禽流感灭活抗原与佐剂配合鼻腔免疫对鸽呼吸道抗体分泌细胞的影响

通过禽流感灭活抗原配合黏膜免疫佐剂鼻腔免疫乳鸽,研究鸽呼吸道各段抗体分泌细胞的分布和数量。结果显示,首免后第3、5周,应用CpG免疫后肺IgG分泌细胞面积显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,首免后第5,7周,应用CpG免疫后肺IgA分泌细胞面积显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;首免后第3、5、7周,应用灭活禽流感抗原免疫后,鸽呼吸道各部位IgG分泌细胞和IgA分泌细胞面积与对照组无显著差异;应用禽流感抗原配合CpG和胆酸钠免疫后鸽呼吸道各部位单位面积中IgA分泌细胞和IgG分泌细胞面积均显著或极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。结果表明,灭活禽流感抗原配合黏膜免疫佐剂通过鼻腔免疫能够提高呼吸道中IgA分泌细胞和IgG分泌细胞的面积,增强局部呼吸道体液免疫应答水平。     

猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒增强亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫灭活病毒抗原免疫水平的研究

分析CpG基序与猪IFN-γ基因组合的重组表达质粒对口蹄疫灭活抗原的免疫佐剂效应.以亚洲I型口蹄疫灭活病毒为抗原,与含有猪IFN-γ基因和CpG基序的重组质粒配伍,采用肌肉注射法免疫小鼠,加强免疫后检测口蹄疫特异性抗体和中和性抗体水平、T淋巴细胞增殖反应、体内细胞毒性T细胞杀伤反应以及细胞因子IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ的分泌水平.发现猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒相对单一的因子能诱导更强的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应水平,尤其在中和性抗体和抗原特异性CTL反应方面更为明显.猪IFN-γ和CpG基序在诱导小鼠抵抗亚洲I型口蹄疫火活病毒免疫方面具有良好的佐剂效应,其重组质粒可望成为一种有前途的新型免疫佐剂.     

不同CpG ONDs对猪源细胞免疫分子转录水平的影响

为了探究不同CpG ODNs对猪免疫调节作用,设计合成了7条包含CpG单元的寡聚核苷酸。通过体外刺激3种猪源细胞,包括猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)、猪肺泡巨噬细胞(3D4/21)和猪外周血单核细胞(PBMCs),用荧光定量PCR检测细胞因子转录水平的变化。同时探究了不同CpG ODNs处理过的IPEC-J2的抗病毒能力。不同CpG ODNs都能够使种猪源细胞TLR9和TLR3相关信号通路分子的转录水平升高,促进多种Th类型细胞因子转录水平的升高,促进干扰素和TNF-α和与抗原递呈相关分子转录水平升高。CpG ODNs能够协助细胞抵抗猪流行性腹泻病毒和水疱性口炎病毒的感染,但抗病毒能力存在差异。CpG ODNs可作为一种良好的猪用疫苗佐剂。     

CpG DNA重组质粒对猪O型口蹄疫病毒抗原的免疫佐剂效应

作者应用含CpG基序序列的重组质粒(即CpG DNA)作为免疫佐剂,评价其对猪O型口蹄疫病毒抗原疫苗的免疫增强效果.结果表明:CpG DNA重组质粒与猪口蹄疫灭活病毒抗原疫苗配伍免疫小鼠,CpG DNA重组质粒对小鼠具有较强的免疫佐剂效应,能促进口蹄疫病毒抗原诱导产生较高水平的特异性抗体,其抗体滴度是空载体疫苗对照的2倍.CpG DNA重组质粒与商品化猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗配伍免疫试验猪,其增强抗原诱导的特异性抗体滴度最高可达标准疫苗的4倍以上,也显著高于空载体疫苗对照;与病毒纯化抗原配伍免疫动物,攻毒后其免疫保护效力的PD50高达13.00,远高于标准疫苗对照(PD50> 4.69).在CpG DNA重组质粒剂量选择试验中,含低剂量的CpG DNA疫苗(50、200μg·头份-1)都比高剂量组(500 μg·头份-1)诱导的抗体滴度高,其中50和200μg·头份-1的CpG DNA剂量,在接种后14～32 d诱导的抗体滴度高达1:1 500,是标准疫苗的4～5倍,而500μg·头份-1剂量诱导的抗体仅是标准疫苗的2倍,说明CpG DNA重组质粒在低剂量时即可发挥强烈的佐剂效应.研究表明CpG DNA对猪O型口蹄疫病毒抗原疫苗有较强的免疫佐剂效应,且使用剂量低,应用前景广阔.     

DNA疫苗的免疫佐剂

本文综述了目前应用于DNA疫苗的几种免疫佐剂,诸如细胞因子、蛋白质分子、CpG寡核苷酸、化学分子、脂质体等,总结了DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究现状,探讨了该领域未来可能的发展方向。     

DNA疫苗的免疫佐剂

本文综述了目前应用于DNA疫苗的几种免疫佐剂,诸如细胞因子、蛋白质分子、CpG寡核苷酸、化学分子、脂质体等,总结了DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究现状,探讨了该领域未来可能的发展方向。     

多糖对树突状细胞功能的影响

树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DC）是目前已知机体内功能最强的抗原递呈细胞,也是惟一能启动初始T细胞介导免疫反应的一类细胞。论文综述了多糖对DC功能的影响,多糖能够刺激DC分裂增殖,同时能够显著地诱导DC成熟,能够有效增强DC表面分子表达与增强细胞因子分泌的能力,从而促进DC的抗原递呈能力。     

CpG寡核苷酸增强鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的研究

为了探讨CpG寡核苷酸（CpG oligonucleotide,CpG ODN）对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的影响,将CpG2007与鸡淋巴细胞共孵育,测定淋巴细胞增殖率,结果发现CpG2007对鸡淋巴细胞具有显著的刺激活性。将CpG2007与不同浓度的新城疫抗原混合,制备灭活疫苗,免疫健康雏鸡。分别于免疫后不同时间采血,测定抗体效价和细胞因子表达量,并进行攻毒保护试验。结果发现,添加CpG ODN佐剂的试验组均比对应相同抗原剂量的免疫对照组的抗体水平高,产生抗体速度快;抗原剂量降低10倍的佐剂试验组与高抗原剂量免疫对照组抗体水平和攻毒保护率均相当,表明CpG ODN能显著增强新城疫疫苗的免疫效力,能促进机体产生更强烈的免疫应答,是有效的疫苗佐剂候选物质。     

结核杆菌感染过程中凋亡细胞通过MHC-I和CD1途径强化递呈抗原给T淋巴细胞

主要组织相容性复合体I(MHC-I)、CD1限制性CD8 T淋巴细胞具有抗结核杆菌免疫保护作用,但是它的抗原递呈分子机理仍然不清楚。本试验结果证明结核杆菌吞噬体在以MHC-I参与的免疫途径中隐蔽于胞浆中,结核杆菌感染细胞失去抗原递呈能力。此试验也证明结核杆菌诱导感染的巨噬细胞凋亡,并释放凋亡囊泡,凋亡囊泡携带抗原递呈给未感染的抗原递呈细胞(APCs)。阻断细胞凋亡则减少抗原递呈给树突状细胞和CD8 T细胞。在以MHC-I和CD-1b参与的抗原递呈途径中,未感染的树突状细胞吞噬细胞外囊泡是必不可少的环节。在结核杆菌感染诱导细胞凋亡过程中,这条递呈吞噬体中的抗原递呈补救途径无论是对结核杆菌蛋白抗原还是糖脂抗原都具有重要的意义。     

一种抗原递呈细胞--树突状细胞

树突状细胞 ( Dendritic cell,DC)是抗原递呈细胞 ( APC)的一种 ,它可以将抗原物质递呈给 TH细胞。树突状细胞在机体的免疫应答中发挥着重要的作用[2 ] 。最近的研究表明 ,树突状细胞可以递呈肿瘤抗原 ,提高肿瘤病人的免疫能力 [8] 。还有研究表明 ,树突状细胞可以携带 HIV- I,并递呈给抗原反应性 T细胞 ,还可以诱导广泛的淋巴细胞死亡[10 ] 。因此 ,对树突状细胞的研究 ,对基础医学和临床治疗都具有重要意义。树突状细胞的特征是具有树突状外形 ,突起的长度、粗细、数量因不同的树突状细胞而有所不同[1] 。DC起源于骨髓干细胞 ,血液…     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate canine and feline immune cell proliferation.

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs may be useful as non-specific immune system stimulants and adjuvants for protein or nucleic acid vaccines in humans and other primates. They may also be useful in cancer immunotherapy and in the modulation of allergic responses or mucosal immunity. To begin to determine the potential utility of CpG ODN technology in small animal veterinary medicine, we developed procedures to analyze the effects of CpG ODN on canine and feline blood, spleen and lymph node (LN) cells. We find that certain CpG ODN cause good lymphocyte proliferation (as monitored by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation) in both canine and feline spleen and LN cells, but not in blood. This overall stimulatory effect of CpG ODN on spleen and LN cells is CpG dependent. The reverse sequences, GpC ODNs, do not cause significant lymphocyte proliferation in the cat; however, dogs are more sensitive to stimulation by the non-specific immune effects of the phosphorothioate backbone. We conclude that unmethylated CpG ODNs may also have potential uses as immune stimulants for vaccines and other antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine for companion animals.     

Attenuated cytokine responses in porcine lymph node cells stimulated with CpG DNA are associated with low frequency of IFNalpha-producing cells and TLR9 mRNA expression

The immune stimulatory effects of synthetic CpG DNA, on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been reported, but little is known about CpG-induced responses in other lymphoid tissues of pigs. We investigated innate immune responses induced by CpG DNA in cells from blood, lymph nodes (LN) and spleens of pigs. Porcine PBMC and lymph node cells (LNC) were stimulated in vitro with three classes (A-, B- and C-class) of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), and a non-CpG control ODN. All three classes of CpG ODNs induced significant production of IFNalpha, TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12 in PBMC. In contrast, in LNC, only IL-12 was stimulated by all three classes of CpG ODNs, while IFNalpha, and IL-6 were induced by A- and C-class ODNs. No TNFalpha was induced in LNC by any of the ODNs. Significant lymphocyte proliferation was induced in PBMC by all three classes of CpG ODNs and non-CpG control. However, in LNC, B- and C-class ODNs induced significant proliferation, while no proliferation was seen with A-class and non-CpG control ODN. All three classes of ODNs induced NK-like cytotoxicity in PBMC and spleen cells, but were less effective in inducing NK cytotoxicity in LNC. We then investigated the reasons for the relatively poor CpG-induced responses in LNC. Our investigations revealed that LNC had a lower frequency of IFNalpha-secreting cells and expressed low levels of TLR9 mRNA compared to PBMC. We conclude that the lower number of IFNalpha-secreting cells and receptor expression may contribute to the attenuated responses in LNC following stimulation with CpG ODN.     

All three classes of CpG ODNs up-regulate IP-10 gene in pigs

The analysis of CpG ODN induced innate immune responses in different animal species has shown substantial similarities and differences in levels and types of induced cytokines profile. The objectives of these studies were to identify innate immune biomarkers activated by three classes of CpG ODNs in pigs. For this purpose, we investigated the kinetics of innate immune responses in immune cells from pigs following in vitro and in vivo stimulation with CpG ODNs. The mRNA expression of cytokine and chemokine genes were assayed by SYBR^@ green based quantitative real time PCR. A-class CpG ODN induced significant but transient levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 (P40), IL-6, IL-4 and TNF-α mRNA, C-class CpG ODN induced significant level of IFN-γ, IFN-α and IL-12 mRNA and the lowest level of IL-4 (Th-2 type) mRNA. A very low level of some cytokines stimulation was observed by GC ODNs. It is noteworthy, that IL-12 (P35) mRNA was significantly stimulated by B-class GpC ODN 7909. Interestingly, all classes of CpG ODNs induced significant level of IP-10 at 12 h post stimulation. These in vitro and in vivo observations suggest that interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) may be a reliable biomarker for immune activity induced by CpG ODNs in pigs.     

Response of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides

Exposure to bacterial DNA generates a "danger signal" that stimulates cellular elements of the mammalian immune system to proliferate and/or secrete cytokines. Stimulation is critically dependent on hexameric motifs that contain an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide: these are commonly found in bacterial but not vertebrate DNA. Different motifs are optimally stimulatory in different species. This work examines whether oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG motifs stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs. Results show that pigs respond to CpG ODN by proliferating and secreting IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha. By screening a large panel (>100) of ODNs, the palindromic hexamer 'ATCGAT' was identified as being optimally active in all animals examined (N=10). These findings are the first to establish the immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN in pigs, and suggest that the therapeutic uses envisioned for these ODNs (as vaccine adjuvants and immunoprotective agents) may be applicable to husbandry animals.     

Identification of a potent immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide from Streptococcus thermophilus lacZ

Immunostimulatory sequences of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), such as CpG ODNs, are potent stimulators of innate immunity. Here, we identified a strong immunostimulatory CpG ODN, which we named MsST, from the lac Z gene of Streptococcus (S.) thermophilus ATCC19258, and we evaluated its immune functions. In in vitro studies, MsST had a similar ability as the murine prototype CpG ODN 1555 to induce inflammatory cytokine production and cell proliferation. In mouse splenocytes, MsST increased the number of CD80+CD11c+and CD86+CD11c+ dendritic cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. We also analyzed the effects of MsST on the expression of regulatory cytokines by real-time quantitative PCR. MsST was more potent at inducing interleukin-10 expression than the ODN control 1612, indicating that MsST can augment the regulatory T cell response via Toll-like receptor 9, which plays an important role in suppressing T helper type 2 responses. These results suggest that S. thermophilus , whose genes include a strong Immunostimulatory sequence-ODN, is a good candidate for a starter culture to develop new physiologically functional foods and feeds.     

体外筛选对犬具有免疫刺激活性的CpG寡脱氧核苷酸

建立并优化犬特异性寡脱氧核苷酸(CpGODN)的体外筛选条件,筛选自行设计的对犬具有免疫刺激活性的CpGODN。用CpGODN2006对犬的免疫细胞进行刺激,测定细胞增殖能力。对免疫细胞的来源、细胞铺板浓度、CpGODN的刺激时间和浓度及增值能力的测定方法等条件进行优化。并对自行设计的CpGODN进行了初步筛选。结果显示,犬脾细胞对CpGODN的反应性比外周血单个核细胞好。在犬脾细胞为6×105个/孔,37℃5%CO2条件下,经10mg/LCpGODN2006刺激48h,使脾细胞明显增生。3H-TdR掺入法测得的结果比MTT法更敏感。自行设计的CpGODNR008能显著地刺激犬脾细胞增生,且优于CpGODN2006(P0.05)。结果表明,优化了犬特异性CpGODN的体外筛选条件,并筛选出了对犬具有免疫刺激活性的CpGODN。     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides augment the immune responses of piglets to swine Pasteurella multocida living vaccine in vivo

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) prevent development of T-helper type 2 (Th2) immune response and reverse established allergic responses in mouse models. However, little work on immune responses in piglets has been conducted in vivo. In this report, the ability of a porcine-specific CpG ODN to act as an immunostimulant and enhance immune responses of piglets to swine Pasteurella multocida living vaccine (SPML vaccine) was determined. The titre of IgG and IgG1/IgG2 isotype to SPML vaccine in serum, the proliferation of lymphocytes, SPML-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-4 production of PBMCs in vitro and IFN-gamma, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10 in piglets serum were examined to identify the immune responses of the piglets. Immune responses of the piglets vaccinated with SPML and CpG ODN were significantly stronger than responses of piglets vaccinated with SPML alone. All these data summarized that immunostimulatory CpG ODN could modulate the immune response towards a Th1-like response when co-administered to piglets during SPML vaccination, which suggested that the therapeutic uses envisioned for these ODNs (as vaccine adjuvants and immunoprotective agents) may be applicable to husbandry animals.     

In vivo administration of ligands for chicken toll-like receptors 4 and 21 induces the expression of immune system genes in the spleen

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of conserved proteins that play an important role in pathogen recognition in addition to the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, several TLRs have been identified in chickens, each recognizing different ligands. TLR stimulation in chickens has been shown to play a role in host-responses to pathogens. However, the mechanisms through which TLRs modulate the chicken immune system have not been well examined. The present study was conducted to characterize the kinetics of responses to TLR4 and TLR21 stimulation in chickens following intramuscular injections of their corresponding ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), respectively. To this end, relative expression of cytokine genes in the spleen was determined at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection of TLR ligands. The results indicated that LPS strongly induced the up-regulation of some immune system genes early on in the response to treatment, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, treatment with CpG ODN promoted the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, IFN-γ and IL-10. The response to CpG ODN appeared to be somewhat delayed compared to the response to LPS. Moreover, we found a significant increase in IFN-α gene expression in response to LPS but not CpG ODNs. Future studies may be aimed to further characterize the molecular mechanisms of TLR activation in chickens or to exploit TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants.     

In vivo effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide on Eimeria infection in chickens

Poultry coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and, until now, no recombinant vaccine has been developed. Short oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents and vaccine adjuvants in mammalian systems. Their use in poultry to protect against intracellular parasites has not been reported to date. The present work investigated the effects of CpG ODN treatment on host susceptibility to Eimeria infection in two chicken strains with different genetic background, SC and TK. The data show that CpG ODN enhanced the birds' resistance to coccidiosis in a normally susceptible chicken strain (TK), as shown by reduced oocyst shedding and improved weight gain. CpG treatment had a differential effect on body weight gains and serum antibody responses, depending on the chicken strain and ODN dose, delivery route, and backbone. This study shows for the first time that CpG ODNs could be used as immunoprotective agents in Eimeria-infected chickens to enhance resistance to the pathogen and improve performance. Future research is needed to optimize their use alone and as vaccine adjuvants that may lead to better and more efficient vaccine applications.