processes. The degree of the soil salinity varied from slight to strong and vice versa. For the entire period, the soils were mainly medium saline in the upper meter with a weakly expressed tendency for further salinization and a drop in the area of nonsaline and slightly saline soils.     

马颊河流域影响土壤盐渍化的几个因素的研究

本研究是根据马颊河流域区域水盐动态监测预报分区定量化的要求进行的室内模拟试验,采用了扰动土的土柱法。试验进行分干土柱的毛管水上升湿润锋的观测与湿土状态的蒸发两个阶段。共3个组合21个处理,在人为控制条件下,仅就地下水(潜水)矿化度、耕层土壤有机质、土体构型等三因素对土壤盐渍化的影响,进行了观测。试验表明:地下水矿化度与土壤积盐量之间存在着极显著的正相关;耕层有机质的含量在1.5%开始有明显的抑制土壤盐渍化的作用;明确了在有粘土夹层的土体中,不能以在风干土柱的毛管水上升速度来推测土壤表层返盐的快慢,而应以在湿润土时,土壤水的蒸发速度为依据。粘土夹层的抑盐作用是随其厚度的增加和层位的升高而加强。     

基于NDVI-SI特征空间的土壤盐渍化遥感模型

同时考虑植被和土壤信息,构建盐渍化遥感信息提取模型。选取具有长期研究基础的塔里木南缘于田绿洲为研究靶区,综合分析归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）、盐分指数（SI）二者之间的关系,在此基础之上提出NDVI-SI特征空间概念,并构建土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型（SDI）,结果表明：土壤表层含盐量与SDI相关性较高,其R2=0.8596。非盐渍地、轻度盐渍地、中度盐渍地、重度盐渍地的SDI平均值分别为0.399,0.763,0.974和1.201,差异较大;经差异性矩阵分析,亦表明SDI能够很好的区分研究区内不同盐渍化程度地类的分布范围。SDI能反映盐渍化土壤地表盐量组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且指标简单、易于获取、有利于盐渍化定量分析与监测,对今后干旱区盐渍地信息提取以及动态监测研究具有重要意义。     

生态风险分析用于苏北滩涂土壤盐渍化风险评估研究

针对制约苏北滩涂土壤资源开发利用的盐渍障碍因素,将生态风险理论引进该区域农田生态系统的盐渍化风险评价中,探讨了生态风险分析的方法与过程,建立了土壤盐渍化风险评价指标体系,构建了风险评价模型,并对区域土壤盐渍化风险状况进行了定量评估与分级。结果表明:研究区土壤盐渍化风险总体较高且不同部位风险差异较大,其综合风险值介于0.26～0.91之间,平均值达0.53;盐渍化风险分布表现出与土壤盐分、地下水矿化度较为相似的空间规律,受种植制度与耕作措施的影响,研究区东部水稻地盐渍化风险总体高于西部棉花地。研究区内风险较大的区域占总面积比例为63.54%,风险一般的占30.53%,风险很大的占5.01%,风险较小的仅占0.92%;其中较大风险和一般风险区分布面积最大,是土壤改良治理的重点区域。该结果可为滩涂区中、低产地改造、障碍土壤的科学管理提供参考依据。