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Åshild T. Randby;Ingjerd Dønnem;Egil Prestløkken;Adam D. Martin;Arvid Steen;Margrete Eknæs; 《Grass and Forage Science》2024,79(2):211-227
This study in dairy cow feeding explored the effects of growth stage and chop length for grass-clover silage, and of concentrate protein level, including the interactions of these three factors. The experiment was conducted with 48 Norwegian Red cows according to a cyclic change-over design with four 4-week experimental periods and eight dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Round bale silage from a mixed sward of timothy, meadow fescue, and red clover was harvested at two growth stages (H1, H2) and offered to dairy cows either unchopped with median particle length of 152 mm or chopped to 19 mm median particle length before feeding. A low protein (LP) concentrate containing 7% lignosulphonate treated soybean meal (SBM) and a high protein (HP) concentrate containing 12% solvent extracted SBM were compared. Silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with 8 kg concentrate per day. Silage dry matter intake was 2.0 kg higher for H1 than H2 silage, which supported a higher yield of milk, energy-corrected milk and the milk constituents, fat, protein, and lactose. All these measures of milk production, as well as feed energy efficiency and N use efficiency, increased when silage was fed chopped rather than unchopped. Lignosulphonate treated SBM spared N in the diet without milk yield reductions. For efficient milk production with high energy and N utilisation, we recommend chopping to 20 mm for timothy, meadow fescue, and clover silages harvested in late stem elongation or in reproductive growth stages. 相似文献
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收获时期与分蘖去留对饲用甜高粱产量及含糖的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
就不同收获时期分蘖去留对饲用甜高粱产量及含糖率的影响进行田间试验,结果表明,饲用甜高粱保留分蘖不同收获时期平均产量126.37t/hm2,较掰除分蘖增产24.5%。随着收获时间的延迟,产量、茎秆含糖率均呈上升状态,收获时期以10月10日最佳,分蘖去留平均产量和茎秆含糖率分别达131.74t/hm2和11.45%;霜冻后产量大幅下降,降幅达25.7%~30.7%。 相似文献
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以我国菠萝主栽品种‘巴厘’为试材,分析不同月份采收的菠萝果实Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物的变化,结果表明：不同月份成熟的菠萝果实Vc含量有差异,1～12月呈先降低后升高的趋势,11～4月较高,5～9月较低;可滴定酸含量与Vc含量变化趋势一致,11～3月较高,4～9月较低;不同月份成熟菠萝果实可溶性糖含量变化无明显规律,1、5、6、7、12月较高,其他月份较低;可溶性固形物含量表现出与Vc、可滴定酸含量变化相反的趋势,5～7月较高,其次为9、11,2、3月,可溶性固形物含量最低;各月份果实糖酸比情 相似文献
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Protein degradability in forage legumes is of global importance because utilization efficiency of forage has economic and environmental consequences. However, there are no published studies on the effect of legume stand structure on differences in crude protein (CP) fractions. The main objective of the present research was therefore to investigate differences in CP fractions in leaves and stems of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) during the growing season. Stand traits were measured over 2 years, and forage was sampled at the early bud and early flower stages in the first, second and third cuts. Stems had significantly higher concentrations (in g kg?1 CP) of non‐protein (fraction A: 430 g kg?1 CP) and indigestible nitrogen (fraction C: 92 g kg?1 CP) than leaves and had lower relative content of true protein (fraction B: 478 g kg?1 CP). In the total forage (stems and leaves combined), about 80% of the variation in CP fractions was explained by year, cut and maturity. Year was the most important factor, particularly for the B fractions. Cut was the second‐most important factor; its main effect was that the relative abundance of fraction A declined from 394 g kg?1 CP in the first cut to 293 in g kg?1 CP the third cut. Maturity increased the amounts of indigestible fraction C and protein fractions B1 and B3. This was associated with the leaf weight ratio, which had an inverse relationship with maximal stem length and dry matter yield. Variation partitioning showed that 75% of CP fraction variability associated with cut, maturity and year could be explained by the evaluated stand traits. This research has highlighted the need to consider plant morphological traits when legume CP fractions are evaluated. 相似文献
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B. G. C. Homem I. M. Ferreira M. P. Gionbelli T. F. Bernardes D. R. Casagrande M. A. S. Lara 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(3):481-488
Refining mathematical models may decrease labour and generate accurate estimates of leaf area in warm‐season perennial legumes. The aim of this study was to assess the use of mathematical models to determine the leaf area of four tropical forage legumes. Perennial legumes (Arachis pintoi, Stylosanthes spp., Calopogonium mucunoides and Neonotonia wightii) were collected, and an elliptical model and a corrected elliptical model were used to estimate leaf area. For comparison, linear models were also generated based on the leaflet area. The elliptical model was suitable for the initial forage peanut leaflets, while the corrected elliptical model proved suitable for estimating the area of the initial leaflets of all species as well as the terminal leaflets of forage peanut and stylo. The elliptical model could be used to estimate the area of both the initial and terminal leaflets only in stylo. Models were generated to estimate leaf area of all legumes requiring only the measurement of length and width from a single initial leaflet. In all of the studied legumes, the leaflet pairs were symmetrical, meaning the corrected elliptical model allows for the estimation of the leaflet area of each plant. 相似文献
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Trichomes decrease water loss in some plant species, but their influence on water loss from alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) forage is unknown. A study was conducted which measured the water loss from field-grown, harvested forage of three erect, glandular-haired alfalfa germplasms, KS161, KS210 and KS224, the eglandular 'Arc' cultivar and the 'Kenland' cultivar of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). Harvests were taken once in 1995 and 1997, and four times in 1996. Plant height, phenological stage, upper and lower stem diameters, leaf:stem ratio and apical stem densities of simple, procumbent glandular and erect glandular trichomes were determined. The drying rate constants of the forage were calculated by a combination of parametric and non-parametric modelling techniques. The harvest × germplasm interaction was significant for all parameters measured. The density of erect glandular hairs varied among entries for all harvests, while the drying rate of harvested forage differed among entries for three of the six harvests. Correlations between densities of erect glandular hairs and drying rate constants were generally low and non-significant, except for one harvest. Erect glandular hairs, at the densities measured in this study, generally did not influence drying rates of alfalfa forage. However, density of total trichomes was significantly and negatively correlated with drying rate for all alfalfa entries. The diameter of the stem had the greatest negative impact on drying rate. 相似文献
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P. González Barrios P. Speranza N. Glison M. Piccardi M. Balzarini L. Gutiérrez 《Grass and Forage Science》2016,71(1):123-131
Understanding the flowering cycles of perennial warm‐season grass species may be very important to the design of management practices and breeding. However, developmental dynamics are not well understood. As most plant traits associated with flowering dynamics do not follow a normal distribution, the use of general linear models to describe and compare these variables might be misleading. The aims of this study were (i) to find a methodology to compare panicle accumulation curves and (ii) to estimate heritabilities for flowering curve attributes. Panicle counts were recorded during a complete flowering cycle on a diverse collection of dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum). We compared the efficiency of different linear mixed models based on whole plot or individual plant data; then, we adjusted nonlinear regression curves for individual plants to estimate several curve attributes and compared this approach to the area under the curve. Finally, we calculated the broad‐sense heritabilities of the estimated curve parameters. The following reproductive curve attributes were obtained: panicle production potential, panicle accumulation rate and days until 3, 5, 10 and 15 panicles. We found that monitoring individual plants is more efficient when studying flowering attributes. Significant differences among genotypes for several flowering cycle attributes were found. Heritabilities were very high for all flowering cycle initiation and duration attributes. We also showed that the number of days until the emergence of a given low number of panicles can be used as a highly heritable measure to characterize flowering cycles. 相似文献
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采收时期对白肋烟常规化学成分和中性香气物质含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确白肋烟半整株采收的适宜时期,设置了打顶后不同时期斩株对烟叶化学成分和香气物质含量影响的试验。结果表明:不同采收期对烟叶钾、氯含量影响不明显,推迟斩株时期烟叶烟碱含量上升,打顶两周后砍收烟株有利于总氮含量的积累,同一斩株时期对不同部位烟叶氮碱比影响不同,不同采收时期对烟叶中性香气成分含量影响不同,打顶后3周和打顶后4周斩株采收的烟叶感官评吸质量较好。综合比较,白肋烟适宜斩株采收期为打顶后3~4周。 相似文献
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旱稻、玉米间作栽培是高矮两种作物按一定的种植比例合理搭配的一种栽培形式。本文阐述了间作比例、地块的选择、品种选择、适时播种、细致整地、防除杂草、防治病虫害、机械化栽培的技术要点,并指出了相应的注意事项。 相似文献
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适期收获是实现优质稻产量和品质协同提高的一个技术措施。以6个优质稻品种为材料,在田间条件下,测定不同时期收获处理[成熟度（籽粒黄熟率）达到80%时收获、成熟度达到90%时收获、成熟度100%时收获、成熟度100%后5 d收获、成熟度100%后10 d收获]的水稻产量和品质指标。结果表明,参试品种产量均随着成熟度的增加呈上升趋势,在成熟度100%后10 d收获的最高。参试品种的整精米率在成熟度达100%时趋向稳定;垩白粒率和垩白度不同收获期处理间变化不大;在成熟度为90%~100%时收获,参试品种表现出适中的崩解值和消减值,食味品质相对较好;大部分品种在成熟度100%时收获糙米游离脂肪酸含量稳定,且为较低水平;3个香稻品种在成熟度90%~100%时收获,其香味物质含量最高。选择产量、整精米率、游离脂肪酸含量、崩解值和消减值等5个参数对优质稻的适宜收获期进行综合评价结果认为,优质稻成熟度（籽粒黄熟率）100%时为其适宜收获期,考虑到品种间差异,在实际生产过程中优质稻适宜在成熟度90%~100%时收获。 相似文献
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Annual forage yields of intercrops of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.), as affected by timing of initial harvest and sowing rate of oats, were investigated. Berseem clover was intercropped with oats at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 240 plants m?2 of oats in 1999 and 2000 in Alberta, Canada. Cutting date treatments involved initial harvest at 10‐d intervals between 35 and 88 d after planting (DAP), and one or two subsequent harvests of regrowth. Total intercrop dry‐matter (DM) yield averaged 12·9–13·3 t ha?1 with proportions of 0·21–0·43 of berseem clover in the forage. Treatments with an initial cut at the silage stage of oats (76 DAP in 1999, 88 DAP in 2000, at about soft‐dough stage of oats) had greater yields of oats, lower yields of berseem clover, and lower proportions of berseem clover in total annual yields than treatments with an earlier initial cut. Total crude protein (CP) yield was greater with an initial cut at 65–66 DAP than with a silage‐stage initial cut. With an initial cut at 35 DAP (before stem elongation of oats) or after 65 DAP (after heading of oats), yield potential of oats was sometimes reduced compared with silage‐stage treatments, but this was balanced by a greater yield of berseem clover. The impact of harvest timing on total yield decreased as the proportion of berseem clover in the intercrops increased. With decreasing density of oats, DM yield of first‐cut intercrops and total DM yield of oats decreased, while regrowth and total DM yields of berseem clover increased. Intercrops with oats at 60 plants m?2 had equal or greater total DM and CP yields than intercrops with 240 plants m?2 of oats. For intercrops with oats at 60 plants m?2, with initial cuts at 65–66, 75–76, or 88 DAP, yields of regrowths were 0·30–0·35, 0·16–0·26 and 0·09 of the total yield respectively. Oats–berseem clover intercrops showed potential to manipulate the pattern of annual forage yield and to provide flexibility of harvest without reducing annual yields. 相似文献
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Effects of season (SEAS), organic fertilization with laying hen manure (N) and harvest frequency (FREQ) on forage yield and composition were evaluated in a high‐density mulberry forage bank, established under low‐input tropical farming conditions. The experiment, replicated over two consecutive years, was arranged in 18 treatments resulting from a 3 × 3×2 factorial design which combined three FREQ (60, 90 and 120 d), 3 N rates (100, 300 and 500 kg N ha?1 year?1) and the two seasons (RAIN and DRY). Forage yield, leaf‐to‐stem ratio, the edible fraction (EDIB, %), nutrient content and the maturity indexes were monitored. Either forage yield or qualities by plant fraction were strongly affected by SEAS, FREQ, N rate and by their interactions. Effects of FREQ and N were modulated by SEAS. Increasing FREQ during RAIN negatively affected EDIB yield and quality after 90 d, while increasing ligneous fraction. During DRY, longer FREQ allowed higher total forage and EDIB yields. Leaves were more abundant in RAIN, and its yield was increased with fertilization but only during this season. Maturity indexes were higher in DRY than in RAIN. Under the conditions of this experiment, harvesting at 60 and 90 d in RAIN and DRY, respectively, with an N rate of 300 kg N ha?1 year?1 seems the best agronomic choice for an optimal compromise between forage yield and nutritive value. 相似文献
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Akira Yano Masato Takakusagi Kazushi Oikawa Shinsuke Nakajo Takashi Sugawara 《Plant Production Science》2017,20(1):136-143
Foxtail millet grains usually contain carotenoids, which are yellow pigments that are important for human health. Yellow grains are preferred by distributors and consumers, and special cultivars and cultivation methods are desired for a stable supply of yellow millet. We investigated the level of pigment fluctuation in several foxtail millet accessions, including the yellow grain cultivar ‘Yuikogane’ from Iwate Prefecture, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Most yellow grains primarily contained xanthophylls, including approximately 1 mg/100 g lutein and 0.2 mg/100 g zeaxanthin. These pigments were rare in the bran and grain husks but were readily detected in polished grains, indicating that xanthophylls accumulate in the endosperm. We examined ‘Yuikogane’ to investigate the relationship between xanthophyll accumulation and grain ripening. During the ripening stage, xanthophyll levels gradually increased, but they rapidly decreased in response to over-ripening. Xanthophyll accumulation was estimated using a colorimetric assay of yellow pigmentation, which could be a useful method for determining the proper harvesting time for foxtail millet. 相似文献
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Three promising new improved lines of lima beans (Tpl 1B, Tpl 7A and Tpl 175A) were evaluated for physicochemical properties and cooking quality. The beans varied in seed dimensions and weights with Tpl 1B and Tpl 7A having smaller seed volume than Tpl 175A. Seed coat percentages, leached solids and swelling capacities were within a range of 10.2–19.6% (w/w), 0.44–0.92 g/100 g and 94.0–121.0 g/100 g dry bean, respectively. Cooking times varied between 62 and 81 min without soaking and were reduced by about 34%following a presoaking treatment in water for 12 h at room temperature (28 ± 1 °C). Small seeds absorbed higher amounts of water during soaking and required more cooking time than larger seeds. No significant (p>0.05) difference in cooked texture was found between unsoaked beans cooked for 50 min and soaked beans cooked for 30 min,suggesting that cooking times and cooked texture for all lines were improved through soaking. 相似文献
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David F. Chapman Cameron I. Ludemann Cathal M. Wims Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock 《Grass and Forage Science》2023,78(1):85-100
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plant breeding has delivered several high performing and broadly adapted cultivar-endophyte (Epichloë) combinations for the New Zealand pasture-based livestock industries. However, the trends in key traits and the potential economic value being added to farm systems have not previously been addressed systematically. Rates of gain in yield, nutritive value, phenological and morphological traits, and the economic value of those traits, were estimated among and within ryegrass functional groups (heading date, ploidy) traded commercially between 1973 and 2012. Whole pasture dry matter yield improvements of c. 80 and 60 kg DM/ha per year were identified in in late-season heading diploids and tetraploids respectively. Trends in metabolisable energy were negative within functional groups, but positive when all cultivar-endophyte combinations were included in the analysis due to the addition of tetraploids and late-season heading diploids from the mid-1990s. The estimated trend in overall economic value (all cultivar-endophyte combinations included) was $7/ha per year based on DM yield only, about half the rate of gain previously estimated using small-plot merit testing data. The trend increased to $15/ha per year when ME was included due to the emergence of commercial tetraploids from the early 2000s onwards. Estimated economic gains were high within late-season heading diploids and tetraploids but not mid-season diploids. These trends suggest that, if high performing cultivar-endophyte combinations had been adopted in New Zealand dairy systems, then pasture utilization should have increased by ~1 t DM/ha above the current industry average. Reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed. 相似文献